我国农民工就业能力及其城市化效应研究
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摘要
2001年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者斯蒂格利茨曾说过：“中国的城市化与美国的高科技发展将是深刻影响人类21世纪发展的两大主题。”目前,中国城市化的主体是农民工群体及其家属,这一群体稳定城市化表征为永久性城市迁移和城市社会融合。在中国经济发展方式转变、产业结构升级和国际经济竞争日趋激烈的背景下,促进农民工群体的稳定城市化已成为新型工业化和现代化建设以及促进城市社会和谐所面临的重大而紧迫的现实课题。
据人力资源与社会保障部2009年调查显示,我国农民工工作主要分布在制造、建筑、住宿和餐饮、批发和零售、居民服务和其他服务业；农民工就业收益低,一些企业主往往把当地最低工资标准当作实际支付给农民工的工资标准。可见,农民工群体就业整体上处于次属劳动力市场,职业向上发展非常困难,而这一状况主要源于多元要素结构化下的就业能力困境。农民工群体就业能力的提高是其获得城市就业、实现职业转换和向上社会流动的依托,也是实现这一群体实质性城市化和参与新型工业化建设的重要保障,更是决定中国未来产业竞争力的关键因素。探讨农民工就业能力的要素结构、基本状态、影响机制、城市化效应以及开发途径等问题是学界面临的重要任务。
基于以上背景,木研究在综述已有研究文献和视角基础上,重点参考Ronald et al等(2005)提出的“全面就业能力”评价框架,结合中围劳动者尤其是农民工的就业现状和城市生存状况,构建了基于微观、中观和宏观客观要素指标导向的广义就业能力分析框架,强调从整体视角审视劳动者(尤其是农民工)的就业能力及其结构性要素。研究对就业能力多维度结构性要素做了具体的理论阐释和剖析,对农民工就业能力现状做了描述性分析。认为农民工尤其是新生代农民工就业能力开发是一个多元动力共同推进的过程。
之后,研究进一步以此广义就业能力理论分析框架为基础,构建了劳动者就业能力评价指标体系,并基于此对农民工和城市居民就业能力进行了初步评估。发现相对于各客观指标最优值集成1,农民工就业能力综合得分为0.63分。其中宏观政策支持得分最低,为0.54分,这一部分向下拉动农民工整体就业能力得分幅度较大。与农民工相比,城市居民综合得分为0.73分,在微观个体和中观环境维度得分差距已不大,但在宏观维度指标得分明显高于农民工,高出0.25分。
就业能力直接影响个体就业获得、维持与转换。作为就业能力的题中之义,接下来,本研究运用深度访谈和参与观察法,质性地探讨了就业能力微观、中观和宏观三个维度的结构性要素与农民工就业获得、维持与就业转换的作用过程和影响机制。研究发现,在微观维度要素作用机制方面,农民工个体教育程度和技术专长禀赋对其城市初始就业获得有重要影响,也作用于其职业的学习效应和社会网络成长空间。同时这些因素对其后续的继续进修等人力资本投资的信心和收益,及继之而来的就业乃至职业转换产生影响。而在中观维度要素作用机制方面,家庭负担制约农民工个体人力资本和社会资本投资的资源分配；工作境遇和社会网络对农民工职业学习效应和社会资本扩大有重要影响；居住环境影响农民工劳动能力的生产与再生产以及同群效应。在宏观维度要素作用机制方面,正式社会支持资源的提供对农民工人力资本的提升和社会网络的扩大产生影响；同时公共政策的供给与公共服务的可及性也影响农民工及其家庭劳动能力的生产与再生产的方向(正向或负向)。
就业与城市化是农民工群体在城市社会发展中面临的两大问题,同时二者又密切相关。因此,接下来,研究关注了农民工就业能力的重要社会经济效应,即将农民工就业能力问题纳入到城市化的大背景下,分析了农民工就业能力的自身城市化(稳定城市迁移意愿和城市社会融合)效应。在稳定迁移意愿方面,作为传统变量的农民工婚姻状况显著影响其城市长期居留意愿,已婚农民工更愿意留城。传统变量中的城市居住时间、城市收入状况在模型加入就业能力变量后,其显著影响消失。就业能力显著影响农民工的留城意愿,而之后又从就业能力微观、中观和宏观三个维度进一步考察各自对于农民工城市居留意愿的影响,发现就业能力的每一个维度面得分状况都有显著影响。在城市社会融合方面,研究发现,(1)就业能力对于农民工城市感情融合、身份融合和市民意愿融合影响显著,通过了假设检验,而对于农民工的社会地位融合影响则未通过假设检验。(2)就业能力总体状态对于农民工城市感情融合、身份融合和市民意愿融合影响显著,而对于农民工的社会地位融合影响则未通过假设检验。之后,在单独考察就业能力各维度对于农民工社会融合影响的统计研究中,发现就业能力的微观维度对于农民工的城市情感融合、身份融合和社会地位融合影响显著,但是对于市民意愿融合影响并不显著；就业能力中观维度对于社会融合整体影响显著,也即中观维度就业能力得分越高,其城市情感融合、身份融合、市民意愿和社会地位融合度越高;就业能力宏观维度对于农民工城市情感融合、身份融合和市民意愿融合影响显著,但是对于社会地位融合的影响未通过显著性检验。最后,为控制相关性,我们在模型中同时纳入就业能力微观、中观和宏观得分,旨在考察就业能力三个维度对于农民工城市社会融合的独立影响,发现就业能力微观维度显著影响农民工社会融合中的情感融合、身份融合和社会地位融合；而就业能力中观维度显著影响农民工社会地位融合；而就业能力宏观维度显著影响农民工身份融合和市民意愿融合。另外,传统变量中的居住时间显著影响农民工城市情感融合和市民意愿融合;性别因素显著影响身份融合。
