润滑油添加剂的合成及其摩擦学研究
|
摘要
润滑油是机械运转的血液，发动机要正常工作就需要使用润滑油。润滑油的性能又是和添加剂的选用密切相关的。润滑油和添加剂的发展经历了从初期的适应发动机要求，转变到需要更广泛地适应环保与节能的要求。在基础油中加入极压抗磨添加剂可以提高润滑油的极压性能和抗磨性能，减少摩擦阻力，延长机器的使用寿命。
基于此，本论文合成了一种润滑油添加剂-新型的长碳链的含氮硼酸酯；一种润滑油修饰剂-硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4粒子。并通过四球机长磨实验测试了它们的极压、抗磨减摩性能。
含氮硼酸酯的化学合成过程分两步进行，确定了最佳的工艺条件、探讨了反应方法、反应时间、反应温度对反应出水量以及产物的影响，总收率达85％。并以合成的含氮硼酸酯作为研究对象，考察了硼酸酯添加剂的水解性能。
采用化学改性方法，在醇／水液相体系中，通过微波水热法，利用硬脂酸和纳米Fe_3O_4表面的羟基发生反应，制备了表面修饰硬脂酸的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒。运用红外光谱、X射线衍射分析、透射电镜、在有机溶剂中的分散性实验等对纳米Fe_3O_4的改性效果进行了分析。
本论文对含氮硼酸酯、硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒的抗磨性进行了测试，得出了不同添加剂对润滑油摩擦磨损性能的影响。将制备的添加剂分别分散于液体石蜡中，通过实验考察其摩擦性，比较不同添加剂对改善摩擦学性能的优劣。使用四球摩擦磨损试验机对其进行了极压和长磨试验，分别测试了最大无卡咬负荷、摩擦系数和磨斑直径，考察了添加剂在液体石蜡中的减摩抗磨性能。根据测试结果分析得出含氮硼酸酯作为润滑油添加剂最合适的添加量(质量比)为0．25％，硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒最合适的添加量为1．00％，两种单剂的加入都使润滑油的油膜强度与承载能力有了较大的提高，使润滑油的摩擦学性能得到了较大的改善。
另外，本论文尝试将制备的两种润滑油添加剂进行复配后作为润滑油添加剂使用，探讨了硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒与含氮硼酸酯的协同减摩抗磨作用。结果表明，这两种添加剂具有较好的协同减摩抗磨作用，最佳添加量为0．50％含氮硼酸酯、0．50％硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒。复合剂摩擦学性能优干两种单剂。
The lubricating oil is the blood that the machinery operated and it works normally to mobilize confidentially at the necessity of lubricating oil. Performance of lubricating oil are closely related with exertion of additive. The experiences of the lubricating oil and additive are asked to follow the adaptation with the motor in initial stage. After time, the experiences of the lubricating oil and additive are changed to need to widely meet the needs of environmental protection and energy-conservation. When mixed with the lubricating oil, the additive can improve lubricating oil's abilities of extreme pressure, anti-wear and reduce frictional resistance, so as to lengthen the service life of the machine.
This paper introduced synthesis of two lubricant additives. One is borate ester containing element of nitrogen, another is Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle which contains stearic acid at surface. And a four - ball tester was employed to evaluate its extreme pressure, anti-wear and friction-reducing properties.
The borate ester containing nitrogen has been synthesized by two step chemical reaction; and it's purity about 85%. This article found proper condition and discussed some influence factors, including the synthetic method, the reaction time and the reaction temperature. And which are regarded as the research object, to investigate the hydrolysising performance.
Basing on chemistry modification method, stearic acid and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle are used to synthesize Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle which contains stearic acid at surface by microwave radiation with water and n-propanol. Then we analyzed it by IR, XRD, TEM and dispersion experiment.
We analyzed various additive effects on tribology performance of lubricant by comparing wear resistance of borate ester containing nitrogen and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle which contains stearic acid at surface. We analyzed tribology performance of lubricant and compared the effect on improvement of tribology performance by adding additives into liquid paraffin. In this paper, the friction-reducing and antiwear behaviors of borate ester containing nitrogen and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle in liquid paraffin were investigated using a four-ball machine, and we have tested P_B, f and WSD. We evaluated the results of test and found the optimum proportion of borate ester containing nitrogen is 0.25%, Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle is 1.00%. We also found the two additives both enhance the intensity and load of liquid paraffin and improve the tribological properties.
At last, we made borate ester containing nitrogen and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle which contains stearic acid at surface composited as lubricant additive. The tribological behaviors of the synthetic products as additives in liquid paraffin were investigated on a four-ball machine. It was found that both the borate ester containing nitrogen and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle as additives functioned to significantly improving the friction-reducing, antiwear, and extreme-pressure properties of the base oil. We found the optimum proportion of borate ester containing nitrogen is 0.50%,Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle is 0.50%.This determined tribological behaviors of the combined additive is better than each individual one.
