呼伦贝尔盟土地荒漠化动态变化研究
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摘要
呼伦贝尔盟是我国重要的畜牧基地和粮食产地,还有丰富的草地资源、林地资源和野生动植物资源。随着经济的发展以及该地区生产活动的特点,使得呼伦贝尔盟的土地状况发生了退化,有荒漠化土地,这对该地区的经济发展和人民生活都是严峻的威胁和挑战。
为了探讨呼伦贝尔盟土地荒漠化的分布现状、变化情况、变化规律及变化原因,本文以1975年的MSS遥感数据、2000年的ETM遥感数据和2007年的CBERS遥感数据为数据源,利用RS和GIS技术,对这三个时期的图像进行解译,并以此为数据基础,对土地荒漠化进行分析。从三个方向对荒漠化进行变化研究,先是数量变化和空间变化上,通过对荒漠化面积的变化和空间位置的变化,得出荒漠化动态变化的规律;再利用湿地变化、气候变化和人口变化及其生产活动特点,结合荒漠化的变化,研究引起该地区荒漠化变化的自然原因和人为原因。
This paper selects Hulunbeier as the study area. Hulunbeier is an important area of husbandry base and food origin in north China which locate the northeast of Inner Mongolia region. This area is rich in grassland resources, forest resources ,wetland resources and mineral resources. According to the statistics,there has more than 3000 rivers and 500 lakes, 3000 kinds of plants, 400 kinds of wild animals and 20 kinds of mineral resources which is the fertile land of north China. However, with the impact of global warming, this area's temperature raise gradually, precipitation reduction, the human population and the domestic quantity's increase, causes of these results, the study area’s land desertification question to be a highlight of day after day. The land desertification question nowadays is one of ten environment questions in the whole world. The land desertification question is not just has environmental deterioration question, but also the human society's influence question.
The formation and development of desertification is inseparable from three conditions, namely basic condition (dry climate), material base (many surface material deposit), dynamic condition (wind action). Affect the development of desertification is mainly about natural factors and human factors. Therefore, this paper mainly aims at these two directions of the changes and the change results of desertification. Based on climate change of Hulunbeier,climate conditions, geological conditions and soil, the locate of wind band and the other natural conditions, to find these conditions and change with the relation of desertification,and then explore the humans activities in this area influence of desertification combined with the data of the regional population statistics and the number of livestocks.
The concretely method of operating in this paper is used MSS data in the 1975s,ETM data in the 2000s and CBERS data in the 2007s as data source, desertification is based on the rank of wind, percentage of surface morphology of wind-borned area and vegetation coverage for standard, salinization is based on the salinization of the surface area of the percentage of total and surface soil salinity for standard,and then combined with the characteristics of landscape, desertification and salinization were classified by three levels as mild,moderate and severe, 6 types of desertification.After that,used MAPGIS as the interpretation platform,in the man-machine interactive interpretation for the area of desertification.
Statistics three periods of land desertification in various types of area, analysis the changes of three periods of desertification land,based on the combined analysis of three periods of desertification,got the condition of desertification’s dynamic changes. Based on the calculation of dynamic degree of desertification and salinization,could got the speed of desertification’s change; Through the transfer matrix calculation in these area could be drawn from the area of land desertification and salinization, the situation changes and transformation; Changes in intensity could be obtained from the change in the degree of desertification; Through the calculation of gravity migration can know the time evolution process of desertification.Use the number of changes and spatial variation on the study of desertification in this paper.
Then analysis the natural factors in this area. This paper mainly analyzes the wetland area, temperature and rainfall, and thus the composite analysis of desertification’s variation. Temperature, precipitation and wetland changes are the basic conditions of desertification’s changes.Others are man-made factors, population changes and a district people's production and the way of their life will affect the environment.This paper also studies the geological conditions and soil characteristics, in which the wind band with queries related information, changes in the area of desertification and wind conditions of the material basis of the understanding.
