民间医药研发现状及其知识产权保护相关问题探析
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摘要
民间医药的知识产权保护,是知识产权体系中的一个重要新兴领域,作为原始资源储量丰富国家的国计民生问题,具有显赫的意义。民间医药依仗现代科技的研发,是获取知识产权尤其是专利保护的必经门槛。本文将聚焦民间医药研发初期的瓶颈问题,通过大量的田野调查,更多地从民间医生的角度,力图反映他们真实的声音,探询出问题的症结所在并进行实质性地深入分析,创造性地进入到更具有可操作性的思路模式的探讨。民间医生在其特定的生存背景下对研发其医药态度有明确分化,即绝大多数的安于现状者和极少数的积极寻求研发者,研发机构趋向于观望也有其苦衷:民间医生与研发机构的羞涩复杂关系使“民间医药知识产权保护”在初期便倍受冷落而成长艰难。其重要原因之一,笔者认为,关键不在于通常所主张对预期知识产权权利人的“激励不足”,而是现行体制下民间医生寻求其医药研发所耗费成本就已过高;促进民间医药本土传承,是知识产权保护题中应有之意,而两者文化背景的迥异对知识产权介入后强者文化的包容情怀赋予了深层期待。在可能的民间医药知识产权保护模式探索上,笔者不敢也未尝试过提供完整的体系构建,仅在相关凸显的问题上做出了个人的冷峻思考:关注民间医药世居地原著民的惠益分享,知识产权保护的主体由个人转入群体;民间医药知识产权保护对民间医生经济和精神权利问题透视;公权力在民间医药知识产权保护现状中威力不足的遗憾,期待公权力调整后的重新介入,即成立“民间医药(奇方妙药)管理委员会”的模式探索;“奇方妙药池”(仿西方“专利池”模式)构建的可行性反思。
The intellectual property (IP) protection of folk medicine is a new important area of the IP system. As a nation rich in resources of folk medicine, it will benefit us a lot. The research &development of folk medicine, is an economically empowering side to ensure its strong significance, which also a necessary step to get modern IP protection. In this context, the author focus on the critical difficulties in the initial phase of the research &development of folk medicine, through series of on-the-spot investigations, with an orientation of the folk practitioner’s viewpoint, try to transfer their most truly voices, through the substantial analysis of the crux of the problems, and finally find out creatively practical solutions. Due to divergent living settings, folk practitioners have marked differentiations in their attitudes toward the research &development of their folk medicine: the overwhelming majority who satisfied with the current situation and only a few who positively seek for exploitation of their medicine or special ways of treatment. Those research &development institutions have their own grievances: the unutterable and complicated relationship between these two sides made“the IP protection of folk medicine”being ignored in its early period for a long term, which contributed to its low-growing state. One of the reasons, as the author consider, is not the traditional thought of“lack of rewards”which modern IP system stresses continually, but the high cost for the folk practitioners, through the way he try to get a chance for his medicine to being researched by modern medical facilities. Through culturally respected, we could give the chance for later-on development, which still contributed to its passing down from generation to generations, as one basic goal of IP protection . On the possible solutions, the author does not dare to offer complete system, just make her own reasoning considerations: the benefit-sharing mechanism between the researching department and the local people where the folk medicine come from, shafting from private right to group right; the benefit-sharing mechanism between the researching departments and the folk practitioner, from economical and spiritual points; the absence of the functions of public power in the IP protection of folk medicine, exploration of new models of public power’s entering, as“the Management Committee for Folk Medicine”; the feasibility reflections of“Folk Medicine Pool”.
The intellectual property (IP) protection of folk medicine is a new important area of the IP system. As a nation rich in resources of folk medicine, it will benefit us a lot. The research &development of folk medicine, is an economically empowering side to ensure its strong significance, which also a necessary step to get modern IP protection. In this context, the author focus on the critical difficulties in the initial phase of the research &development of folk medicine, through series of on-the-spot investigations, with an orientation of the folk practitioner’s viewpoint, try to transfer their most truly voices, through the substantial analysis of the crux of the problems, and finally find out creatively practical solutions. Due to divergent living settings, folk practitioners have marked differentiations in their attitudes toward the research &development of their folk medicine: the overwhelming majority who satisfied with the current situation and only a few who positively seek for exploitation of their medicine or special ways of treatment. Those research &development institutions have their own grievances: the unutterable and complicated relationship between these two sides made“the IP protection of folk medicine”being ignored in its early period for a long term, which contributed to its low-growing state. One of the reasons, as the author consider, is not the traditional thought of“lack of rewards”which modern IP system stresses continually, but the high cost for the folk practitioners, through the way he try to get a chance for his medicine to being researched by modern medical facilities. Through culturally respected, we could give the chance for later-on development, which still contributed to its passing down from generation to generations, as one basic goal of IP protection . On the possible solutions, the author does not dare to offer complete system, just make her own reasoning considerations: the benefit-sharing mechanism between the researching department and the local people where the folk medicine come from, shafting from private right to group right; the benefit-sharing mechanism between the researching departments and the folk practitioner, from economical and spiritual points; the absence of the functions of public power in the IP protection of folk medicine, exploration of new models of public power’s entering, as“the Management Committee for Folk Medicine”; the feasibility reflections of“Folk Medicine Pool”.