研究在国外经验借鉴方面,重点关注英国从宏观政策层面开发青年就业能力的制度设计与实施特点,发现对于我国开发农民工就业能力政策层面的启示主要有：适时出台“新生代农民工就业与技能提升”的国家战略框架；强调以提升持续就业能力为核心的积极的劳动力市场政策；突出农民工就业能力宏观政策的群体针对性和个性化设计；基于国家统一框架下的政策执行的群体与地方灵活性；重视农民工就业政策传递中的地方伙伴关系及制约监督机制的构建。
在农民工就业能力提升途径与对策方面,基于前期研究结果,本研究认为农民工就业能力的开发是一个农民工主体自我增能、中观环境减负和增能及宏观政策赋权、增能和减负的多元动力相结合的作用过程。在我国工业化、城市化加速的背景下,根据已经获得的有关农民工就业能力评价和结构因素、影响机制分析的结论,本研究认为宏观政策支持因素至关重要。相应地,尝试建构了融基础性(财税)政策、生存性政策和发展性政策于一体的就业能力提升政策支持体系。这其中,财政、税收政策是基础性物质保障和激励因素,生存性政策则为农民工就业能力提供基本权益保障和减负功能,而发展性政策则在农民工就业能力中发挥赋权、增权、增能的作用。
最后得出本研究的基本结论,明确研究中存在的局限,并提出进一步的研究展望。
Stiglitze,2001Nobel Economics prize winner, said that the high technology in the US and the urbanization in China are two main themes which will deeply affect21st century's development around world. Currently, migrant workers and their families are the main groups of rural-urban migration. The urbanization of these groups characterized as the permanent migration and urban social integration. Under the background of industrial structure upgradation and harsh international competition, promoting migrant worker's steady urbanization have been an important and urgent task for China's new-style industrialization and modernization, and building a harmonious society as well.
The survey from the Department of Human Resources and Social Security in2009shows that migrant workers mainly work for the following sectors, such as manufacturing, construction,hotel,wholesaling, etc. They receive relatively low income return. Some enterprise-owners commonly pay migrant workers using local minimum wage as the actual wage standard. Generally, migrant workers stay in the secondary labor markets and face with tough hurdles to get occupation promoted. All of these difficulties origin from employability disadvantageousness which is constrained by multiple factors. The enhancement of migrant workers'employability is the dependent factor of their employment attainment and occupational transition, and makes the substantial urbanization possible, and also is the key factor for migrant workers to participate in the new-style industrialization. It is a significant task for researchers to discuss the migrant workers'employability situation, its influential factors, process and mechanism, way of enhancement, and effect of employability on urbanization.
