绿色产品评价理论和方法及其在粉末冶金中的应用
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摘要
绿色制造是21世纪制造业的特征,绿色产品是绿色制造的主要内容,粉末冶金技术现已成为了一种广泛应用的精密成形技术,生产的产品应用范围越来越广,本文以制造业的材料和产品为研究对象,针对粉末冶金产品,以建立粉末冶金绿色产品评价指标体系及评价方法为目标,在国内外环境材料、绿色产品评价研究成果的基础上,针对机械产品,建立了统一的绿色产品评价体系结构。在此基础上,建立了环境、能源、资源、成本和质量等绿色属性评价及综合绿色性评价和绿色产品实施过程评价的理论和方法,并应用于粉末冶金中,建立了粉末冶金绿色制造产品评价方法,进行了连杆产品评价示例,构建了粉末冶金产品集成成形系统设计框架。结果和结论如下:
(1)通过借鉴国内外已有的研究成果,针对制造业的材料及其产品,定义了具有经济、社会和环境效益特征的绿色产品概念,明确了绿色产品的环境、能源、资源、成本和质量特性,对其评价分类为综合绿色性评价、绿色属性评价、基于生命周期的评价和实施过程评价,构建了绿色产品评价的属性维、空间维和时间维的三维特性模型,建立了统一的绿色产品评价体系结构,分析了绿色产品评价的学科内容及其学科意义,建立了绿色产品评价的三层指标体系框架结构。
(2)通过研究LCA最新研究成果,按照中点型和终点型的评价方法,对产品的环境问题进行了分类,在以上评价指标体系框架结构的基础上,建立了基于中点型的产品环境、资源(包括能源)的绿色属性评价方法。针对LCIA概要量化这一ISO14042应用的瓶颈,提出了非线性的基于人工神经网络的量化模型,避免了权重确定的不确定性影响。
(3)通过分析目前有关产品成本分析的各种方法,依据产品的生命周期、评价主体的特点,在以上评价指标体系框架结构的基础上,建立了产品成本的总体框架和评价原则,给出了相关成本评价的数学模型。结合产品的环境、能源、资源和成本等绿色属性评价的特点,建立了质量评价方法。
(4)给出了在综合绿色性评价中评价方法应满足的条件,考虑到一般综合评价方法在综合绿色性评价中应用的缺陷,提出了群灰色关联分析综合评价方法。利用绿色产品的效用特性,建立了基于效用函数逼近的综合评价理论和方法,开发了基于BP和RBF的人工神经网络模型,解决了权重不确定性的影响。
(5)通过分析绿色产品的实施过程,提出了绿色制造实施风险评价,建立了基于模糊多属性决策和群层次模糊综合评判的综合风险评价方法和模型。
(6)在以上所建立的理论和方法的基础上,建立了粉末冶金绿色制造产品评价方法,给出了评价模型应用的相关参数。针对目前连杆生产工艺,应用所建立的粉末冶金绿色制造产品评价方法对六种不同工艺生产的连杆产品进行了评价。最后,构建了以粉末冶金绿色制造产品评价方法为核心的粉末冶金产品集成成形系统设计框架。
Green manufacturing is a characteristic of manufacturing industry in 21 century. Green product is an essential element in green manufacturing. Powder metallurgy is a kind of precision-formation technology which is used widely, and its products are used in more areas. Materials and products in manufacturing industry are taken as the object of research in this paper. Its aim is to establish indicator system of green product in powder metallurgy and its evaluation. Based on the research results of eco-material and green product at present, the uniform system structure of green product evaluation was established for mechanical products. Theories and methods on environmental evaluation, energy evaluation, resource evaluation, cost evaluation and quality evaluation, which belong to green attribute evaluation, were developed. Theories and methods on comprehensive greenness evaluation and implementing process evaluation were also developed. Then these theories and methods were applied to powder metallurgy. Methods on powder metallic green product evaluation in green manufacturing were developed. A example of connecting poles of engine was studied. Design framework of powder metallic product integrated formation system was developed. Results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Through analyzing the relevant research fruits now, in the scope of green product about material and product in manufacturing industry, the concept of green product referring to benefit in economy, society and environment was defined. Its characteristics of environment, energy, resource, cost and quality were distinguished. Its evaluations were divided into comprehensive greenness evaluation, green attribute evaluation, life cycle based evaluation and implementing process evaluation. Characteristic model of green product evaluation, which has attribute, space and time dimension, was set up. Then system structure of green product evaluation was established. Subject content and meaning of green product evaluation were analyzed. System framework of indicators in green product evaluation was developed.
