环青海湖区土地沙漠化危险度评价研究
|
摘要
本文选取我国第一大内陆湖泊——青海湖环湖区域为试验区,借助遥感手段获取试验区2006年的Landsat TM影像为基础数据,同时以青海湖流域的植被图、土地利用图、1:50000的地形图、DEM图、环湖区的气象数据及其社会经济数据作为辅助资料。并利用软件ARCGIS9.2作分析工具,ERDAS IMAGINE9.1作图像处理工具。在前人研究成果及本论文研究需要的基础上选取沙漠化危险度评价指标,建立指标体系。运用AHP决策分析方法计算各指标的权重值,并结合沙漠化危险度综合评价模型得到研究区的沙漠化土地危险度综合图。分析表明:
(1)研究区的沙漠化危险度主要有四个等级:潜在沙漠化危险、轻度沙漠化危险、中度沙漠化危险、重度沙漠化危险。其中各个等级的土地沙漠化相互交错分布,呈连续的条带状或斑点状,而且严重的土地沙漠化主要是人类经济活动相对集中的地区;
(2)造成沙漠化危险的原因主要有:
1、从研究区自然因素分析,整个研究区的等级分布并无一定的规律可言,即气候因素对土地沙漠化的发展进程只是起影响作用而不是决定作用;
2、从研究区的内在危险性分析,潜在沙漠化和轻度沙漠化主要分布在湖的北部,呈条带状分布。而在湖周围以中度沙漠化和重度沙漠化的分布为主;
3、从研究区土地现状分析,研究区的沙漠化土地呈现正过程的发展趋势;
4、从研究区社会经济状况分析,中度沙漠化和重度沙漠化主要分布在人口集中的地区;
总之该研究区的自然因素是土地沙漠化的诱发因素,气候是其主要的驱动力;人为因素起主导作用,人口增加是引发人类各种活动的最根本原因,是其主要驱动力。即土地沙漠化的原因是由自然因素和人为因素相互作用叠加的结果。
This paper selects the largest inland lake in China - Qinghai Lake area as the experimental area, using remote sensing to obtain the test area in 2006.The paper is based on Landsat TM image data of the these periods with the Qinghai Lakebasin vegetation maps, land use map, 1:50000 topographic map, DEM map, meteorological data of Lake District, and socio-economic data as the supplementary information. It also takes software tools ARCGIS9.2, ERDAS IMAGINE9.1 as image processing tools. With the help of previous research results and research needs of this paper, index system is established on selected indicators of desertification risk assessment. Using AHP decision analysis method to weigh each index valueand evaluation model of desertification risk, a comprehensive map of risk of desertification of study area is produced. Analysis of the map shows that:
(1) There are four levels of the risk of desertification in the study area: potential risk of desertification, mild desertification risk, moderate desertification risk, and severe desertification risk. In which all levels of distribution of land desertification interlace, and appear continuously banded or patchy, and also serious land desertification is in relatively concentrated areas of human economic activity;
(2) Causes for desertification risk are:
1, from the natural factors of the study area, the grade distribution of the entire study areat does not follow certain law, which means that climate factors on the development of desertification are influential but is not a decisive role;
2, from the inner dangerous factors of study area, the potential and the mild distribution of desertification is at the north of the lake, showed a banded structure. On the contrary, the lake is mainly surrounded by distribution of moderate and severe desertification.
3, from the land factors of study area, the entire area has a positive trend of land distribution;
4, from the socio-economic factors of study area, moderate and severe desertification desertification mainly is distributed in the populated areas;
Overally speaking, the natural factors in study area are predisposing factors for desertification, whose main driving force is climate. Human factors play a leading role and the increase in population caused by human activities is the most fundamental reason. Land desertification is a result of the interaction of natural factors and human factors.