The mainly conclusion of this paper are as follows:
1 The distribution of current situation of desertification
In 2007, desertification in the study area is mainly distributed in the Xinbaerhuzuo Banner,the proportion is about 3989.56km2 which accounts for 18.13% of the total Banner.The second is Xinbaerhuyou Banner, desertification proportion is about 1632.61km2 which accounts for 6.48% of the total Banner.Next is Chenbaerhu Banner, desertification proportion is about 1410.37km2,6.66% of the total Banner. Ewenki Autonomous Banner of desertification proportion is about 817.93km2;The desertification proportion in Manzhouli City is about 1.56km2; The desertification proportion in Hulunbeier City is about 0.09km2.In 2007,the total of desertification proportion in study area is about 7858.12km2.
2 Changing situation of desertification in the study area
Dynamic degree analysis results: The fastest rate of change is moderate desertification; Mild desertification and sandy desertification is severely speed faster. Among them, moderate and severe desertification is accelerating deteriorated, mild desertification is accelerating improved. Severe and moderate salinization’s speed of change goes faster;Only mild salinization’s speed of change goes slowly.
Transfer matrix analysis results: During 1975 to 2000, most of the desertification area is stableness. Desertification is more stableness than salinization, salinization’s speed of change is faster,and there has the transformation between desertification and salinization.Desertification and salinization are improved, but moderately increased the salinity level, there are large proportion of moderate salinization turn to severe salinization. During 2000 to 2007,most proportion of desertification is stableness, large changes in salinization,and also has the transformation. Mild and severe desertification are improved; Moderate desertification became deteriorated; Salinization became better.The proportion of the improvement is bigger rhan the deterioration, desertification level has decreased.
The analysis results of changes in intensity: Desertification’s changes in intensity center located on the north of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner and the western of Ewenki Autonomous Banner during 1975 to 2000;During 2000 to 2007,it located on the central of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner and Xinbaerhuyou Banner.The changes in intensity of migration has changed a little.The salinization’s changes in intensity center located on the north of Xinbaerhuzou Banner and the western of Ewenki Autonomous Banner during 1975 to 2000;During 2000 to 2007,the strongest center located on the central of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner,the next are the center of Xinbaerhuyou Banner and the north of Ewenki Autonomous Banner,in this period,the center of changes in intensity has a large change in its location. It can be seen that the serious region of desertification is Xinbaerhuzuo Banner,Xinbaerhuyou Banner and Ewenki Autonomous Banner.
The analysis results of focus migration:Three periods of mild, moderate, and severe desertification’s focus migration has been in the central of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner;Mild desertification of focus has transferred to Chenbaerhu Banner in 2007; Moderate desertification has been the focus of the Xinbaerhuyou Banner; The focus of Severe desertification has been transferred to Xinbaerhuzuo Banner in 2000. The three periods of six kinds of desertification in the relative concentration of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner,it shows that the Banner is the central area of desertification,also the area where is most widely distributed and most need to improve governance.
3 Causes of desertification changes
Temperature: The temperature has a total increasing of 1.23℃in the study area during 1959 to 2008,this shows that the climate tends to the development of warmmer in that area, this is the formation of drought conditions, also the basic conditions of the emergence and development of desertification to provide, but also one of the reasons why desertification area has increased.
Precipitation: In 1959, the precipitation is 507.22 mm;In 2008,it is 423.04 mm,has 84mm decreased. Precipitation changes are not large. Explain the precipitation changes are not the main reason for desertification.
Wetlands:From the three wetlands data results can be seen that changes in wetland area is in the first increased and then decreased in the change process,increase and decrease was both significant. From 1975 to 2007, the total area of wetland decreased 1782.74 km2. Wetland is often the reduced part of the increasing desertification,it lead to the increase of desertification.
Location and topography: Because of the location of the study area,affected by monsoon and ocean currents,was the power base of changes and development of desertification. Because of the geological environment characteristics of soil, the area of sediment are loose and material, is the material basis of desertification changes.
Population and activities:The population of study area has increased. But the main pastoral population’s increasing rarely.In the area,the husbandry quantity has total increased 32.67 million during 2000 to 2007, increasing the carrying amount of green space. Arable land proportion increased by 8 thousand and 1 hundred hectares.The increasing of population, husbandry quantity and the proportion increasing of cultivated land are the indirect cause of proportion increasing of desertification.
