中国东北大豆育成品种（1923-2005）系谱和遗传多样性分析
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摘要
中国是栽培大豆的起源地,并且种质资源非常丰富。大豆是植物油脂和蛋白质的主要来源,已被世界各国广泛种植,并成为世界范围内一种重要的农作物。我国是世界上大豆育成品种最多的国家,而东北生态区又是我国大豆育种和生产的主要区域。自1923年到2005年东北已育成646个品种,占我国大豆育成品种数的49.69%。
本研究对东北种质资源,特别是骨干亲本进行分析,同时利用表型、SSR分析,系谱及亲本系数分析了东北30个育成品种。旨在阐明我国东北大豆生态区大豆育成品种遗传多样性,揭示优异种质在育种过程中的交流现状。为今后我国育种及种质资源利用提供依据,对东北大豆种质资源的收集、保存、评价及大豆育种和生产有指导作用。实验结果如下;
1对东北大豆57个骨干祖先亲本分析表明,57个祖先亲本对我国大豆育成品种的细胞核、质遗传贡献值分别为459.47、529。占全国育成品种遗传贡献值的35.34%和40.69%。辽宁的金元衍生品种数最多为577个,吉林的四粒黄497个,黑龙江的白眉357个,是我国衍生品种最多的三个祖先亲本。
2对东北646个育成品种的13个农艺性状分析表明;质量性状方面,花色中白花和紫色大体相同,子叶色以黄色为主,占89%。茸毛以灰色为主、种皮多为黄色,这两者所占比例均大于80%。其它性状占有量高低不一。在数量性状方面,646个育成品种的平均生长期为122.12d,百粒重平均为20g,蛋白质含量为40.69%,油脂含量为20.54%,株高平均为84.30cm。
3黑龙江、吉林、辽宁三省共30份材料SSR和亲本系数分析表明;
SSR分子标记分析;81对SSR引物总共检测到875个等位位点数。等位变异数在4—18之间,平均等位位点数为10.8,Simpson指数和Shannon指数的平均值分别为0.8537和3.0711。表明东北育成品种遗传多样性较丰富。
聚类分析;以分子数据和农艺性状构建矩阵,形成聚类图。30个品种被聚成4个类群,类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ是由黑龙江和吉林品种组成,两类群中聚成的亚群与种质的来源极为一致。类群Ⅲ,Ⅳ均为辽宁品种。可以看出育成品种的遗传基础还是以本省遗传背景为基础。
系谱分析;30个品种很多都有共同的亲本,通过简化的系谱把这些品种表示出来,可直观的看出它们间的亲缘关系。黑龙江、吉林、辽宁育成品种在系谱中通过共同的亲本联系在一起。表明东北大豆育种中优异种质得以交流,具有优良品质的亲本被广泛应用,不再受地理的局限。
亲本系数分析;计算30个品种两两间的亲本系数,分省统计,黑龙江和辽宁本省间育成品种皆有亲缘关系,吉林除两个第一代育成品种丰地黄和早丰1号外,其它品种间也有亲缘关系。不同省份间的育成品种平均亲本系数明显小于同一省份间亲本系数的数值。无亲缘关系品种数量也多于后者。说明种质资源的交流还不是很充分,育种工作者在育种过程中除了利用本省的优异种质外,还要充分考虑我国其它地方的优良种质。拓宽育成品种的遗传基础,有效积累优异性状的基因。
Soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr] is one of importent economic crops and has its origin in China. It provides a major source of protein and oil for human consumption and widly-planted by mostly countries all over the world. Total 1300 soybean cultivars were released during 1923-2005 in China. The Northeast is major soybean growing area. The Northeast has the most numbers of soybean cultivars. There are 646 varieties beening bred from 1923 to 2005, accounting for 49.69 percent in China. The use of derivatives of elite germplasms be high frepuency .
Through natural selection and artificial selection for a long time, Soybean Germplasm Resources has been accumulated large amounts of genetic variation. It is the material basis of breeding new elite cultivars and promoting the soybean product. The collection, preservation and evalution on the Northeast soybean germplasm resources will benefit soybean breeding and product.