(1)研究区的沙漠化危险度主要有四个等级:潜在沙漠化危险、轻度沙漠化危险、中度沙漠化危险、重度沙漠化危险。其中各个等级的土地沙漠化相互交错分布,呈连续的条带状或斑点状,而且严重的土地沙漠化主要是人类经济活动相对集中的地区;
(2)造成沙漠化危险的原因主要有:
1、从研究区自然因素分析,整个研究区的等级分布并无一定的规律可言,即气候因素对土地沙漠化的发展进程只是起影响作用而不是决定作用;
2、从研究区的内在危险性分析,潜在沙漠化和轻度沙漠化主要分布在湖的北部,呈条带状分布。而在湖周围以中度沙漠化和重度沙漠化的分布为主;
3、从研究区土地现状分析,研究区的沙漠化土地呈现正过程的发展趋势;
4、从研究区社会经济状况分析,中度沙漠化和重度沙漠化主要分布在人口集中的地区;
总之该研究区的自然因素是土地沙漠化的诱发因素,气候是其主要的驱动力;人为因素起主导作用,人口增加是引发人类各种活动的最根本原因,是其主要驱动力。即土地沙漠化的原因是由自然因素和人为因素相互作用叠加的结果。
This paper selects the largest inland lake in China - Qinghai Lake area as the experimental area, using remote sensing to obtain the test area in 2006.The paper is based on Landsat TM image data of the these periods with the Qinghai Lakebasin vegetation maps, land use map, 1:50000 topographic map, DEM map, meteorological data of Lake District, and socio-economic data as the supplementary information. It also takes software tools ARCGIS9.2, ERDAS IMAGINE9.1 as image processing tools. With the help of previous research results and research needs of this paper, index system is established on selected indicators of desertification risk assessment. Using AHP decision analysis method to weigh each index valueand evaluation model of desertification risk, a comprehensive map of risk of desertification of study area is produced. Analysis of the map shows that:
(1) There are four levels of the risk of desertification in the study area: potential risk of desertification, mild desertification risk, moderate desertification risk, and severe desertification risk. In which all levels of distribution of land desertification interlace, and appear continuously banded or patchy, and also serious land desertification is in relatively concentrated areas of human economic activity;
(2) Causes for desertification risk are:
1, from the natural factors of the study area, the grade distribution of the entire study areat does not follow certain law, which means that climate factors on the development of desertification are influential but is not a decisive role;
2, from the inner dangerous factors of study area, the potential and the mild distribution of desertification is at the north of the lake, showed a banded structure. On the contrary, the lake is mainly surrounded by distribution of moderate and severe desertification.
3, from the land factors of study area, the entire area has a positive trend of land distribution;
4, from the socio-economic factors of study area, moderate and severe desertification desertification mainly is distributed in the populated areas;
Overally speaking, the natural factors in study area are predisposing factors for desertification, whose main driving force is climate. Human factors play a leading role and the increase in population caused by human activities is the most fundamental reason. Land desertification is a result of the interaction of natural factors and human factors.
引文
[1]吴正.中国沙漠及其治理.科学出版社[M] .2009.4.
[2]王涛.吴薇.陈广庭,等.近10年来中国北方沙漠化土地空间分布的研究[J].中围科学(D辑),2003,34(S):73—82.
[3]高艳.浅谈土地沙漠化的危害及治理方法.农技服务.2008.25(3):34-35.
[4] MichelM. Verstraete.扬有林.江伟铮译.沙漠化概念的新观点(一)[J].世界沙漠研究, 1986, (1) : 22-27.
[5]李祥余.李帅.何清沙漠化问题研究综述[J].干旱气象.2005.23(4):73-82.
[6]吴正.风沙地貌学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1987. 2-9, 237-241.
[7] DregneH E.路远译.沙漠化[J].世界沙漠研究, 1990, (3): 8-12.
[8]吴正.中国沙漠及其治理.科学出版社[M] 2009.4,1-2.
[9] Monique Mamquet. Desertificafion. National Background and Human Mismanagement,1994.