(2) Through studying the up-to-date research fruits of LCA, product environmental problems were classified according to methods on midpoint and endpoint evaluation in LCA. On the basis of system framework of indicators in green product evaluation, methods on midpoint evaluation for environmental evaluation and resource evaluation(including energy evaluation), which belong to green attribute evaluation , were developed. Considering the valuation about LCIA profile which is bottleneck in the application of ISO14042, the nonlinear artificial neural network model of valuation about LCIA profile was developed, which avoids the influence of uncertainty on determination of weighting factors.
(3) Through analyzing the present methods on product cost analysis, according to product life cycle and perspective of assessment and on the basis of system framework of indicators in green product evaluation, general framework and assessment principle of product costs were established, and methods on quality evaluation were developed considering the green attribute evaluation about environmental, energy, resource and cost.
(4) Condition on which evaluation methods are applied to comprehensive greenness evaluation was given. After analyzing the drawbacks on common comprehensive evaluation being applied to the comprehensive greenness evaluation, comprehensive evaluation based on group gray relational analysis was developed. Using the utility of green products, comprehensive evaluation based on utility function approach was developed and its models based on BP and RBF artificial neutral network were established. As a result, it avoided the influence of uncertainty on determination of weighting factors.
(5) Through analyzing green product implementing process, implementing risk evaluation in green manufacturing was put foreword. Its methods and models based on fuzzy multiple attribute decision making and group hierarchical fuzzy comprehensive evaluation were developed.
(6) On the basis of above theories and methods, methods on powder metallic green product evaluation in green manufacturing were developed and the parameters in its models were determined. After investigating present manufacturing process about connecting poles of engine, 6 connecting poles of engine made by 6 different processes were evaluated. Under the center of those methods, design framework of powder metallic product integrated formation system was developed.
(1)通过借鉴国内外已有的研究成果,针对制造业的材料及其产品,定义了具有经济、社会和环境效益特征的绿色产品概念,明确了绿色产品的环境、能源、资源、成本和质量特性,对其评价分类为综合绿色性评价、绿色属性评价、基于生命周期的评价和实施过程评价,构建了绿色产品评价的属性维、空间维和时间维的三维特性模型,建立了统一的绿色产品评价体系结构,分析了绿色产品评价的学科内容及其学科意义,建立了绿色产品评价的三层指标体系框架结构。
(2)通过研究LCA最新研究成果,按照中点型和终点型的评价方法,对产品的环境问题进行了分类,在以上评价指标体系框架结构的基础上,建立了基于中点型的产品环境、资源(包括能源)的绿色属性评价方法。针对LCIA概要量化这一ISO14042应用的瓶颈,提出了非线性的基于人工神经网络的量化模型,避免了权重确定的不确定性影响。
(3)通过分析目前有关产品成本分析的各种方法,依据产品的生命周期、评价主体的特点,在以上评价指标体系框架结构的基础上,建立了产品成本的总体框架和评价原则,给出了相关成本评价的数学模型。结合产品的环境、能源、资源和成本等绿色属性评价的特点,建立了质量评价方法。
(4)给出了在综合绿色性评价中评价方法应满足的条件,考虑到一般综合评价方法在综合绿色性评价中应用的缺陷,提出了群灰色关联分析综合评价方法。利用绿色产品的效用特性,建立了基于效用函数逼近的综合评价理论和方法,开发了基于BP和RBF的人工神经网络模型,解决了权重不确定性的影响。
(5)通过分析绿色产品的实施过程,提出了绿色制造实施风险评价,建立了基于模糊多属性决策和群层次模糊综合评判的综合风险评价方法和模型。
(6)在以上所建立的理论和方法的基础上,建立了粉末冶金绿色制造产品评价方法,给出了评价模型应用的相关参数。针对目前连杆生产工艺,应用所建立的粉末冶金绿色制造产品评价方法对六种不同工艺生产的连杆产品进行了评价。最后,构建了以粉末冶金绿色制造产品评价方法为核心的粉末冶金产品集成成形系统设计框架。
Green manufacturing is a characteristic of manufacturing industry in 21 century. Green product is an essential element in green manufacturing. Powder metallurgy is a kind of precision-formation technology which is used widely, and its products are used in more areas. Materials and products in manufacturing industry are taken as the object of research in this paper. Its aim is to establish indicator system of green product in powder metallurgy and its evaluation. Based on the research results of eco-material and green product at present, the uniform system structure of green product evaluation was established for mechanical products. Theories and methods