高压氢气快充温升控制及泄漏扩散规律研究
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摘要
随着化石能源的日益枯竭以及对环境问题的关注,氢能以其可再生、无污染等特性在未来可能成为重要的二次能源。目前高压储氢以其储氢容器结构简单、压缩氢气能耗少、充装和排放速度快等优点被绝大多数加氢站和氢能汽车采用,而高压供储氢在实际应用过程中存在一定的危险性,因此安全可靠的高压储氢技术是氢能广泛应用急需解决的关键问题之一。
针对氢气快速充装温升、高压氢气泄漏扩散等储氢安全问题,本文在国家高技术研究计划(“863”计划)目标导向课题项目“高压容器储氢技术和装备(2006AA05Z143)”、国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)课题“高密度车载储氢新体系及其安全性预测理论研究(2007CB209706)”和美国交通部资助的中美合作项目“Safety Issues Related to Transport and Storage of Hydrogen Fuelsin Northern Climates(Grant No.DTOS59-06-G-00048)”的支持下,开展了相关的研究。主要研究内容和成果如下:
(1)在氢气瓶快充温升理论分析的基础上,建立了氢气瓶快充温升理论分析模型,并对气瓶壁面绝热状态下的温升进行了分析计算,得到了绝热条件下的快充温升大小,即确定了充装过程可能的最高温升,同时得出了初始温度、初始压力等参数对绝热温升的影响规律。考虑到非绝热充装的复杂性,基于真实气体状态方程与Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,建立了精度较高的氢气瓶快充过程温升数值计算模型,模型可用于不同充装参数下气瓶内温升的预测。
(2)国内首次开展了氢气瓶快充温升试验研究,搭建了氢气瓶快充温升测试平台,得到了大量的快充温升数据。基于测试平台对氢气瓶快充过程的非定常流动进行了研究,得到了气瓶压力、储氢罐压力、气瓶内温度、加注流量等在快充过程中的变化规律,通过试验得出了气瓶初始压力、快充速率等参数对快充温升的影响规律。
(3)针对35MPa 150L氢气瓶,依据试验与数值模拟结果,得出了较为精确的温升计算公式。基于公式,得出了不同充装参数下的充装速率限制值,并提出了控制快充温升的方法,研究结果表明通过控制充装速率或初始充装温度能有效地控制氢气瓶充装温升。得出了额定充装量下不同充装参数时的充装压力。
(4)建立了高压氢气与天然气的泄漏扩散数值计算模型,对氢气和天然气的泄漏扩散进行了数值模拟研究。应用模型分析了泄漏位置、环境温度、环境风速、障碍物等对泄漏扩散的影响,并得出了相关的影响规律;得到了氢气不同于天然气的泄漏扩散性质。基于模型研究了储氢罐的防火间距,结果表明储氢罐与地面建筑的防火间距应较天然气罐小,与垂直距离相关的防火间距应略大于天然气罐。相关研究结论可以为加氢站等高压储氢场合的泄漏扩散应急处理提供理论依据。
Due to the scarcity of fossil fuels and environment problems,hydrogen is likely to be one of the most important carriers of energy due to its renewable and no polluting product.The most popular and most highly developed storage method for hydrogen refueling station and fuel cell vehicles is high pressure hydrogen storage due to its technical simplicity and low cost.Safe and reliable transportation and storage of hydrogen for hydrogen energy is one of the key issues which are needed to be resolved.There is a certain degree of risk for high-pressure hydrogen storage in the practical application.Therefore,safe and reliable high pressure storage of hydrogen is needed to be gotten hold of.