基于此，本论文合成了一种润滑油添加剂-新型的长碳链的含氮硼酸酯；一种润滑油修饰剂-硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4粒子。并通过四球机长磨实验测试了它们的极压、抗磨减摩性能。
含氮硼酸酯的化学合成过程分两步进行，确定了最佳的工艺条件、探讨了反应方法、反应时间、反应温度对反应出水量以及产物的影响，总收率达85％。并以合成的含氮硼酸酯作为研究对象，考察了硼酸酯添加剂的水解性能。
采用化学改性方法，在醇／水液相体系中，通过微波水热法，利用硬脂酸和纳米Fe_3O_4表面的羟基发生反应，制备了表面修饰硬脂酸的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒。运用红外光谱、X射线衍射分析、透射电镜、在有机溶剂中的分散性实验等对纳米Fe_3O_4的改性效果进行了分析。
本论文对含氮硼酸酯、硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒的抗磨性进行了测试，得出了不同添加剂对润滑油摩擦磨损性能的影响。将制备的添加剂分别分散于液体石蜡中，通过实验考察其摩擦性，比较不同添加剂对改善摩擦学性能的优劣。使用四球摩擦磨损试验机对其进行了极压和长磨试验，分别测试了最大无卡咬负荷、摩擦系数和磨斑直径，考察了添加剂在液体石蜡中的减摩抗磨性能。根据测试结果分析得出含氮硼酸酯作为润滑油添加剂最合适的添加量(质量比)为0．25％，硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒最合适的添加量为1．00％，两种单剂的加入都使润滑油的油膜强度与承载能力有了较大的提高，使润滑油的摩擦学性能得到了较大的改善。
另外，本论文尝试将制备的两种润滑油添加剂进行复配后作为润滑油添加剂使用，探讨了硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒与含氮硼酸酯的协同减摩抗磨作用。结果表明，这两种添加剂具有较好的协同减摩抗磨作用，最佳添加量为0．50％含氮硼酸酯、0．50％硬脂酸修饰的纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒。复合剂摩擦学性能优干两种单剂。
The lubricating oil is the blood that the machinery operated and it works normally to mobilize confidentially at the necessity of lubricating oil. Performance of lubricating oil are closely related with exertion of additive. The experiences of the lubricating oil and additive are asked to follow the adaptation with the motor in initial stage. After time, the experiences of the lubricating oil and additive are changed to need to widely meet the needs of environmental protection and energy-conservation. When mixed with the lubricating oil, the additive can improve lubricating oil's abilities of extreme pressure, anti-wear and reduce frictional resistance, so as to lengthen the service life of the machine.
This paper introduced synthesis of two lubricant additives. One is borate ester containing element of nitrogen, another is Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle which contains stearic acid at surface. And a four - ball tester was employed to evaluate its extreme pressure, anti-wear and friction-reducing properties.
The borate ester containing nitrogen has been synthesized by two step chemical reaction; and it's purity about 85%. This article found proper condition and discussed some influence factors, including the synthetic method, the reaction time and the reaction temperature. And which are regarded as the research object, to investigate the hydrolysising performance.
Basing on chemistry modification method, stearic acid and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle are used to synthesize Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle which contains stearic acid at surface by microwave radiation with water and n-propanol. Then we analyzed it by IR, XRD, TEM and dispersion experiment.
We analyzed various additive effects on tribology performance of lubricant by comparing wear resistance of borate ester containing nitrogen and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle which contains stearic acid at surface. We analyzed tribology performance of lubricant and compared the effect on improvement of tribology performance by adding additives into liquid paraffin. In this paper, the friction-reducing and antiwear behaviors of borate ester containing nitrogen and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle in liquid paraffin were investigated using a four-ball machine, and we have tested P_B, f and WSD. We evaluated the results of test and found the optimum proportion of borate ester containing nitrogen is 0.25%, Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle is 1.00%. We also found the two additives both enhance the intensity and load of liquid paraffin and improve the tribological properties.
At last, we made borate ester containing nitrogen and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle which contains stearic acid at surface composited as lubricant additive. The tribological behaviors of the synthetic products as additives in liquid paraffin were investigated on a four-ball machine. It was found that both the borate ester containing nitrogen and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle as additives functioned to significantly improving the friction-reducing, antiwear, and extreme-pressure properties of the base oil. We found the optimum proportion of borate ester containing nitrogen is 0.50%,Fe_3O_4 nanoparticle is 0.50%.This determined tribological behaviors of the combined additive is better than each individual one.
引文
[1]李建明．磨损金属学[M]．北京，冶金工业出版社，1990，11．
[2]刘维民，薛群基．摩擦学研究及发展趋势[J]．中国机械工程，2000，11(1)：77-80．
[3]黄海栋硕士学位论文．浙江大学．2006：8-9．
[4]孙霞，郑发正，李新年等．纳米粒子作为润滑油添加剂的研究与应用[J]．精细石 油化工进展，2003，4(7)：30-34.
[5]成本诚，吴海鹰等．有机硼酸酯的应用及制备[J]．湖南化工．1996，4：9-12．
[6]谭秀民硕士学位论文．哈尔滨工程大学．2005：8-14．
[7] HIROSHI NAKANISHI and KO ONODERA. Oxsidation Stability of SyetheticLubricants.Lubr.Eng.1997, 53(5):29-36
[8] Andrew GH. Friction Reducing Additives and Compositions There of.USpat.1981, 4:478-732.
[9]金振华，夏家贵．硼酸酯型汽车制动液的研制．2000，22(2)：18-20．
[10]葛春华，李鸿图．含氮硼酸酯润滑油添加剂的合成[J]．精细化工，1998．
[11]D. Sung, A.J.Gellman. The surface chemistry of alkyl and arylphosphate vapor phase lubricants on Fe foil. Tribology International.2002:579-590.
[12]文庆珍，张宝真．硼酸酯添加剂的研究[J]．海军工程学院学报．1998，2：52-54．
[13]乔玉林，李小刚等．表面修饰的硼酸盐添加剂与ZDDP复配的摩擦性能[J]．石 油炼制与化工．1997，28(11)：27-31．
[14]Jiping Ye, Makoto Kano and Yoshiteru Yasuda.Evaluation of local mechanical properties in depth in MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribochemical reacted films using nanoindentation. Tribology Letters.Vol.13, No.1,July 2002:41-47.
