光照及投礁方式对刺参（Apostichopus Japonicus）行为、生长的影响及其机制
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摘要
本文综述了光照与投礁方式对棘皮动物行为及生理生态学特征影响的研究进展,并通过一系列的室内实验研究了光照强度、光照周期和不同类型人工参礁对刺参行为、生长、能量收支、耗氧率及排氨率的影响。研究结果总结如下:
1本实验对体重(30.27±3.08)g的刺参(Apostichpus japonicus Selenka)在自然光、全黑暗及15lx、30lx、60lx、125lx、250lx和500lx等6种光强下的行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:1、自然光下刺参存在显著的昼伏夜出行为节律,其在拂晓的5:00至6:00以及黄昏的19:00至20:00间存在迅速移入、移出参礁的行为转变过程。2、刺参在全黑暗条件下亦存在昼伏夜出行为节律,但是其摄食活动时间更长、活动的节律性较弱。3、不同光照强度下,光照时段刺参在光照侧分布比率DR与光强I的关系式为:lgDR=0.351[lg(I+6)]3-1.922[lg(I+6)]2+ 2.751lg(I+6)+0.557 (0≤I≤500);5.18lx及更弱光照下,光强的变化对刺参行为无显著影响(礁外刺参数量≥44%),其行为节律主要受机体内生物钟支配;在5.18lx~278lx光照范围内,随光照的增强刺参出现避光行为的比率逐渐增加(43.96%→8.17%);278lx及更强光照下刺参行为受到光照较强的影响(≤8.17%),并且光强的增加对刺参影响不再显著增强。
2本实验对体重(29.73±0.23)g的刺参(Apostichpus japonicus Selenka)在0L:24D、3L:21D、6L:18D、9L:15D、12L:12D、15L:9D、18L:6D、21L:3D和24L:0D等9种光照周期下的行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:1、刺参在全黑暗(0L:24D)或全光照(24L:0D)条件下存在显著的昼伏夜出行为节律(P<0.05),但是其摄食、活动时间较自然光相应的延长或缩短,活动节律性均较弱;并且刺参在全黑暗条件下比全光照条件下具有更短的“昼伏”及更长的“夜出”状态。2、6~12h光照时间的光照周期处理下,刺参均存在一个逐渐移入参礁的过程和两个逐渐移出参礁的过程;该行为主要受其内在生物钟节律控制,同时还受到光照信号的诱导。3、光照时间的长短显著地影响刺参的行为,除3L:21D外,“白昼”时段分布在参礁外的刺参数量随光照时间的延长呈增加趋势(P<0.05),但每天6、9、15h光照与12h光照下刺参全天分布在参礁外的平均比率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
3本实验研究了不同种类人工参礁对刺参行为特性的影响。实验结果表明:1、8种不同材料显著影响人工参礁对刺参的聚集效果(P<0.05),其聚集效果由大到小顺序如下:石块>水泥管>编织袋>瓦片>PVC管>低压聚乙烯管>木板>波纹板,其中前5种人工参礁的集参效果显著地优于后3种(P<0.05)。2、4个不同培养时间人工参礁的集参效果均优于未培养过的参礁,且1M(月)、1.5M和2M显著地优于未培养参礁(0M)(P<0.05);其中,1.5M人工参礁的集参效果最佳,显著地优于除2M外的所有处理(P<0.05)。3、不同颜色的人工参礁显著地影响刺参的遮蔽行为,绿色参礁的集参效果显著地优于白色参礁(P<0.05),其它颜色人工参礁集参效果间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
4本文研究了光照强度对刺参生长、能量收支和生化组成的影响。实验光照强度为0lx、100lx、500lx、1000lx、2000lx和3000lx,实验共持续56天。实验结果表明:1、实验条件下,刺参的特定生长率(SGRw)随光照强度的增加逐渐增加,在2000lx达到最大(1.50±0.12%),并且显著地高于其它处理(P<0.05),随后逐渐减小,其大小顺序为:2000lx>3000lx>1000lx>500lx>0lx>100lx。2、刺参摄食率(FIw)随光照强度的增加逐渐增加,在2000lx达到最大(25.10±1.51%),并且显著地高于其它处理(P<0.05),随后逐渐减小。3、6种光照强度下,刺参食物转化率(FCEw)间的差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。4、不同光照强度下刺参的能量分配比例各异。其中,生长耗能占摄食能的比例(G/C)间差异不显著(P>0.05);粪能占摄食能的比例(F/C)随光照强度的增加而增加,在2000lx达到最大(56.98±4.25%),并且显著地高于其它处理(P<0.05),随后逐渐减小;排泄能和呼吸能占摄食能的比例(U/C,R/C)变化趋势与F/C相反,2000lx达到最小(7.49±0.04%、29.72±4.20%),显著地低于其它处理(P<0.05)。5、伴随光照强度的增加,刺参粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量均逐渐降低。实验结果表明,光照强度通过影响刺参的摄食率和能量分配比例,从而对其生长乃至生化组成产生影响。
5本文研究了光照周期对刺参生长、能量收支和生化组成的影响。实验光照周期为0L:24D、10L:14D、12L:12D、14L:10D和24L:0D,实验共持续56天。实验结果表明:1、实验条件下,刺参的特定生长率(SGRw)随光照时间的延长逐渐增加,在14L:10D达到最大(1.24±0.04%),显著地高于除12L:12D外的所有处理(P<0.05),然后逐渐减小,其大小顺序为:14L:10D>12L:12D>10L:14D>0L:24D >24L:0D。2、5种光照周期下,刺参摄食率(FIw)随光照时间的延长先增加然后减小,10L:14D、12L:12D和14L:10D(15.48±0.16%)显著地高于连续黑暗(0L:24D)和连续光照(24L:0D)(13.83±0.16%)(P<0.05)。3、5种光照周期下,刺参食物转化率(FCEw)所受影响有与FIw相似,14L:10D>12L:12D>10L:14D >0L:24D>24L:0D。4、5种光照周期下,呼吸和排泄耗能占摄食能的比例(R/C,U/C)间差异不显著(P>0.05);生长占摄食能量的比例(G/C)间差异显著(P<0.05),且0L:24D显著地低于10L:14D(P<0.05);刺参排粪能占摄食能的比例(F/C)所受影响与G/C相反,14L:10D显著地高于0L:24D(P<0.05)。5、随光照时间的延长,刺参组织内粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量均逐渐降低,在14L:10D达到最低(41.10±0.16%、5.37±0.05%),然后逐渐增加;而刺参体能值的变化趋势与之相反。实验结果表明,光照周期通过影响刺参的摄食率、食物转化率和能量分配比例,从而对刺参的生长及生化组成产生影响。