[10] Ehrlich,D.et al. Application of NOAA～AVHRR 1 km Data for Environmental Monitoring,International Journal ofRemote Sensing,1994,15(1):145-161.
[11] FAO and UNEDP, Provisional Methodology for Assessment and Mapping of Desertification,Desertffication Control Bulletin,1984.
[12] Prince,s.D.,Satellite Remote Sensing ofPrirnary Production:Comparison ofResults for Sahelian Grasslands,International Journal ofRamotc Sensing,199I,12:1301～1312.
[13]常兆丰.我国荒漠生态系统定位研究的现状与基本思路[J].干旱区资源与环境,1997.11(3):53-57.
[14]朱震达等.中国北方地区土地沙漠化过程及其治理区划[J],北京:中国林业出版社,1981.
[15]林进等.中国荒漠化监测综述[J],世界林业研究,1998,1l(5).
[16]孙司衡等.中国荒漠化监测,荒漠化及其防治(UNCCD公众意识教育培训教材),1996.
[17]王涛.赵哈林,等.中国沙漠化研究的进展[J],中国沙漠,1999,19(4):209-311.
[18]董玉祥.沙漠化危险度评价模型初探[J].地理科学.1995.1(15):24-29.
[19]董玉祥.中国沙漠化危险度评价与发展趋势分析[J].中国沙漠化.1996.2(16):127-131.
[20] Kharln.NG,Desertification Assessment and Mapping,A Case Study of Tarkmenistan,USSR.Annals of Arid Zone,1986,25(1):1-17.
[21]董玉祥等.土地沙漠化检测指标体系的探讨[J].干旱环境监测.1993,6(3):179-182.
[22]董玉祥等.国外沙漠化监测评价指标与分级标准.干旱环境监测[J].1993,6(4):234-237.
[23] Dregne.沙漠化指征.世界沙漠研究[J].1980(3).
[24]董玉祥.刘毅华试论沙漠化灾害危险度评价因子体系[J].灾害学.1994.3,9(1).
[25] Reining. N.G.,Haadbook oN Desertification indicators,washington,D. C.1978.
[26]董玉祥.刘毅华.国外沙漠化监测指标与分级标准[J].干旱环境监测,I998(4).
[27]林寅斌.论贫困地区经济发展的阶段性[J].科技导报.1992(8).
[28]张学元.青海湖流域生态环境保护与治理对策[J].四川林勘设计.2006.9[3]:1-4.
[29]丁生喜.王晓鹏.环青海湖地区城镇化建设的生态经济效应分析[J].青海民族大学学报(社会科学版)2010.4,36[2]:107-110.
[30]杨昕.汤国安等.ERDAS遥感数字图像处理实验教程[M].科学出版社.2009.1:25.
[31]汤竞煌.聂智龙.遥感图像的几何校正[J].测绘与空间地理信息.2007.30(2):100-102.
[32]杨昕.汤国安等.ERDAS遥感数字图像处理实验教程[M].科学出版社.2009.1:129-135.
[33]董玉祥.陈克龙.中国沙漠化程度判定与分区初步研究.中国沙漠.1995,15(2):170-174.
[34] FAO.UNEP.Provisional methodology for assessment and mapping of desertification.1984.
[35]王葆芳.国内外荒漠化监测评价指标体系概述[J].林业科技通信.1997.
[36]王君厚,孙司衡.荒漠化类型划分及其数量化评价体系[J].干旱环境监测.1996,3(10).
[37]王晖等.多指标综合评价方法及权重系数的选择[J].广东药学院学报.2007-10-23(5):583-589.
[38]阿如旱.近50年京津风沙源区土地沙漠化时空变化规律及其发展趋势研究——以内蒙古多伦县为例[D].内蒙古大学.2007年6月:38-48.
[39]朱震达,刘恕.中国北方沙漠化过程与分区治理[J].北京:林业出版社,1981,32—33.
[40] FormanR T T. Godron M.Landscape Ecology.NewYork:John wiley and Sons,1986,335-341.