Based on this background, our research constructs an employability analysis framework on the basis of micro,meso and macro objective factors, which emphasize the broad approach to observe migrant workers'employability and its constraint factors. Generally speaking, migrant workers', especially new-generation migrant workers'employability enhancement is confronting with lots of hurdles.
Based on this framework, this dissertation constructs a indicator system for employability evaluation. Using this system, we make a basic evaluation for migrant workers'employability and local residents'employability. The result shows the comprehensive score of migrant workers'employability is0.63compared with optimal value1. The score of macro-policy support is the lowest,0.54, under the passing line which draws the whole score downward sharply.
For exploring the deeper affecting mechanism of employability, this study uses the method of in-depth interview and observation, which analyze the influencing mechanism of employability on migrant workers'employment attainment and transfer. Research results show that migrant workers'education degree and technical skills have important influence on their initial job attainment, and occupational study effect in terms of micro-level employability. From the perspective of meso-levelemployability, family burdens constraint the allocation of human and social capital investment resources. From the perspective of macro-level employability, formal social support resources have strong impact on migrant workers'human capital improvement and social network expansion.
This research analyzes the effect of employability on urbanization. From the perspective of migrating willingness, marital status has significant influence on migration decision and employability factor has significant influence too. In terms of social integration, employability has significant impact on migrant workers' emotional integration, identity integration and city-resident integration.
Experience-learning is focused on Great Britain which emphasizes the institutional following implication for migrant workers employability-related policies, including national strategic framework for new-generation migrant worker's employability enhancement, active labor market policies, personalized design for employability policies, local flexibility, local partnership during the policy convey.
When it comes to the ways of improving employability, research argues that employability enhancement of migrant workers is a process of combination of multiple powers which include self-empowerment from migrant workers, meso-level load reduction, and macro-level policies endowment. We also argue that macro-level policies supporting is becoming more and more important. Respectively, we attempt to construct a policy supporting system with financial policies as physical foundation, livelihood policies as basic right-protecting and load-reducing function and development policies as function of empowerment and ability-increasing.
Finally, we draw some conclusions and results, and mention some outlook for future research.