为了探讨呼伦贝尔盟土地荒漠化的分布现状、变化情况、变化规律及变化原因,本文以1975年的MSS遥感数据、2000年的ETM遥感数据和2007年的CBERS遥感数据为数据源,利用RS和GIS技术,对这三个时期的图像进行解译,并以此为数据基础,对土地荒漠化进行分析。从三个方向对荒漠化进行变化研究,先是数量变化和空间变化上,通过对荒漠化面积的变化和空间位置的变化,得出荒漠化动态变化的规律;再利用湿地变化、气候变化和人口变化及其生产活动特点,结合荒漠化的变化,研究引起该地区荒漠化变化的自然原因和人为原因。
This paper selects Hulunbeier as the study area. Hulunbeier is an important area of husbandry base and food origin in north China which locate the northeast of Inner Mongolia region. This area is rich in grassland resources, forest resources ,wetland resources and mineral resources. According to the statistics,there has more than 3000 rivers and 500 lakes, 3000 kinds of plants, 400 kinds of wild animals and 20 kinds of mineral resources which is the fertile land of north China. However, with the impact of global warming, this area's temperature raise gradually, precipitation reduction, the human population and the domestic quantity's increase, causes of these results, the study area’s land desertification question to be a highlight of day after day. The land desertification question nowadays is one of ten environment questions in the whole world. The land desertification question is not just has environmental deterioration question, but also the human society's influence question.
The formation and development of desertification is inseparable from three conditions, namely basic condition (dry climate), material base (many surface material deposit), dynamic condition (wind action). Affect the development of desertification is mainly about natural factors and human factors. Therefore, this paper mainly aims at these two directions of the changes and the change results of desertification. Based on climate change of Hulunbeier,climate conditions, geological conditions and soil, the locate of wind band and the other natural conditions, to find these conditions and change with the relation of desertification,and then explore the humans activities in this area influence of desertification combined with the data of the regional population statistics and the number of livestocks.
The concretely method of operating in this paper is used MSS data in the 1975s,ETM data in the 2000s and CBERS data in the 2007s as data source, desertification is based on the rank of wind, percentage of surface morphology of wind-borned area and vegetation coverage for standard, salinization is based on the salinization of the surface area of the percentage of total and surface soil salinity for standard,and then combined with the characteristics of landscape, desertification and salinization were classified by three levels as mild,moderate and severe, 6 types of desertification.After that,used MAPGIS as the interpretation platform,in the man-machine interactive interpretation for the area of desertification.
Statistics three periods of land desertification in various types of area, analysis the changes of three periods of desertification land,based on the combined analysis of three periods of desertification,got the condition of desertification’s dynamic changes. Based on the calculation of dynamic degree of desertification and salinization,could got the speed of desertification’s change; Through the transfer matrix calculation in these area could be drawn from the area of land desertification and salinization, the situation changes and transformation; Changes in intensity could be obtained from the change in the degree of desertification; Through the calculation of gravity migration can know the time evolution process of desertification.Use the number of changes and spatial variation on the study of desertification in this paper.
Then analysis the natural factors in this area. This paper mainly analyzes the wetland area, temperature and rainfall, and thus the composite analysis of desertification’s variation. Temperature, precipitation and wetland changes are the basic conditions of desertification’s changes.Others are man-made factors, population changes and a district people's production and the way of their life will affect the environment.This paper also studies the geological conditions and soil characteristics, in which the wind band with queries related information, changes in the area of desertification and wind conditions of the material basis of the understanding.