[41]刘新民.赵哈林.赵爱芬.科尔沁沙地风沙环境与植被[J].北京:科学出版社,1996,191-221.
[42]王涛.吴薇.我国北方的土地利用与沙漠化[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(4):355-358.
[43]王耀庭.基于GIS西北干旱区荒漠化危险度的研究及其成因分析[D].南京气象学院.2003.5.1:34.
[44]董光荣.高尚玉.金炯等.青海共和盆地土地沙漠化与防治途径[J].科学出版社.1993:142.
[45]赵英时等.遥感应用分析原理与方法.科学出版社[M].2008,03:372-383.
[46]陈桂琛.彭敏青海湖地区植被及其分布规律植物生态学与地植物学学报[D] 1993.17(1):71-81.
[47]青海省农业资源区划办公室.青海土壤[M].中国农业出版社.1997.11:46.
[48]李东海.基于遥感和GIS的东莞市生态系统服务价值评估研究[D].中山大学.2008.6.4:20.
[49]李军.基于GIS的气候要素空间分布研究和中国植被净第一性生产力的计算[D],浙江大学,2006.
[50]苏志珠.董光荣.中国土地沙漠化研究现状及问题讨论,水土保持研究[J],2002,9,9(3).
[51]朱震达.陈广庭,等.中国土地沙质荒漠化[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.36,60-80.
[52]朱震达,等.中国荒漠化(土地退化)防治研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998,6-7.
[53]杨根生.刘阳宜.史培军.有关沙漠化几个问题的探讨[J].干旱区研究,1986,(4):73-78.
[54]王岷.岳乐平.李智佩.2001.对荒漠化综合研究中一些基本问题的初步探讨[J].西北地质科学,34(1):10-17.
[55]张莉.王飞跃.岳乐平.李智佩.王岷.聂浩刚.基于RS和GIS的沙漠-黄土过渡土地沙漠化分布与变化研究———以陕北榆林地区为例[J].地球学报.2004,25(1):63-66.
[56]肖笃宁.李秀珍.高峻.常禹.李团胜编著.景观生态学[M]科学出版社.
[57] Forman RTT and Godron M. Landseape Eeology. John wiley &Sons,New York,1986.6.19
[58] R福尔曼.M戈德罗恩.景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,1990.
[59]黄华兵.基于遥感与GIS的景观类型信息提取及景观格局分析[D].青海盐湖研究所.2005.1.1:42-52.
[60]郭红.龚文锋.董隽.忘丹.范文义.基于RS和GIS的嫩江下游土地沙漠化景观格局变化特征分析.生态与农村环境学报[J].2009,25(3):99-103.
[61]蔡明玉.常学礼.李健英.张继平.科尔沁沙地典型地区土地利用景观格局变化分析[J].水土保持通报.2008,28(4):161-165.
[62]郭丽红.沙占江.环青海湖区20年来沙漠化土地景观格局空间变化分析[J].中国人口资源与环境.2010.3(20):119-123.
[63]虞卫国.陈克龙.青海湖环湖区沙漠化土地的遥感动态研究[J].盐湖研究.2002,4(10):48-51.
[64]马海英.郭丽红.马燕飞.谢远安.基于TM数据的青海湖北岸景观特征与景观空间格局分析[J].安徽农业科学.2010(13).
[65]马燕飞.沙占江.郭丽红,等.基于NDVI及DEM的青海湖北岸景观格局空间自相关分析[J].遥感信息.2010(6).
[2]王涛.吴薇.陈广庭,等.近10年来中国北方沙漠化土地空间分布的研究[J].中围科学(D辑),2003,34(S):73—82.
[3]高艳.浅谈土地沙漠化的危害及治理方法.农技服务.2008.25(3):34-35.
[4] MichelM. Verstraete.扬有林.江伟铮译.沙漠化概念的新观点(一)[J].世界沙漠研究, 1986, (1) : 22-27.
[5]李祥余.李帅.何清沙漠化问题研究综述[J].干旱气象.2005.23(4):73-82.