[15]陈国安，辛志南．润滑油添加剂的发展及选用[J]．建设机械技术与理．1997，6： 27-29．
[16]刘维民，薛群基等．有机硼酸酯润滑油减摩抗磨添加剂[J]．摩擦学学报．1992， 7：193-202．
[17]葛春华，李鸿图．硼酸酯的合成与应用[J]．辽宁化工．1999，3：90-92．
[18]王华清，董浚修等．有机硼酸酯摩擦化学反应的研究[J]．石油学报(石油加 工)．1999，4：47-52．
[19] Arun Nandi, Maya Dutta Gupta, A.K.Banthia. Sulfonated polybutadienerandom ionomer as stabilizer for colloidal copper nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2002, 197:119-124.
[20]王汝霖．润滑剂摩擦化学[M]．北京：中国石化出版社，1994：248-265．
[21]Liu W M,Xue Q J, Zhang X S etal. The performance and antiwear mechanism of tridodecyl borate as an oil additive. Lubrication Engineering. 1992,??48:475-479.
[22] Deng J X, Chen L G. International Symposium on Tribochemistry,Lanzhou(China),1989,166-173.
[23] Kreuz K L, Fein R S, Dundy M. Extreme-pressure films from borate lubricants. ASLE Trans. 1967, 10:67-75.
[24]胡晓兰，郝红．新型硼酸酯类偶联剂的合成与表征[J]．西北工业大学报．2003． 6：364-367．
[25]郑直等．水溶性复合硼酸酯抗磨性能影响因素的分析[J]．润滑与密封．1998， 2：11-12．
[26]姚俊兵等．水溶性抗磨剂合成及抗磨性能研究[J].中南矿冶学院学报．1994， 25(2)：261-265．
[27]孙小然，张秀玲．含磷硼酸酯润滑油添加剂的合成与性能测试[J]．精细化工． 2000，(1)：42-43．
[28]唐顺学．硼酸酯与含硫、磷、氯添加剂的减摩抗磨复合作用[J]．机械设计与研 究，2001，17(2)：69-72．
[29]Thorsten Nurnberger, Dierk Scheel. Signal transmission in the plant immune response. TRENDS in Plant Science. 2001, 8(6) :89-94.
[30] Keiji Nakayama, Takateru Dekura, Toshimichi Kobayashi. Effect of additives on friction, wear, and iron fluoride formation under perfluoropolyether fluid lubrication in vacuum and various atmospheres containing oxygen. Wear. 1996,192:178-185.
[31] L. Rapoport, M. Lvovsky, I. Lapsker, W. Leshchinsky, YuVolovik, Y. Feldman, R. Tenne. Friction and wear of bronze powder composites including fullerene-like WS_2 nanoparticles. Wear, 2001,249:150-157.
[32]董浚修．《润滑原理及润滑油》(第二版)[M]，1998．
[33]张家玺，刘馄，胡献国．纳米金刚石颗粒对发动机润滑油摩擦学特性的影响[J]． 摩擦学学报，2002，22(1)：44-48．
[34]Tao Xu, Jiazheng Zhao, Kang Xu,Qunjin Xue. Study on the tribological properties of ultradispersed diamond containing soot as an oil additive. Tribology Transactions, 1997,40 (1): 178-182.
[35]B. M. Ginzburg, L. A. Shibaev, O. F. Kireenko, A. A. Shepelevskii, M. V. Baidakova, A.A. Sitnikova. Antiwear effect of fullerene C_(60) additives to lubricating oils. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2002, 75 (8): 1330-1335.
[36]阎逢元，金芝珊，张绪寿，薛群基．C_(60)／C_(70)作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能研究 [J]．摩擦学学报，1993，13(1)：59-63．
[37]S. Tarasov, A. Kolubaev, S. Belyaev, M. Lerner, F. Tepper. Study of friction reduction by nanocopper additives to motor oil. Wear,2002,252: 63-69.
[38]周静芳，张治军，王晓波，刘维民，薛群基．油溶性铜纳米微粒作为液体石 蜡添加剂的摩擦学性能研究[J]．摩擦学学报，2000，20(2)：123-126．
[39]G Liu, X. Li, B. Qin, D. Xing, Y. Guo, R. Fan. Investigation of the mendingeffect and mechanism of copper nanoparticles on a tribologically stressedsurface. Tribology Leters, 2004, 17(4): 961-966.
[40] Jingfang Zhou, Zhishen Wu, Zhijun Zhang, Weimin Liu, Qunji Xue.Tribological behavior and lubricating mechanism of Cu nanoparticles in oil.Tribology Leters, 2000,8: 213-218.
[41]夏延秋，金寿日，纳米级金属粉对润滑油摩擦磨损性能的影响[J]．润滑与密 封，1999，(3)：33-34．
[42] G Liu, X. Li, N. Lu, R. Fan. Enhancing AW/EP property of lubricant oil byadding nano-Al/Sn particles. Tribology Leters, 2005, 18(1): 85-90.
[43] LIU Ren-de, TAO De-hua, ZHAO Yuan, CAO Wei-guo, ZHANG Jian-hua, FuShang-fa. Preparation and tribological performance of novel organotincompound as lubricant additive. Journal of Shanghai University (EnglishEdition), 2004, 8(1): 96-100.
[44] Jiangfang Zhou, Jianjun Yang, Zhijun Zhang, Weimin Liu, Qunji Xue. Studyon the structure and tribological properties of surface-modified Cunanoparticles. Materials Research Bulletin, 1999, 34(9): 1361-1367.
[45] J. X. Dong, Z. S. Hu. A study of the anti-wear and friction-reducing propertiesof the lubricant additive, nanometer zinc borate. Tribology International, 1998,31(5): 219-223.
[46] Z. S. Hu, J. X. Dong. Study on antiwear and reducing friction additive ofnanometer titanium borate. Wear, 1998, 216: 87-91.