This paper aimed at research on temperature rise in hydrogen fast filling process for composite hydrogen storage cylinders,high-pressure hydrogen leakage and diffusion funded by the National Basic Research Program(863) of China "technology and equipment of high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels"(Project No: 2006AA05Z143),the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program(973) of China "New high-density on-board hydrogen storage system and its theoretical safety prediction research"(Project No:2007CB209706),and the U.S.Department of Transportation,Office of the Secretary "Safety issues related to transport and storage of hydrogen in northern climates"(Grant No.DTOS59-06-G-00048),and main contents and research results were as follows:
(1) Establish a theoretical analysis model for temperature rise in hydrogen fast filling process for composite hydrogen storage cylinders based on theoretical analysis.The temperature rise in adiabatic filling process for the cylinder was analyzed with the model and the settled temperature rise was obtained,that is,the maximum value of temperature rise in practical filling process was found out.Based on this model,the effect of the initial temperature and initial pressure in the storage cylinder on the temperature rise was obtained.Establish a numerical model for temperature rise in hydrogen fast filling process for composite hydrogen storage cylinders based on real gas state equation.The model was an accurate and visually displayed model to forecast the temperature rise in the fast filling process under different filling parameters.
(2) First carried out the experimental study on temperature rise in the hydrogen fast filling process for hydrogen storage cylinders in China.Testing platform for temperature rise in fast filling process was build and much experimental data was obtained.Based on the testing platform,the unsteady flow in fast filling process for hydrogen storage cylinder had been studied.And the changing regularity of pressure in the cylinder and storage tank,temperature in the cylinder,mass filling rate in filling process was obtained.Furthermore,the effect of initial temperature in the cylinder, mass filling rate on the temperature rise was found out with the testing platform.
(3) Based on the simulation results and experimental data,an equation for temperature rise calculation of 35MPa 150L storage cylinder was put forward.Furthermore,an equation for fulfill rate calculation of the cylinder was obtained.The limited mass filling rate in different filling pare meters was obtained.Furthermore,the control method for temperature rise was brought out.It could be implemented by controlling the temperature of hydrogen before into the cylinder and mass filling rate.The settled pressure for mass requirement with various filling parameters was obtained.
(4) Establish a numerical calculation model for analysis of leakage and diffusion of high-pressure hydrogen and natural gas due to pipeline or storage tank failure basing Reliableκ-εturbulent model.The effect of leakage position,diameter of leakage hole,ambient temperature,ambient wind velocity and obstacle on the diffusion of hydrogen due to storage tank failure was also obtained.And corresponding law was found out.Also the different diffusion properties of hydrogen to natural gas were obtained.The simulation results show that the natural gas is more danger than hydrogen.The rationality of safety distance for hydrogen storage tanks was analyzed. The corresponding results could provide reference for dealing with emergency in high pressure gaseous hydrogen occasions such as in hydrogen refueling stations.
针对氢气快速充装温升、高压氢气泄漏扩散等储氢安全问题,本文在国家高技术研究计划(“863”计划)目标导向课题项目“高压容器储氢技术和装备(2006AA05Z143)”、国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)课题“高密度车载储氢新体系及其安全性预测理论研究(2007CB209706)”和美国交通部资助的中美合作项目“Safety Issues Related to Transport and Storage of Hydrogen Fuelsin Northern Climates(Grant No.DTOS59-06-G-00048)”的支持下,开展了相关的研究。主要研究内容和成果如下:
(1)在氢气瓶快充温升理论分析的基础上,建立了氢气瓶快充温升理论分析模型,并对气瓶壁面绝热状态下的温升进行了分析计算,得到了绝热条件下的快充温升大小,即确定了充装过程可能的最高温升,同时得出了初始温度、初始压力等参数对绝热温升的影响规律。考虑到非绝热充装的复杂性,基于真实气体状态方程与Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,建立了精度较高的氢气瓶快充过程温升数值计算模型,模型可用于不同充装参数下气瓶内温升的预测。
(2)国内首次开展了氢气瓶快充温升试验研究,搭建了氢气瓶快充温升测试平台,得到了大量的快充温升数据。基于测试平台对氢气瓶快充过程的非定常流动进行了研究,得到了气瓶压力、储氢罐压力、气瓶内温度、加注流量等在快充过程中的变化规律,通过试验得出了气瓶初始压力、快充速率等参数对快充温升的影响规律。
(3)针对35MPa 150L氢气瓶,依据试验与数值模拟结果,得出了较为精确的温升计算公式。基于公式,得出了不同充装参数下的充装速率限制值,并提出了控制快充温升的方法,研究结果表明通过控制充装速率或初始充装温度能有效地控制氢气瓶充装温升。得出了额定充装量下不同充装参数时的充装压力。
(4)建立了高压氢气与天然气的泄漏扩散数值计算模型,对氢气和天然气的泄漏扩散进行了数值模拟研究。应用模型分析了泄漏位置、环境温度、环境风速、障碍物等对泄漏扩散的影响,并得出了相关的影响规律;得到了氢气不同于天然气的泄漏扩散性质。基于模型研究了储氢罐的防火间距,结果表明储氢罐与地面建筑的防火间距应较天然气罐小,与垂直距离相关的防火间距应略大于天然气罐。相关研究结论可以为加氢站等高压储氢场合的泄漏扩散应急处理提供理论依据。
Due to the scarcity of fossil fuels and environment problems,hydrogen is likely to be one of the most important carriers of energy due to its renewable and no polluting product.The most popular and most highly developed storage method for hydrogen refueling station and fuel cell vehicles is high pressure hydrogen storage due to its technical simplicity and low cost.Safe and reliable transportation and storage of hydrogen for hydrogen energy is one of the key issues which are needed to be resolved.There is a certain degree of risk for high-pressure hydrogen storage in the practical application.Therefore,safe and reliable high pressure storage of hydrogen is needed to be gotten hold of.