By analyzing the Northeast germplasm resources (especial the end ancestor parents), the dendrogram of agronomic traits and, SSR markers and pedigree analysis , the analysis of coefficient of parentage, the genetic diversityof the Northeast cultivars was illustrated and the status of soybean breeding was revealed in the paper.
The main results were summarized as follows:
1 Analysing 57 the end ancestor parents of the Northeast soybean, their karyon contributions is 459.47, and the cytoplasm contribution is 529. Amount to 35.34% and 40.69% in China respectively. Baimei, Heilongjiang's varity, had 357 offsprings. Else, Jilin's Silihuang and Liaoning's Jinyuan had 497 and 577 offsprings respectively. They are the greastest pedigrees in China.
2 13 agronomic traits of 646 cultivars was analysed. The data about quality traits shows: There are two kinds of flower colors mostly. And the varities of white flower is as much as the varities of purple. The color of cotyledon mostly is yellow, more than 89%. Gray pubescence and yellow seedcoat is the important traits, more than 80% in the Northeast. In 5 quantitative traits, the average growth period of the 646 cultivars is 122.12 days. The average weight of 100 seeds is 20 grams. There are 40.69 grams protein and 20.54 grams oils per 100 grams seeds in the 646 cultivars. Their average height is 84.30 cm.
3 30 accessions was sampled from 646 cultivars. 12 Heilongjiang cultivars was included , Jilin and Liaoning has 9 varities respectively.
SSR markers analysis: The ploymophism loci detected by 81 SSR primers was rich. A total of 875 allelic loci was detected with average 10.8 allelic per locus, Ranging from 4 to 18. The mean Simpson index and Shannon index were 0.8537 and 3.0711. The genetic diversity of cultivars in northeast is rich.
Clusting analysis: Converting the molecular data and agronomic traits to "0"and "1". Construct matrix and form dendrogram. 30 accessions were divided into 4 groups in the dendrogram. The 4 groups was based upon the section of province. It suggests that the genetic background of cultivars is still based on its province.
Pedigree analysis: most of the 30 accessions have common ancestors. Simplify the pedigree and line out their relationship. Many accessions can find in the same pedigree. The elite germplasm was widely usded in breeding, overcoming the geographical limitations.
Coefficient of parents analysis: Calculation the COP of the 30 accessions. The COP of the cultivars in the same province is larger than the one of different provinces.
本研究对东北种质资源,特别是骨干亲本进行分析,同时利用表型、SSR分析,系谱及亲本系数分析了东北30个育成品种。旨在阐明我国东北大豆生态区大豆育成品种遗传多样性,揭示优异种质在育种过程中的交流现状。为今后我国育种及种质资源利用提供依据,对东北大豆种质资源的收集、保存、评价及大豆育种和生产有指导作用。实验结果如下;
1对东北大豆57个骨干祖先亲本分析表明,57个祖先亲本对我国大豆育成品种的细胞核、质遗传贡献值分别为459.47、529。占全国育成品种遗传贡献值的35.34%和40.69%。辽宁的金元衍生品种数最多为577个,吉林的四粒黄497个,黑龙江的白眉357个,是我国衍生品种最多的三个祖先亲本。
2对东北646个育成品种的13个农艺性状分析表明;质量性状方面,花色中白花和紫色大体相同,子叶色以黄色为主,占89%。茸毛以灰色为主、种皮多为黄色,这两者所占比例均大于80%。其它性状占有量高低不一。在数量性状方面,646个育成品种的平均生长期为122.12d,百粒重平均为20g,蛋白质含量为40.69%,油脂含量为20.54%,株高平均为84.30cm。
3黑龙江、吉林、辽宁三省共30份材料SSR和亲本系数分析表明;
SSR分子标记分析;81对SSR引物总共检测到875个等位位点数。等位变异数在4—18之间,平均等位位点数为10.8,Simpson指数和Shannon指数的平均值分别为0.8537和3.0711。表明东北育成品种遗传多样性较丰富。
聚类分析;以分子数据和农艺性状构建矩阵,形成聚类图。30个品种被聚成4个类群,类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ是由黑龙江和吉林品种组成,两类群中聚成的亚群与种质的来源极为一致。类群Ⅲ,Ⅳ均为辽宁品种。可以看出育成品种的遗传基础还是以本省遗传背景为基础。
系谱分析;30个品种很多都有共同的亲本,通过简化的系谱把这些品种表示出来,可直观的看出它们间的亲缘关系。黑龙江、吉林、辽宁育成品种在系谱中通过共同的亲本联系在一起。表明东北大豆育种中优异种质得以交流,具有优良品质的亲本被广泛应用,不再受地理的局限。
亲本系数分析;计算30个品种两两间的亲本系数,分省统计,黑龙江和辽宁本省间育成品种皆有亲缘关系,吉林除两个第一代育成品种丰地黄和早丰1号外,其它品种间也有亲缘关系。不同省份间的育成品种平均亲本系数明显小于同一省份间亲本系数的数值。无亲缘关系品种数量也多于后者。说明种质资源的交流还不是很充分,育种工作者在育种过程中除了利用本省的优异种质外,还要充分考虑我国其它地方的优良种质。拓宽育成品种的遗传基础,有效积累优异性状的基因。
Soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr] is one of importent economic crops and has its origin in China. It provides a major source of protein and oil for human consumption and widly-planted by mostly countries all over the world. Total 1300 soybean cultivars were released during 1923-2005 in China. The Northeast is major soybean growing area. The Northeast has the most numbers of soybean cultivars. There are 646 varieties beening bred from 1923 to 2005, accounting for 49.69 percent in China. The use of derivatives of elite germplasms be high frepuency .
Through natural selection and artificial selection for a long time, Soybean Germplasm Resources has been accumulated large amounts of genetic variation. It is the material basis of breeding new elite cultivars and promoting the soybean product. The collection, preservation and evalution on the Northeast soybean germplasm resources will benefit soybean breeding and product.
By analyzing the Northeast germplasm resources (especial the end ancestor parents), the dendrogram of agronomic traits and, SSR markers and pedigree analysis , the analysis of coefficient of parentage, the genetic diversityof the Northeast cultivars was illustrated and the status of soybean breeding was revealed in the paper.
The main results were summarized as follows:
1 Analysing 57 the end ancestor parents of the Northeast soybean, their karyon contributions is 459.47, and the cytoplasm contribution is 529. Amount to 35.34% and 40.69% in China respectively. Baimei, Heilongjiang's varity, had 357 offsprings. Else, Jilin's Silihuang and Liaoning's Jinyuan had 497 and 577 offsprings respectively. They are the greastest pedigrees in China.
2 13 agronomic traits of 646 cultivars was analysed. The data about quality traits shows: There are two kinds of flower colors mostly. And the varities of white flower is as much as the varities of purple. The color of cotyledon mostly is yellow, more than 89%. Gray pubescence and yellow seedcoat is the important traits, more than 80% in the Northeast. In 5 quantitative traits, the average growth period of the 646 cultivars is 122.12 days. The average weight of 100 seeds is 20 grams. There are 40.69 grams protein and 20.54 grams oils per 100 grams seeds in the 646 cultivars. Their average height is 84.30 cm.
3 30 accessions was sampled from 646 cultivars. 12 Heilongjiang cultivars was included , Jilin and Liaoning has 9 varities respectively.
SSR markers analysis: The ploymophism loci detected by 81 SSR primers was rich. A total of 875 allelic loci was detected with average 10.8 allelic per locus, Ranging from 4 to 18. The mean Simpson index and Shannon index were 0.8537 and 3.0711. The genetic diversity of cultivars in northeast is rich.
Clusting analysis: Converting the molecular data and agronomic traits to "0"and "1". Construct matrix and form dendrogram. 30 accessions were divided into 4 groups in the dendrogram. The 4 groups was based upon the section of province. It suggests that the genetic background of cultivars is still based on its province.
Pedigree analysis: most of the 30 accessions have common ancestors. Simplify the pedigree and line out their relationship. Many accessions can find in the same pedigree. The elite germplasm was widely usded in breeding, overcoming the geographical limitations.
Coefficient of parents analysis: Calculation the COP of the 30 accessions. The COP of the cultivars in the same province is larger than the one of different provinces.
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