[47] Z. S. Hu, R. Lai, F. Lou, L. G. Wang, Z. L. Chen, G. X. Chen, J. X. Dong.Preparation and tribological properties of nanometer magnesium borate aslubricating oil additive.Wear, 2002, 252: 370-374.
[48]胡泽善，王立光，黄令，赖容，陈志莉，陈国需，董浚修．纳米硼酸铜颗粒的制备及 其用作润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能[J]．摩擦学学报，2000，20(4)：292-295．
[49]叶毅，董浚修，陈国需，陈波水，胡泽善．纳米硼酸盐的摩擦学特性初探[J]． 润滑与密封，2000，(4)：20-21．
[50] Z. S. Hu, J.X. Dong, G X. Chen, J. Z. He. Preparation and tribological properties of nanoparticle lanthanum borate. Wear, 2000, 243: 43-47.
[51]冯玉杰，孙晓君，李培志郝军，蔡伟民．表面修饰纳米硼酸镧的制备及极压??抗磨性能研究[J]．材料科学与工艺，2002，10(2)：203-206．
[52] Z. S. Hu, Y. Yie, L.GWang, G. X. Chen, J. X. Dong. Synthesis and tribologicalproperties of ferrous octoxyborate as antiwear and friction-reducing additiveof lubricating oil. Tribology Leters, 2000, 8: 45-50.
[53] Z. S. Hu, J. X. Dong. Study on antiwear and reducing friction additive ofnanometer titanium oxide. Wear, 1998, 216: 92-96.
[54]Qunji Xue, Weimin Liu, Zhijun Zhang. Friction and wear properties of asurface-modified TiO_2 nanoparticle as an additive in liquid paraffin. Wear,1997,213:29-32.
[55] Wenyu Ye, Tiefeng Cheng, Qing Ye, Xinyong Guo, Zhijun Zhang, HongxinDang. Preparation and tribological properties of tetrafluorobenzoicacid-modified TiO_2 nanoparticles as lubricant additives. Materials Science andEngineering , 2003, 359:82-85.
[56]张会臣，佘云川，刘世永，严立．ZnO纳米微粒作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学 作用机理[J]．机械科学与技术，2003，22(3)：468-470．
[57]张波，胡泽善，叶毅，董浚修．纳米氧化锌抗磨减摩添加剂的研究[J]．润滑油， 1999，14(6)：40-44．
[58] WU Zhi-shen, ZHOU Jing-fang, ZHANG Zhi-un, DANG Hong-xin, LIUWei-min, XUE Qun-ji. Structure characterization and tribological behavior of surface-modified ZrO_2 nanoparticles. Chemical Research, 2001, 12(2): 4-8.
[59]黄伟九，彭成允，王应芳，曾英．纳米ZrO_2作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能 研究[J]．湘潭矿业学院学报，2001，16(4)：28-31．
[60]胡泽善，陈志莉，王立光．润滑油纳米SnO抗磨减摩添加剂的制备与摩擦学 性能研究[J]．合成润滑材料，2000，27(3)：15-20．
[61] Z. S. Hu, J. X. Dong, G X. Chen. Study on antiwear and reducing friction additive of nanometer ferric oxide. Tribology International, 1998, 31(7): 355-360.
[62]王立光，胡泽善，赖容，陈国良，胡煌．纳米氢氧化镍的制备及其摩擦学性 能[J].石油学报，2000，16(6)：45-50．
[63]王立广，胡泽善．纳米氢氧化锰减摩抗磨添加剂的研究[J]．润滑与密封，1999， (5)：30-32．
[64] Zefu Zhang, Weimin Liu, Qunji Xue. Study on lubricating mechanisms of La(OH)_3 nanocluster modified by compound containing nitrogen in liquid paraffin. Wear, 1998,218:139-144.
[65] Weimin Liu, Shuang Chen. An investigation of the tribological behavior of surface-modified ZnS nanoparticles in liquid parafin. Wear, 2000, 238:??120-124.
[66] Shuang Chen, Weimin Liu, Laigui Yu. Preparation of DDP-coated PbS nanoparticles and investigation of the antiwear ability of the prepared nanoparticles as additive in liquid paraffin. Wear, 1998, 218: 153-158.
[67]沃恒洲，胡坤宏，胡献国．纳米二硫化钼作为机械油添加剂的摩擦学特性研 究[J]．摩擦学学报，2004，24(1)：33-37．
[68]王九，陈波水，侯滨，董浚修．润滑油中CuS纳米粒子的摩擦学性能研究[J]． 润滑与密封．2001，(2)：42-43．
[69]陶小军，吴志申，周静芳，张治军，党鸿辛．表面修饰Ag_2S纳米微粒的热稳 定性及摩擦学行为研究[J]．润滑与密封，2002，(5)：17-18，21．
[70] Sunqing Qiu, Junxiu Dong, Guoxu Chen. Tribological properties of CeF3 nanoparitcles as additives in lubricating oils. Wear, 1999, 230: 35-38.
[71]吴志申，陶小军，周静芳，党鸿辛．CeF_3纳米微粒的合成、结构及摩擦学行 为研究[J]．稀土，2001，22(5)：1-4．
[72] Jingfang Zhou, Zhishen Wu, Zhijun Zhang, Weimin Liu, Hongxin Dang. Study on an antiwear and extreme pressure additive of surface coated LaF_3 nanoparticles in liquid parafin. Wear, 2001, 249: 333-337.
[73]孙丽欣，冯玉杰，卢延欣，郝军，李培志．表面修饰氟化镧微粉的制备及极 压性能研究[J]．哈尔滨工业大学学报，2002，34(2)：211-213．
[74]梁起，张治军，薛群基，刘维民．LaF_3纳米微粒的摩擦学行为研究[J]．稀土， 1999，20(2)：32-35．
[75] Zefu Zhang, Laigui Yu, Weimin Liu, Qunji Xue. The efect of LaF_3 nanocluster modified with succinimide on the lubricating performance of liquid paraffin for steel-on-steel system. Tribology International, 2001, 34: 83-88.