[6]吴正.风沙地貌学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1987. 2-9, 237-241.
[7] DregneH E.路远译.沙漠化[J].世界沙漠研究, 1990, (3): 8-12.
[8]吴正.中国沙漠及其治理.科学出版社[M] 2009.4,1-2.
[9] Monique Mamquet. Desertificafion. National Background and Human Mismanagement,1994.
[10] Ehrlich,D.et al. Application of NOAA～AVHRR 1 km Data for Environmental Monitoring,International Journal ofRemote Sensing,1994,15(1):145-161.
[11] FAO and UNEDP, Provisional Methodology for Assessment and Mapping of Desertification,Desertffication Control Bulletin,1984.
[12] Prince,s.D.,Satellite Remote Sensing ofPrirnary Production:Comparison ofResults for Sahelian Grasslands,International Journal ofRamotc Sensing,199I,12:1301～1312.
[13]常兆丰.我国荒漠生态系统定位研究的现状与基本思路[J].干旱区资源与环境,1997.11(3):53-57.
[14]朱震达等.中国北方地区土地沙漠化过程及其治理区划[J],北京:中国林业出版社,1981.
[15]林进等.中国荒漠化监测综述[J],世界林业研究,1998,1l(5).
[16]孙司衡等.中国荒漠化监测,荒漠化及其防治(UNCCD公众意识教育培训教材),1996.
[17]王涛.赵哈林,等.中国沙漠化研究的进展[J],中国沙漠,1999,19(4):209-311.
[18]董玉祥.沙漠化危险度评价模型初探[J].地理科学.1995.1(15):24-29.
[19]董玉祥.中国沙漠化危险度评价与发展趋势分析[J].中国沙漠化.1996.2(16):127-131.
[20] Kharln.NG,Desertification Assessment and Mapping,A Case Study of Tarkmenistan,USSR.Annals of Arid Zone,1986,25(1):1-17.
[21]董玉祥等.土地沙漠化检测指标体系的探讨[J].干旱环境监测.1993,6(3):179-182.
[22]董玉祥等.国外沙漠化监测评价指标与分级标准.干旱环境监测[J].1993,6(4):234-237.
[23] Dregne.沙漠化指征.世界沙漠研究[J].1980(3).
[24]董玉祥.刘毅华试论沙漠化灾害危险度评价因子体系[J].灾害学.1994.3,9(1).
[25] Reining. N.G.,Haadbook oN Desertification indicators,washington,D. C.1978.
[26]董玉祥.刘毅华.国外沙漠化监测指标与分级标准[J].干旱环境监测,I998(4).
[27]林寅斌.论贫困地区经济发展的阶段性[J].科技导报.1992(8).
[28]张学元.青海湖流域生态环境保护与治理对策[J].四川林勘设计.2006.9[3]:1-4.
[29]丁生喜.王晓鹏.环青海湖地区城镇化建设的生态经济效应分析[J].青海民族大学学报(社会科学版)2010.4,36[2]:107-110.
[30]杨昕.汤国安等.ERDAS遥感数字图像处理实验教程[M].科学出版社.2009.1:25.
[31]汤竞煌.聂智龙.遥感图像的几何校正[J].测绘与空间地理信息.2007.30(2):100-102.
[32]杨昕.汤国安等.ERDAS遥感数字图像处理实验教程[M].科学出版社.2009.1:129-135.
[33]董玉祥.陈克龙.中国沙漠化程度判定与分区初步研究.中国沙漠.1995,15(2):170-174.
[34] FAO.UNEP.Provisional methodology for assessment and mapping of desertification.1984.
[35]王葆芳.国内外荒漠化监测评价指标体系概述[J].林业科技通信.1997.
[36]王君厚,孙司衡.荒漠化类型划分及其数量化评价体系[J].干旱环境监测.1996,3(10).
[37]王晖等.多指标综合评价方法及权重系数的选择[J].广东药学院学报.2007-10-23(5):583-589.