This paper aimed at research on temperature rise in hydrogen fast filling process for composite hydrogen storage cylinders,high-pressure hydrogen leakage and diffusion funded by the National Basic Research Program(863) of China "technology and equipment of high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels"(Project No: 2006AA05Z143),the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program(973) of China "New high-density on-board hydrogen storage system and its theoretical safety prediction research"(Project No:2007CB209706),and the U.S.Department of Transportation,Office of the Secretary "Safety issues related to transport and storage of hydrogen in northern climates"(Grant No.DTOS59-06-G-00048),and main contents and research results were as follows:
(1) Establish a theoretical analysis model for temperature rise in hydrogen fast filling process for composite hydrogen storage cylinders based on theoretical analysis.The temperature rise in adiabatic filling process for the cylinder was analyzed with the model and the settled temperature rise was obtained,that is,the maximum value of temperature rise in practical filling process was found out.Based on this model,the effect of the initial temperature and initial pressure in the storage cylinder on the temperature rise was obtained.Establish a numerical model for temperature rise in hydrogen fast filling process for composite hydrogen storage cylinders based on real gas state equation.The model was an accurate and visually displayed model to forecast the temperature rise in the fast filling process under different filling parameters.
(2) First carried out the experimental study on temperature rise in the hydrogen fast filling process for hydrogen storage cylinders in China.Testing platform for temperature rise in fast filling process was build and much experimental data was obtained.Based on the testing platform,the unsteady flow in fast filling process for hydrogen storage cylinder had been studied.And the changing regularity of pressure in the cylinder and storage tank,temperature in the cylinder,mass filling rate in filling process was obtained.Furthermore,the effect of initial temperature in the cylinder, mass filling rate on the temperature rise was found out with the testing platform.
(3) Based on the simulation results and experimental data,an equation for temperature rise calculation of 35MPa 150L storage cylinder was put forward.Furthermore,an equation for fulfill rate calculation of the cylinder was obtained.The limited mass filling rate in different filling pare meters was obtained.Furthermore,the control method for temperature rise was brought out.It could be implemented by controlling the temperature of hydrogen before into the cylinder and mass filling rate.The settled pressure for mass requirement with various filling parameters was obtained.
(4) Establish a numerical calculation model for analysis of leakage and diffusion of high-pressure hydrogen and natural gas due to pipeline or storage tank failure basing Reliableκ-εturbulent model.The effect of leakage position,diameter of leakage hole,ambient temperature,ambient wind velocity and obstacle on the diffusion of hydrogen due to storage tank failure was also obtained.And corresponding law was found out.Also the different diffusion properties of hydrogen to natural gas were obtained.The simulation results show that the natural gas is more danger than hydrogen.The rationality of safety distance for hydrogen storage tanks was analyzed. The corresponding results could provide reference for dealing with emergency in high pressure gaseous hydrogen occasions such as in hydrogen refueling stations.
引文
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