[76]梁起，张治军，薛群基，刘维民．CePO_4纳米微粒的摩擦学行为[J]．应用化学， 1999，16(1)：113-114．
[77]赵彦保，周静芳，张治军，党鸿辛．油酸／PS／TiO_2复合微球对液体石蜡抗磨 性能的影响研究[J]．摩擦学学报，2001，21(1)：73-75．
[78]王治军，周静芳，张治军，党鸿辛．聚苯乙烯／油酸／氟化镧负荷纳米微球的 制备表征及抗磨性能[J]．功能高分子学报，2002，15(3)：291-295．
[79] Lei Sun, Jingfang Zhou, Zhijun Zhang, Hongxin Dang. Synthesis andtribological behavior of surface modified (NH_4)_3PMo_(12)O_(40) nanoparticles.Wear, 2004, 256: 176-181.
[80] Yoshitsugu Kimura, Toshiaki Wakabayashi, Kazumi Okada, Tetsuya Wada,Hiroshi Nishikawa. Boron nitride as a lubricant additive. Wear, 1999, 232:199-206.
[81] Pingping Ye, Xiaoxia Jiang, Shu Li, Shizhou Li. Preparation of NiMoO_2S_2 nanoparticle and investigation of its tribological behavior as additive in lubricating oils. Wear, 2002,253:572-575.
[82] L. Joly-Pottuz, F. Dassenoy, J. M. Martin, D. Vrbanic, A. Mrzel, D. Mihailovic, W. Vogel, G. Montagnac. Tribological properties of Mo-S-I nanowires as additive in oil. Tribology Leters, 2005, 18(3): 385-393.
[83]W Liu, Q. Xue, H. Wang, X. Zhang, C. Huang. The antiwear properties of sodium metaborate as an oil additive. Lubrication Engineering, 1992, 48(4): 290-293.
[84]王滨硕士学位论文．北京交通大学．2006：5-6，10．
[85]叶毅，董浚修，陈波水等．纳米硼酸镧对润滑油抗磨性能影响的研究[J]．润滑 与密封，2000，(2)：23-24．
[86]胡泽善，王立光，陈国需，董浚修，赖荣，李芬芳．十二烷基硼酸锌的合成 及其抗磨减摩性能研究[J]．摩擦学学报，2000，20(2)：150-152．
[87]夏延秋，杨文通，马先贵等．纳米级铜粉改善润滑油抗磨性能的研究[J]．润滑 与密封，1998，(5)：43-45．
[88]张泽抚等．含氮有机物修饰的纳米三氮化钧的摩擦学性能研究[J]．摩擦学学 报，2000，20(3)：217-219．
[89]高永建等．油酸修饰TiO_2纳米微粒水溶液润滑下Cr铜摩擦磨损性能研究[J]． 摩擦学学报，2000，20(1)：22-25．
[90]梁起等．La(C_2O_4)_3纳米微粒的摩擦行为研究[J]．化学通报，1999，(6)：48-51．
[91]乔玉林等．表面修饰硼酸盐润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能[J]．摩擦学学报， 1998，18(1)：25-31．
[92]罗国强．硼酸酯添加剂的研究[J]．润滑与密封，1993(4)：13-17．
[93]刘维民，薛群基，张绪寿．润滑油添加剂-硼酸酯的摩擦磨损性能及其抗磨机理 之研究[J]．摩擦学学报，1992，12(4)：347-352．
[94]Yao Junbin. Improvement of hydrolytic stability of borate esters used as lubricant additives. Lubr Eng, 1995, 51(6): 475-479.
[95]王建华，王国良，董浚修．含氮硼酸酯添加剂性能研究[J]．润滑与密封，2001．
[96]刘广龙，胡役芹，孙霞等．含氮硼酸酯添加剂的研究现状[J]．润滑与密封，2004．
[97]王清华，欧阳小东，马和邦，扬光汉．有机硼酸酯水解稳定性的考察方法-红外 光谱法[J]．润滑与密封，2003．
[98]王国宏，李定或．纳米CaCO_3的表面改性研究[J]．涂料工业，2005，35 (11)：10-13．
[99]郑静，王国宏，王志刚．纳米的有机表面改性及表征[J]．涂料工业，2007，37 (7)：22-25．
[100]李文章，李杰等．超顺磁性Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒的制备及修饰[J]．功能材料，??2007，8(38)：1279-1286．
[101]钟光飞，关子杰．四球机指标的困惑．石油商城，2000，18(4)：46-49．
[2]刘维民，薛群基．摩擦学研究及发展趋势[J]．中国机械工程，2000，11(1)：77-80．
[3]黄海栋硕士学位论文．浙江大学．2006：8-9．
[4]孙霞，郑发正，李新年等．纳米粒子作为润滑油添加剂的研究与应用[J]．精细石 油化工进展，2003，4(7)：30-34.
[5]成本诚，吴海鹰等．有机硼酸酯的应用及制备[J]．湖南化工．1996，4：9-12．
[6]谭秀民硕士学位论文．哈尔滨工程大学．2005：8-14．
[7] HIROSHI NAKANISHI and KO ONODERA. Oxsidation Stability of SyetheticLubricants.Lubr.Eng.1997, 53(5):29-36
[8] Andrew GH. Friction Reducing Additives and Compositions There of.USpat.1981, 4:478-732.