引文
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①在百度里输入“生物海盗”“生物剽窃”等字眼,用以说服的事例随处可见,显著的例如 Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc.v.H.N.Norton & Co. Ltd.,[1996] RPC 76, at 88 (per Lord Hoffmann);姜黄案 Turmeric 详见:TED Case Studies,Number 770,2004——Turmeric,http://www.american.edu/ted/turmeric.htm;尼爱姆树案 neem 详见:The neem tree - a case history of biopiracy ,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/pir-ch.htm;
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①而不是很凑巧地“后来者居上”,或许在可预见的未来我们都不敢这样大胆设想。
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③此观点得到国内诸多学者和专家的认可,例如郑成思教授在《知识产权法————新世纪初的若干研究重点》一书第四章中有类似观点的表述。
①2005 年 11 月 4 日至 5 日,台湾清华大学科技法律研究所所长范建得教授在林城贵阳举办的“中医药传统知识保护研讨会”上的发言内容,经笔者整理。
②因为没有现成的学习、效仿的对象而茫然,这种说法并不为过,更多时候我们感受到的,不是自己不能成为创制者的悲哀(没有这样的勇气或者不愿意作如此的努力),而是理所当然地将自己置于追随者位置的无奈。
③当然这种潜在的主动权需要积极的争取,需要智慧性地去策划,而非被动的等待和守望,否则只会坐失资源优势。
①据欧医生的谈话内容整理而成。
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①2005 年 11 月 4 日至 5 日,贵州省知识产权局安守海副局长,在林城贵阳举办的“中医药传统知识保护研讨会”上的发言内容。
①Dr.Frank Dukepoo.Interview.San Francisco Chronicle,1998
①2005 年 11 月 4 日至 5 日,贵州苗族研究学会麻付勇研究员,在林城贵阳举办的“中医药传统知识保护研讨会”上的发言内容。
② 2005 年 11 月 4 日至 5 日,贵州师范大学知识产权中心副主任汤跃教授,在林城贵阳举办的“中医药传统知识保护研讨会”上的发言内容,经笔者整理。
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①在百度里输入“生物海盗”“生物剽窃”等字眼,用以说服的事例随处可见,显著的例如 Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc.v.H.N.Norton & Co. Ltd.,[1996] RPC 76, at 88 (per Lord Hoffmann);姜黄案 Turmeric 详见:TED Case Studies,Number 770,2004——Turmeric,http://www.american.edu/ted/turmeric.htm;尼爱姆树案 neem 详见:The neem tree - a case history of biopiracy ,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/pir-ch.htm;
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③单之蔷.贵州:山上有“文化”,美景在地下[J].中国国家地理,2004(10)
①而不是很凑巧地“后来者居上”,或许在可预见的未来我们都不敢这样大胆设想。
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③此观点得到国内诸多学者和专家的认可,例如郑成思教授在《知识产权法————新世纪初的若干研究重点》一书第四章中有类似观点的表述。
①2005 年 11 月 4 日至 5 日,台湾清华大学科技法律研究所所长范建得教授在林城贵阳举办的“中医药传统知识保护研讨会”上的发言内容,经笔者整理。
②因为没有现成的学习、效仿的对象而茫然,这种说法并不为过,更多时候我们感受到的,不是自己不能成为创制者的悲哀(没有这样的勇气或者不愿意作如此的努力),而是理所当然地将自己置于追随者位置的无奈。
③当然这种潜在的主动权需要积极的争取,需要智慧性地去策划,而非被动的等待和守望,否则只会坐失资源优势。
①据欧医生的谈话内容整理而成。
②新药在此指的是指未在我国市场销售的药品。
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①Dr.Frank Dukepoo.Interview.San Francisco Chronicle,1998
①2005 年 11 月 4 日至 5 日,贵州苗族研究学会麻付勇研究员,在林城贵阳举办的“中医药传统知识保护研讨会”上的发言内容。
② 2005 年 11 月 4 日至 5 日,贵州师范大学知识产权中心副主任汤跃教授,在林城贵阳举办的“中医药传统知识保护研讨会”上的发言内容,经笔者整理。
①历秀昀.中国医药保护应绕开“专利陷阱”[J].中国中医药,2005-04-28
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①占里是贵州省黔东南州苗族村寨目前认为占里掌握控制人口数量、性别的传统药物和手术治疗的最后一个传人。范围从避孕到胎儿的性别选择,从流产到流产过程中的辅助药物及产后的调理等等,十分系统而完备,有男女皆吃的避孕药、绝孕药、解药、换花药(调节胎儿性别的“仙草”)。该村95﹪的家庭都是一儿一女,从 70 年到 99 年总人口还少了 3 个。吴乃根仅给本村人治疗。资料来源:中国国家地理(贵州)专辑,2004(10)
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