[38]阿如旱.近50年京津风沙源区土地沙漠化时空变化规律及其发展趋势研究——以内蒙古多伦县为例[D].内蒙古大学.2007年6月:38-48.
[39]朱震达,刘恕.中国北方沙漠化过程与分区治理[J].北京:林业出版社,1981,32—33.
[40] FormanR T T. Godron M.Landscape Ecology.NewYork:John wiley and Sons,1986,335-341.
[41]刘新民.赵哈林.赵爱芬.科尔沁沙地风沙环境与植被[J].北京:科学出版社,1996,191-221.
[42]王涛.吴薇.我国北方的土地利用与沙漠化[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(4):355-358.
[43]王耀庭.基于GIS西北干旱区荒漠化危险度的研究及其成因分析[D].南京气象学院.2003.5.1:34.
[44]董光荣.高尚玉.金炯等.青海共和盆地土地沙漠化与防治途径[J].科学出版社.1993:142.
[45]赵英时等.遥感应用分析原理与方法.科学出版社[M].2008,03:372-383.
[46]陈桂琛.彭敏青海湖地区植被及其分布规律植物生态学与地植物学学报[D] 1993.17(1):71-81.
[47]青海省农业资源区划办公室.青海土壤[M].中国农业出版社.1997.11:46.
[48]李东海.基于遥感和GIS的东莞市生态系统服务价值评估研究[D].中山大学.2008.6.4:20.
[49]李军.基于GIS的气候要素空间分布研究和中国植被净第一性生产力的计算[D],浙江大学,2006.
[50]苏志珠.董光荣.中国土地沙漠化研究现状及问题讨论,水土保持研究[J],2002,9,9(3).
[51]朱震达.陈广庭,等.中国土地沙质荒漠化[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.36,60-80.
[52]朱震达,等.中国荒漠化(土地退化)防治研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998,6-7.
[53]杨根生.刘阳宜.史培军.有关沙漠化几个问题的探讨[J].干旱区研究,1986,(4):73-78.
[54]王岷.岳乐平.李智佩.2001.对荒漠化综合研究中一些基本问题的初步探讨[J].西北地质科学,34(1):10-17.
[55]张莉.王飞跃.岳乐平.李智佩.王岷.聂浩刚.基于RS和GIS的沙漠-黄土过渡土地沙漠化分布与变化研究———以陕北榆林地区为例[J].地球学报.2004,25(1):63-66.
[56]肖笃宁.李秀珍.高峻.常禹.李团胜编著.景观生态学[M]科学出版社.
[57] Forman RTT and Godron M. Landseape Eeology. John wiley &Sons,New York,1986.6.19
[58] R福尔曼.M戈德罗恩.景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,1990.
[59]黄华兵.基于遥感与GIS的景观类型信息提取及景观格局分析[D].青海盐湖研究所.2005.1.1:42-52.
[60]郭红.龚文锋.董隽.忘丹.范文义.基于RS和GIS的嫩江下游土地沙漠化景观格局变化特征分析.生态与农村环境学报[J].2009,25(3):99-103.
[61]蔡明玉.常学礼.李健英.张继平.科尔沁沙地典型地区土地利用景观格局变化分析[J].水土保持通报.2008,28(4):161-165.
[62]郭丽红.沙占江.环青海湖区20年来沙漠化土地景观格局空间变化分析[J].中国人口资源与环境.2010.3(20):119-123.
[63]虞卫国.陈克龙.青海湖环湖区沙漠化土地的遥感动态研究[J].盐湖研究.2002,4(10):48-51.
[64]马海英.郭丽红.马燕飞.谢远安.基于TM数据的青海湖北岸景观特征与景观空间格局分析[J].安徽农业科学.2010(13).
[65]马燕飞.沙占江.郭丽红,等.基于NDVI及DEM的青海湖北岸景观格局空间自相关分析[J].遥感信息.2010(6).