[9]金振华，夏家贵．硼酸酯型汽车制动液的研制．2000，22(2)：18-20．
[10]葛春华，李鸿图．含氮硼酸酯润滑油添加剂的合成[J]．精细化工，1998．
[11]D. Sung, A.J.Gellman. The surface chemistry of alkyl and arylphosphate vapor phase lubricants on Fe foil. Tribology International.2002:579-590.
[12]文庆珍，张宝真．硼酸酯添加剂的研究[J]．海军工程学院学报．1998，2：52-54．
[13]乔玉林，李小刚等．表面修饰的硼酸盐添加剂与ZDDP复配的摩擦性能[J]．石 油炼制与化工．1997，28(11)：27-31．
[14]Jiping Ye, Makoto Kano and Yoshiteru Yasuda.Evaluation of local mechanical properties in depth in MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribochemical reacted films using nanoindentation. Tribology Letters.Vol.13, No.1,July 2002:41-47.
[15]陈国安，辛志南．润滑油添加剂的发展及选用[J]．建设机械技术与理．1997，6： 27-29．
[16]刘维民，薛群基等．有机硼酸酯润滑油减摩抗磨添加剂[J]．摩擦学学报．1992， 7：193-202．
[17]葛春华，李鸿图．硼酸酯的合成与应用[J]．辽宁化工．1999，3：90-92．
[18]王华清，董浚修等．有机硼酸酯摩擦化学反应的研究[J]．石油学报(石油加 工)．1999，4：47-52．
[19] Arun Nandi, Maya Dutta Gupta, A.K.Banthia. Sulfonated polybutadienerandom ionomer as stabilizer for colloidal copper nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2002, 197:119-124.
[20]王汝霖．润滑剂摩擦化学[M]．北京：中国石化出版社，1994：248-265．
[21]Liu W M,Xue Q J, Zhang X S etal. The performance and antiwear mechanism of tridodecyl borate as an oil additive. Lubrication Engineering. 1992,??48:475-479.
[22] Deng J X, Chen L G. International Symposium on Tribochemistry,Lanzhou(China),1989,166-173.
[23] Kreuz K L, Fein R S, Dundy M. Extreme-pressure films from borate lubricants. ASLE Trans. 1967, 10:67-75.
[24]胡晓兰，郝红．新型硼酸酯类偶联剂的合成与表征[J]．西北工业大学报．2003． 6：364-367．
[25]郑直等．水溶性复合硼酸酯抗磨性能影响因素的分析[J]．润滑与密封．1998， 2：11-12．
[26]姚俊兵等．水溶性抗磨剂合成及抗磨性能研究[J].中南矿冶学院学报．1994， 25(2)：261-265．
[27]孙小然，张秀玲．含磷硼酸酯润滑油添加剂的合成与性能测试[J]．精细化工． 2000，(1)：42-43．
[28]唐顺学．硼酸酯与含硫、磷、氯添加剂的减摩抗磨复合作用[J]．机械设计与研 究，2001，17(2)：69-72．
[29]Thorsten Nurnberger, Dierk Scheel. Signal transmission in the plant immune response. TRENDS in Plant Science. 2001, 8(6) :89-94.
[30] Keiji Nakayama, Takateru Dekura, Toshimichi Kobayashi. Effect of additives on friction, wear, and iron fluoride formation under perfluoropolyether fluid lubrication in vacuum and various atmospheres containing oxygen. Wear. 1996,192:178-185.
[31] L. Rapoport, M. Lvovsky, I. Lapsker, W. Leshchinsky, YuVolovik, Y. Feldman, R. Tenne. Friction and wear of bronze powder composites including fullerene-like WS_2 nanoparticles. Wear, 2001,249:150-157.
[32]董浚修．《润滑原理及润滑油》(第二版)[M]，1998．
[33]张家玺，刘馄，胡献国．纳米金刚石颗粒对发动机润滑油摩擦学特性的影响[J]． 摩擦学学报，2002，22(1)：44-48．
[34]Tao Xu, Jiazheng Zhao, Kang Xu,Qunjin Xue. Study on the tribological properties of ultradispersed diamond containing soot as an oil additive. Tribology Transactions, 1997,40 (1): 178-182.
[35]B. M. Ginzburg, L. A. Shibaev, O. F. Kireenko, A. A. Shepelevskii, M. V. Baidakova, A.A. Sitnikova. Antiwear effect of fullerene C_(60) additives to lubricating oils. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2002, 75 (8): 1330-1335.
[36]阎逢元，金芝珊，张绪寿，薛群基．C_(60)／C_(70)作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能研究 [J]．摩擦学学报，1993，13(1)：59-63．
[37]S. Tarasov, A. Kolubaev, S. Belyaev, M. Lerner, F. Tepper. Study of friction reduction by nanocopper additives to motor oil. Wear,2002,252: 63-69.
[38]周静芳，张治军，王晓波，刘维民，薛群基．油溶性铜纳米微粒作为液体石 蜡添加剂的摩擦学性能研究[J]．摩擦学学报，2000，20(2)：123-126．
[39]G Liu, X. Li, B. Qin, D. Xing, Y. Guo, R. Fan. Investigation of the mendingeffect and mechanism of copper nanoparticles on a tribologically stressedsurface. Tribology Leters, 2004, 17(4): 961-966.
[40] Jingfang Zhou, Zhishen Wu, Zhijun Zhang, Weimin Liu, Qunji Xue.Tribological behavior and lubricating mechanism of Cu nanoparticles in oil.Tribology Leters, 2000,8: 213-218.
[41]夏延秋，金寿日，纳米级金属粉对润滑油摩擦磨损性能的影响[J]．润滑与密 封，1999，(3)：33-34．
[42] G Liu, X. Li, N. Lu, R. Fan. Enhancing AW/EP property of lubricant oil byadding nano-Al/Sn particles. Tribology Leters, 2005, 18(1): 85-90.