on environmental evaluation, energy evaluation, resource evaluation, cost evaluation and quality evaluation, which belong to green attribute evaluation, were developed. Theories and methods on comprehensive greenness evaluation and implementing process evaluation were also developed. Then these theories and methods were applied to powder metallurgy. Methods on powder metallic green product evaluation in green manufacturing were developed. A example of connecting poles of engine was studied. Design framework of powder metallic product integrated formation system was developed. Results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Through analyzing the relevant research fruits now, in the scope of green product about material and product in manufacturing industry, the concept of green product referring to benefit in economy, society and environment was defined. Its characteristics of environment, energy, resource, cost and quality were distinguished. Its evaluations were divided into comprehensive greenness evaluation, green attribute evaluation, life cycle based evaluation and implementing process evaluation. Characteristic model of green product evaluation, which has attribute, space and time dimension, was set up. Then system structure of green product evaluation was established. Subject content and meaning of green product evaluation were analyzed. System framework of indicators in green product evaluation was developed.
(2) Through studying the up-to-date research fruits of LCA, product environmental problems were classified according to methods on midpoint and endpoint evaluation in LCA. On the basis of system framework of indicators in green product evaluation, methods on midpoint evaluation for environmental evaluation and resource evaluation(including energy evaluation), which belong to green attribute evaluation , were developed. Considering the valuation about LCIA profile which is bottleneck in the application of ISO14042, the nonlinear artificial neural network model of valuation about LCIA profile was developed, which avoids the influence of uncertainty on determination of weighting factors.
(3) Through analyzing the present methods on product cost analysis, according to product life cycle and perspective of assessment and on the basis of system framework of indicators in green product evaluation, general framework and assessment principle of product costs were established, and methods on quality evaluation were developed considering the green attribute evaluation about environmental, energy, resource and cost.
(4) Condition on which evaluation methods are applied to comprehensive greenness evaluation was given. After analyzing the drawbacks on common comprehensive evaluation being applied to the comprehensive greenness evaluation, comprehensive evaluation based on group gray relational analysis was developed. Using the utility of green products, comprehensive evaluation based on utility function approach was developed and its models based on BP and RBF artificial neutral network were established. As a result, it avoided the influence of uncertainty on determination of weighting factors.
(5) Through analyzing green product implementing process, implementing risk evaluation in green manufacturing was put foreword. Its methods and models based on fuzzy multiple attribute decision making and group hierarchical fuzzy comprehensive evaluation were developed.
(6) On the basis of above theories and methods, methods on powder metallic green product evaluation in green manufacturing were developed and the parameters in its models were determined. After investigating present manufacturing process about connecting poles of engine, 6 connecting poles of engine made by 6 different processes were evaluated. Under the center of those methods, design framework of powder metallic product integrated formation system was developed.
引文
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