The mainly conclusion of this paper are as follows:
1 The distribution of current situation of desertification
In 2007, desertification in the study area is mainly distributed in the Xinbaerhuzuo Banner,the proportion is about 3989.56km2 which accounts for 18.13% of the total Banner.The second is Xinbaerhuyou Banner, desertification proportion is about 1632.61km2 which accounts for 6.48% of the total Banner.Next is Chenbaerhu Banner, desertification proportion is about 1410.37km2,6.66% of the total Banner. Ewenki Autonomous Banner of desertification proportion is about 817.93km2;The desertification proportion in Manzhouli City is about 1.56km2; The desertification proportion in Hulunbeier City is about 0.09km2.In 2007,the total of desertification proportion in study area is about 7858.12km2.
2 Changing situation of desertification in the study area
Dynamic degree analysis results: The fastest rate of change is moderate desertification; Mild desertification and sandy desertification is severely speed faster. Among them, moderate and severe desertification is accelerating deteriorated, mild desertification is accelerating improved. Severe and moderate salinization’s speed of change goes faster;Only mild salinization’s speed of change goes slowly.
Transfer matrix analysis results: During 1975 to 2000, most of the desertification area is stableness. Desertification is more stableness than salinization, salinization’s speed of change is faster,and there has the transformation between desertification and salinization.Desertification and salinization are improved, but moderately increased the salinity level, there are large proportion of moderate salinization turn to severe salinization. During 2000 to 2007,most proportion of desertification is stableness, large changes in salinization,and also has the transformation. Mild and severe desertification are improved; Moderate desertification became deteriorated; Salinization became better.The proportion of the improvement is bigger rhan the deterioration, desertification level has decreased.
The analysis results of changes in intensity: Desertification’s changes in intensity center located on the north of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner and the western of Ewenki Autonomous Banner during 1975 to 2000;During 2000 to 2007,it located on the central of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner and Xinbaerhuyou Banner.The changes in intensity of migration has changed a little.The salinization’s changes in intensity center located on the north of Xinbaerhuzou Banner and the western of Ewenki Autonomous Banner during 1975 to 2000;During 2000 to 2007,the strongest center located on the central of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner,the next are the center of Xinbaerhuyou Banner and the north of Ewenki Autonomous Banner,in this period,the center of changes in intensity has a large change in its location. It can be seen that the serious region of desertification is Xinbaerhuzuo Banner,Xinbaerhuyou Banner and Ewenki Autonomous Banner.
The analysis results of focus migration:Three periods of mild, moderate, and severe desertification’s focus migration has been in the central of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner;Mild desertification of focus has transferred to Chenbaerhu Banner in 2007; Moderate desertification has been the focus of the Xinbaerhuyou Banner; The focus of Severe desertification has been transferred to Xinbaerhuzuo Banner in 2000. The three periods of six kinds of desertification in the relative concentration of Xinbaerhuzuo Banner,it shows that the Banner is the central area of desertification,also the area where is most widely distributed and most need to improve governance.
3 Causes of desertification changes
Temperature: The temperature has a total increasing of 1.23℃in the study area during 1959 to 2008,this shows that the climate tends to the development of warmmer in that area, this is the formation of drought conditions, also the basic conditions of the emergence and development of desertification to provide, but also one of the reasons why desertification area has increased.
Precipitation: In 1959, the precipitation is 507.22 mm;In 2008,it is 423.04 mm,has 84mm decreased. Precipitation changes are not large. Explain the precipitation changes are not the main reason for desertification.
Wetlands:From the three wetlands data results can be seen that changes in wetland area is in the first increased and then decreased in the change process,increase and decrease was both significant. From 1975 to 2007, the total area of wetland decreased 1782.74 km2. Wetland is often the reduced part of the increasing desertification,it lead to the increase of desertification.
Location and topography: Because of the location of the study area,affected by monsoon and ocean currents,was the power base of changes and development of desertification. Because of the geological environment characteristics of soil, the area of sediment are loose and material, is the material basis of desertification changes.
Population and activities:The population of study area has increased. But the main pastoral population’s increasing rarely.In the area,the husbandry quantity has total increased 32.67 million during 2000 to 2007, increasing the carrying amount of green space. Arable land proportion increased by 8 thousand and 1 hundred hectares.The increasing of population, husbandry quantity and the proportion increasing of cultivated land are the indirect cause of proportion increasing of desertification.
引文
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