[43] LIU Ren-de, TAO De-hua, ZHAO Yuan, CAO Wei-guo, ZHANG Jian-hua, FuShang-fa. Preparation and tribological performance of novel organotincompound as lubricant additive. Journal of Shanghai University (EnglishEdition), 2004, 8(1): 96-100.
[44] Jiangfang Zhou, Jianjun Yang, Zhijun Zhang, Weimin Liu, Qunji Xue. Studyon the structure and tribological properties of surface-modified Cunanoparticles. Materials Research Bulletin, 1999, 34(9): 1361-1367.
[45] J. X. Dong, Z. S. Hu. A study of the anti-wear and friction-reducing propertiesof the lubricant additive, nanometer zinc borate. Tribology International, 1998,31(5): 219-223.
[46] Z. S. Hu, J. X. Dong. Study on antiwear and reducing friction additive ofnanometer titanium borate. Wear, 1998, 216: 87-91.
[47] Z. S. Hu, R. Lai, F. Lou, L. G. Wang, Z. L. Chen, G. X. Chen, J. X. Dong.Preparation and tribological properties of nanometer magnesium borate aslubricating oil additive.Wear, 2002, 252: 370-374.
[48]胡泽善，王立光，黄令，赖容，陈志莉，陈国需，董浚修．纳米硼酸铜颗粒的制备及 其用作润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能[J]．摩擦学学报，2000，20(4)：292-295．
[49]叶毅，董浚修，陈国需，陈波水，胡泽善．纳米硼酸盐的摩擦学特性初探[J]． 润滑与密封，2000，(4)：20-21．
[50] Z. S. Hu, J.X. Dong, G X. Chen, J. Z. He. Preparation and tribological properties of nanoparticle lanthanum borate. Wear, 2000, 243: 43-47.
[51]冯玉杰，孙晓君，李培志郝军，蔡伟民．表面修饰纳米硼酸镧的制备及极压??抗磨性能研究[J]．材料科学与工艺，2002，10(2)：203-206．
[52] Z. S. Hu, Y. Yie, L.GWang, G. X. Chen, J. X. Dong. Synthesis and tribologicalproperties of ferrous octoxyborate as antiwear and friction-reducing additiveof lubricating oil. Tribology Leters, 2000, 8: 45-50.
[53] Z. S. Hu, J. X. Dong. Study on antiwear and reducing friction additive ofnanometer titanium oxide. Wear, 1998, 216: 92-96.
[54]Qunji Xue, Weimin Liu, Zhijun Zhang. Friction and wear properties of asurface-modified TiO_2 nanoparticle as an additive in liquid paraffin. Wear,1997,213:29-32.
[55] Wenyu Ye, Tiefeng Cheng, Qing Ye, Xinyong Guo, Zhijun Zhang, HongxinDang. Preparation and tribological properties of tetrafluorobenzoicacid-modified TiO_2 nanoparticles as lubricant additives. Materials Science andEngineering , 2003, 359:82-85.
[56]张会臣，佘云川，刘世永，严立．ZnO纳米微粒作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学 作用机理[J]．机械科学与技术，2003，22(3)：468-470．
[57]张波，胡泽善，叶毅，董浚修．纳米氧化锌抗磨减摩添加剂的研究[J]．润滑油， 1999，14(6)：40-44．
[58] WU Zhi-shen, ZHOU Jing-fang, ZHANG Zhi-un, DANG Hong-xin, LIUWei-min, XUE Qun-ji. Structure characterization and tribological behavior of surface-modified ZrO_2 nanoparticles. Chemical Research, 2001, 12(2): 4-8.
[59]黄伟九，彭成允，王应芳，曾英．纳米ZrO_2作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能 研究[J]．湘潭矿业学院学报，2001，16(4)：28-31．
[60]胡泽善，陈志莉，王立光．润滑油纳米SnO抗磨减摩添加剂的制备与摩擦学 性能研究[J]．合成润滑材料，2000，27(3)：15-20．
[61] Z. S. Hu, J. X. Dong, G X. Chen. Study on antiwear and reducing friction additive of nanometer ferric oxide. Tribology International, 1998, 31(7): 355-360.
[62]王立光，胡泽善，赖容，陈国良，胡煌．纳米氢氧化镍的制备及其摩擦学性 能[J].石油学报，2000，16(6)：45-50．
[63]王立广，胡泽善．纳米氢氧化锰减摩抗磨添加剂的研究[J]．润滑与密封，1999， (5)：30-32．
[64] Zefu Zhang, Weimin Liu, Qunji Xue. Study on lubricating mechanisms of La(OH)_3 nanocluster modified by compound containing nitrogen in liquid paraffin. Wear, 1998,218:139-144.
[65] Weimin Liu, Shuang Chen. An investigation of the tribological behavior of surface-modified ZnS nanoparticles in liquid parafin. Wear, 2000, 238:??120-124.
[66] Shuang Chen, Weimin Liu, Laigui Yu. Preparation of DDP-coated PbS nanoparticles and investigation of the antiwear ability of the prepared nanoparticles as additive in liquid paraffin. Wear, 1998, 218: 153-158.
[67]沃恒洲，胡坤宏，胡献国．纳米二硫化钼作为机械油添加剂的摩擦学特性研 究[J]．摩擦学学报，2004，24(1)：33-37．
[68]王九，陈波水，侯滨，董浚修．润滑油中CuS纳米粒子的摩擦学性能研究[J]． 润滑与密封．2001，(2)：42-43．
[69]陶小军，吴志申，周静芳，张治军，党鸿辛．表面修饰Ag_2S纳米微粒的热稳 定性及摩擦学行为研究[J]．润滑与密封，2002，(5)：17-18，21．
[70] Sunqing Qiu, Junxiu Dong, Guoxu Chen. Tribological properties of CeF3 nanoparitcles as additives in lubricating oils. Wear, 1999, 230: 35-38.