据人力资源与社会保障部2009年调查显示,我国农民工工作主要分布在制造、建筑、住宿和餐饮、批发和零售、居民服务和其他服务业；农民工就业收益低,一些企业主往往把当地最低工资标准当作实际支付给农民工的工资标准。可见,农民工群体就业整体上处于次属劳动力市场,职业向上发展非常困难,而这一状况主要源于多元要素结构化下的就业能力困境。农民工群体就业能力的提高是其获得城市就业、实现职业转换和向上社会流动的依托,也是实现这一群体实质性城市化和参与新型工业化建设的重要保障,更是决定中国未来产业竞争力的关键因素。探讨农民工就业能力的要素结构、基本状态、影响机制、城市化效应以及开发途径等问题是学界面临的重要任务。
基于以上背景,木研究在综述已有研究文献和视角基础上,重点参考Ronald et al等(2005)提出的“全面就业能力”评价框架,结合中围劳动者尤其是农民工的就业现状和城市生存状况,构建了基于微观、中观和宏观客观要素指标导向的广义就业能力分析框架,强调从整体视角审视劳动者(尤其是农民工)的就业能力及其结构性要素。研究对就业能力多维度结构性要素做了具体的理论阐释和剖析,对农民工就业能力现状做了描述性分析。认为农民工尤其是新生代农民工就业能力开发是一个多元动力共同推进的过程。
之后,研究进一步以此广义就业能力理论分析框架为基础,构建了劳动者就业能力评价指标体系,并基于此对农民工和城市居民就业能力进行了初步评估。发现相对于各客观指标最优值集成1,农民工就业能力综合得分为0.63分。其中宏观政策支持得分最低,为0.54分,这一部分向下拉动农民工整体就业能力得分幅度较大。与农民工相比,城市居民综合得分为0.73分,在微观个体和中观环境维度得分差距已不大,但在宏观维度指标得分明显高于农民工,高出0.25分。
就业能力直接影响个体就业获得、维持与转换。作为就业能力的题中之义,接下来,本研究运用深度访谈和参与观察法,质性地探讨了就业能力微观、中观和宏观三个维度的结构性要素与农民工就业获得、维持与就业转换的作用过程和影响机制。研究发现,在微观维度要素作用机制方面,农民工个体教育程度和技术专长禀赋对其城市初始就业获得有重要影响,也作用于其职业的学习效应和社会网络成长空间。同时这些因素对其后续的继续进修等人力资本投资的信心和收益,及继之而来的就业乃至职业转换产生影响。而在中观维度要素作用机制方面,家庭负担制约农民工个体人力资本和社会资本投资的资源分配；工作境遇和社会网络对农民工职业学习效应和社会资本扩大有重要影响；居住环境影响农民工劳动能力的生产与再生产以及同群效应。在宏观维度要素作用机制方面,正式社会支持资源的提供对农民工人力资本的提升和社会网络的扩大产生影响；同时公共政策的供给与公共服务的可及性也影响农民工及其家庭劳动能力的生产与再生产的方向(正向或负向)。
就业与城市化是农民工群体在城市社会发展中面临的两大问题,同时二者又密切相关。因此,接下来,研究关注了农民工就业能力的重要社会经济效应,即将农民工就业能力问题纳入到城市化的大背景下,分析了农民工就业能力的自身城市化(稳定城市迁移意愿和城市社会融合)效应。在稳定迁移意愿方面,作为传统变量的农民工婚姻状况显著影响其城市长期居留意愿,已婚农民工更愿意留城。传统变量中的城市居住时间、城市收入状况在模型加入就业能力变量后,其显著影响消失。就业能力显著影响农民工的留城意愿,而之后又从就业能力微观、中观和宏观三个维度进一步考察各自对于农民工城市居留意愿的影响,发现就业能力的每一个维度面得分状况都有显著影响。在城市社会融合方面,研究发现,(1)就业能力对于农民工城市感情融合、身份融合和市民意愿融合影响显著,通过了假设检验,而对于农民工的社会地位融合影响则未通过假设检验。(2)就业能力总体状态对于农民工城市感情融合、身份融合和市民意愿融合影响显著,而对于农民工的社会地位融合影响则未通过假设检验。之后,在单独考察就业能力各维度对于农民工社会融合影响的统计研究中,发现就业能力的微观维度对于农民工的城市情感融合、身份融合和社会地位融合影响显著,但是对于市民意愿融合影响并不显著；就业能力中观维度对于社会融合整体影响显著,也即中观维度就业能力得分越高,其城市情感融合、身份融合、市民意愿和社会地位融合度越高;就业能力宏观维度对于农民工城市情感融合、身份融合和市民意愿融合影响显著,但是对于社会地位融合的影响未通过显著性检验。最后,为控制相关性,我们在模型中同时纳入就业能力微观、中观和宏观得分,旨在考察就业能力三个维度对于农民工城市社会融合的独立影响,发现就业能力微观维度显著影响农民工社会融合中的情感融合、身份融合和社会地位融合；而就业能力中观维度显著影响农民工社会地位融合；而就业能力宏观维度显著影响农民工身份融合和市民意愿融合。另外,传统变量中的居住时间显著影响农民工城市情感融合和市民意愿融合;性别因素显著影响身份融合。
研究在国外经验借鉴方面,重点关注英国从宏观政策层面开发青年就业能力的制度设计与实施特点,发现对于我国开发农民工就业能力政策层面的启示主要有：适时出台“新生代农民工就业与技能提升”的国家战略框架；强调以提升持续就业能力为核心的积极的劳动力市场政策；突出农民工就业能力宏观政策的群体针对性和个性化设计；基于国家统一框架下的政策执行的群体与地方灵活性；重视农民工就业政策传递中的地方伙伴关系及制约监督机制的构建。
在农民工就业能力提升途径与对策方面,基于前期研究结果,本研究认为农民工就业能力的开发是一个农民工主体自我增能、中观环境减负和增能及宏观政策赋权、增能和减负的多元动力相结合的作用过程。在我国工业化、城市化加速的背景下,根据已经获得的有关农民工就业能力评价和结构因素、影响机制分析的结论,本研究认为宏观政策支持因素至关重要。相应地,尝试建构了融基础性(财税)政策、生存性政策和发展性政策于一体的就业能力提升政策支持体系。这其中,财政、税收政策是基础性物质保障和激励因素,生存性政策则为农民工就业能力提供基本权益保障和减负功能,而发展性政策则在农民工就业能力中发挥赋权、增权、增能的作用。
最后得出本研究的基本结论,明确研究中存在的局限,并提出进一步的研究展望。
Stiglitze,2001Nobel Economics prize winner, said that the high technology in the US and the urbanization in China are two main themes which will deeply affect21st century's development around world. Currently, migrant workers and their families are the main groups of rural-urban migration. The urbanization of these groups characterized as the permanent migration and urban social integration. Under the background of industrial structure upgradation and harsh international competition, promoting migrant worker's steady urbanization have been an important and urgent task for China's new-style industrialization and modernization, and building a harmonious society as well.