[71]吴志申，陶小军，周静芳，党鸿辛．CeF_3纳米微粒的合成、结构及摩擦学行 为研究[J]．稀土，2001，22(5)：1-4．
[72] Jingfang Zhou, Zhishen Wu, Zhijun Zhang, Weimin Liu, Hongxin Dang. Study on an antiwear and extreme pressure additive of surface coated LaF_3 nanoparticles in liquid parafin. Wear, 2001, 249: 333-337.
[73]孙丽欣，冯玉杰，卢延欣，郝军，李培志．表面修饰氟化镧微粉的制备及极 压性能研究[J]．哈尔滨工业大学学报，2002，34(2)：211-213．
[74]梁起，张治军，薛群基，刘维民．LaF_3纳米微粒的摩擦学行为研究[J]．稀土， 1999，20(2)：32-35．
[75] Zefu Zhang, Laigui Yu, Weimin Liu, Qunji Xue. The efect of LaF_3 nanocluster modified with succinimide on the lubricating performance of liquid paraffin for steel-on-steel system. Tribology International, 2001, 34: 83-88.
[76]梁起，张治军，薛群基，刘维民．CePO_4纳米微粒的摩擦学行为[J]．应用化学， 1999，16(1)：113-114．
[77]赵彦保，周静芳，张治军，党鸿辛．油酸／PS／TiO_2复合微球对液体石蜡抗磨 性能的影响研究[J]．摩擦学学报，2001，21(1)：73-75．
[78]王治军，周静芳，张治军，党鸿辛．聚苯乙烯／油酸／氟化镧负荷纳米微球的 制备表征及抗磨性能[J]．功能高分子学报，2002，15(3)：291-295．
[79] Lei Sun, Jingfang Zhou, Zhijun Zhang, Hongxin Dang. Synthesis andtribological behavior of surface modified (NH_4)_3PMo_(12)O_(40) nanoparticles.Wear, 2004, 256: 176-181.
[80] Yoshitsugu Kimura, Toshiaki Wakabayashi, Kazumi Okada, Tetsuya Wada,Hiroshi Nishikawa. Boron nitride as a lubricant additive. Wear, 1999, 232:199-206.
[81] Pingping Ye, Xiaoxia Jiang, Shu Li, Shizhou Li. Preparation of NiMoO_2S_2 nanoparticle and investigation of its tribological behavior as additive in lubricating oils. Wear, 2002,253:572-575.
[82] L. Joly-Pottuz, F. Dassenoy, J. M. Martin, D. Vrbanic, A. Mrzel, D. Mihailovic, W. Vogel, G. Montagnac. Tribological properties of Mo-S-I nanowires as additive in oil. Tribology Leters, 2005, 18(3): 385-393.
[83]W Liu, Q. Xue, H. Wang, X. Zhang, C. Huang. The antiwear properties of sodium metaborate as an oil additive. Lubrication Engineering, 1992, 48(4): 290-293.
[84]王滨硕士学位论文．北京交通大学．2006：5-6，10．
[85]叶毅，董浚修，陈波水等．纳米硼酸镧对润滑油抗磨性能影响的研究[J]．润滑 与密封，2000，(2)：23-24．
[86]胡泽善，王立光，陈国需，董浚修，赖荣，李芬芳．十二烷基硼酸锌的合成 及其抗磨减摩性能研究[J]．摩擦学学报，2000，20(2)：150-152．
[87]夏延秋，杨文通，马先贵等．纳米级铜粉改善润滑油抗磨性能的研究[J]．润滑 与密封，1998，(5)：43-45．
[88]张泽抚等．含氮有机物修饰的纳米三氮化钧的摩擦学性能研究[J]．摩擦学学 报，2000，20(3)：217-219．
[89]高永建等．油酸修饰TiO_2纳米微粒水溶液润滑下Cr铜摩擦磨损性能研究[J]． 摩擦学学报，2000，20(1)：22-25．
[90]梁起等．La(C_2O_4)_3纳米微粒的摩擦行为研究[J]．化学通报，1999，(6)：48-51．
[91]乔玉林等．表面修饰硼酸盐润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能[J]．摩擦学学报， 1998，18(1)：25-31．
[92]罗国强．硼酸酯添加剂的研究[J]．润滑与密封，1993(4)：13-17．
[93]刘维民，薛群基，张绪寿．润滑油添加剂-硼酸酯的摩擦磨损性能及其抗磨机理 之研究[J]．摩擦学学报，1992，12(4)：347-352．
[94]Yao Junbin. Improvement of hydrolytic stability of borate esters used as lubricant additives. Lubr Eng, 1995, 51(6): 475-479.
[95]王建华，王国良，董浚修．含氮硼酸酯添加剂性能研究[J]．润滑与密封，2001．
[96]刘广龙，胡役芹，孙霞等．含氮硼酸酯添加剂的研究现状[J]．润滑与密封，2004．
[97]王清华，欧阳小东，马和邦，扬光汉．有机硼酸酯水解稳定性的考察方法-红外 光谱法[J]．润滑与密封，2003．
[98]王国宏，李定或．纳米CaCO_3的表面改性研究[J]．涂料工业，2005，35 (11)：10-13．
[99]郑静，王国宏，王志刚．纳米的有机表面改性及表征[J]．涂料工业，2007，37 (7)：22-25．
[100]李文章，李杰等．超顺磁性Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒的制备及修饰[J]．功能材料，??2007，8(38)：1279-1286．
[101]钟光飞，关子杰．四球机指标的困惑．石油商城，2000，18(4)：46-49．