The survey from the Department of Human Resources and Social Security in2009shows that migrant workers mainly work for the following sectors, such as manufacturing, construction,hotel,wholesaling, etc. They receive relatively low income return. Some enterprise-owners commonly pay migrant workers using local minimum wage as the actual wage standard. Generally, migrant workers stay in the secondary labor markets and face with tough hurdles to get occupation promoted. All of these difficulties origin from employability disadvantageousness which is constrained by multiple factors. The enhancement of migrant workers'employability is the dependent factor of their employment attainment and occupational transition, and makes the substantial urbanization possible, and also is the key factor for migrant workers to participate in the new-style industrialization. It is a significant task for researchers to discuss the migrant workers'employability situation, its influential factors, process and mechanism, way of enhancement, and effect of employability on urbanization.
Based on this background, our research constructs an employability analysis framework on the basis of micro,meso and macro objective factors, which emphasize the broad approach to observe migrant workers'employability and its constraint factors. Generally speaking, migrant workers', especially new-generation migrant workers'employability enhancement is confronting with lots of hurdles.
Based on this framework, this dissertation constructs a indicator system for employability evaluation. Using this system, we make a basic evaluation for migrant workers'employability and local residents'employability. The result shows the comprehensive score of migrant workers'employability is0.63compared with optimal value1. The score of macro-policy support is the lowest,0.54, under the passing line which draws the whole score downward sharply.
For exploring the deeper affecting mechanism of employability, this study uses the method of in-depth interview and observation, which analyze the influencing mechanism of employability on migrant workers'employment attainment and transfer. Research results show that migrant workers'education degree and technical skills have important influence on their initial job attainment, and occupational study effect in terms of micro-level employability. From the perspective of meso-levelemployability, family burdens constraint the allocation of human and social capital investment resources. From the perspective of macro-level employability, formal social support resources have strong impact on migrant workers'human capital improvement and social network expansion.
This research analyzes the effect of employability on urbanization. From the perspective of migrating willingness, marital status has significant influence on migration decision and employability factor has significant influence too. In terms of social integration, employability has significant impact on migrant workers' emotional integration, identity integration and city-resident integration.
Experience-learning is focused on Great Britain which emphasizes the institutional following implication for migrant workers employability-related policies, including national strategic framework for new-generation migrant worker's employability enhancement, active labor market policies, personalized design for employability policies, local flexibility, local partnership during the policy convey.
When it comes to the ways of improving employability, research argues that employability enhancement of migrant workers is a process of combination of multiple powers which include self-empowerment from migrant workers, meso-level load reduction, and macro-level policies endowment. We also argue that macro-level policies supporting is becoming more and more important. Respectively, we attempt to construct a policy supporting system with financial policies as physical foundation, livelihood policies as basic right-protecting and load-reducing function and development policies as function of empowerment and ability-increasing.
Finally, we draw some conclusions and results, and mention some outlook for future research.
引文
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