6本文研究了刺参在4种光照强度和4种光照周期相互搭配下的生长、能量收支及生化组成。实验设0L:0D-0lx、10L:14D-1000lx、10L:14D-2000lx、10L:14D- 4000lx、14L:10D-1000lx、14L:10D-2000lx、14L:10D-4000lx、24L:0D-1000lx、24L:0D-2000lx和24L:0D-4000lx等共计10种光照处理,实验持续56天。实验结果表明:1、光照强度和光照周期均显著地影响刺参的生长(SGRw),且交互作用显著(FP=35.019,FLI=11.429,F=3.100;P<0.05),刺参在14L:10D和2000lx条件下具有较快的生长。2、光照强度和光照周期均显著地影响刺参的摄食率(FIw),且交互作用显著(FP=15.411,FLI=15.501,F=21.866;P<0.05),随光照时间的延长和光照强度的增加,FIw先逐渐上升而后下降。3、光照周期显著地影响刺参食物转化率(FCEw),光照强度作用不显著,但两者交互作用影响显著(FP =18.416,F=8.845;P<0.05;FLI =2.549;P>0.05);适宜的光照条件下(2000lx、14L:10D),刺参具有较高的FCEw。4、随光照时间的延长及光照强度的增加,刺参的含水量与生长表现出一致的变化趋势,而脂肪含量与能值则与生长表现出相反趋势。实验结果表明,不同光照强度和光照周期通过影响刺参的摄食率,同时光照周期还影响刺参的食物转化率,从而影响刺参的生长及生化组成。
7本实验采用静水法研究了16℃下,体重(11.43±0.68)g的刺参在6种光照强度下的耗氧率和排氨率。实验光照强度为0lx、100lx、500lx、1000lx、2000lx和3000lx,光照周期为12L:12D。实验结果表明:1、6种光照强度下,刺参耗氧率随光照强度的增加先逐渐下降而后上升,3000lx>0lx>100lx>500lx>1000lx> 2000lx。其中,2000lx下刺参的耗氧率显著地低于其它处理(P<0.05),而3000lx显著地高于除0lx外的其它处理(P<0.05)。2、刺参的排氨率随光照强度的增加先逐渐下降后上升,0lx>3000lx>100lx>500lx>1000lx>2000lx。其中,2000lx下刺参的排氨率显著地低于其它处理(P<0.05),0lx显著地高于除3000lx外的其它处理(P<0.05),而3000lx显著地高于500lx和1000lx(P<0.05),但与100lx差异不显著(P>0.05)。3、刺参主要以脂肪和碳水化合物为代谢为底物,仅代谢底物中的脂肪比例随着光照强度的增加先上升而后下降。
8本实验采用静水法研究了16℃下,体重(13.71±1.71)g的刺参在5种光照周期下耗氧率和排氨率的昼夜变化节律。实验光照周期为0L:24D、10L:14D、12L:12D、14L:10D和24L:0D,光照强度为2000lx。实验结果表明:1、5种光照周期下,刺参的耗氧率和排氨率均存在昼夜波动,且波峰大多出现在“夜间”,而低谷多出现在“白天”;连续光照(24L:0D)和连续黑暗(0L:24D)条件下昼夜波动较大。2、光照周期显著地影响刺参的平均耗氧率(P<0.05),且连续光照和连续黑暗下刺参的耗氧率显著地高于具有一定光照时间的光照周期(10L:14D、12L:12D和14L:10D)(P<0.05)。3、光照周期显著地影响刺参的平均排氨率(P<0.05),且连续光照和连续黑暗下刺参的排氨率显著地高于一定光照时间的光照周期(P<0.05)。4、不同光照周期下,刺参的O:N值范围为12.16~27.45,相互之间差异显著(P<0.05),且连续光照和连续黑暗下刺参的O:N值显著地低于10L:14D、12L:12D和14L:10D(P<0.05)。
1. Eight light-intensity treatments (natural light, continuous darkness, and 15 lx, 30 lx, 60 lx, 125 lx, 250 lx, and 500 lx under LD 12:12 cycle) were used to investigate the effects of light intensity on the daily activity of 30.27±3.08 g sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of behaviour were observed under natural light cycles (with 73.85% kept hidden at day and 58.64% became active at night under the equivalent LD 13:11 cycle), which were also observed at different light intensities in the range 15 lx to 500 lx under LD 12:12 cycle. And an ongoing nocturnal cycle persisted in DD cycle for up to 8 days, but longer feeding time and less marked rhythm occurred at continuous darkness. A. japonicus moved to shelter around sunrise (5:00-6:00 h) and emerged close to sunset (19:00-20:00 h). The relationship between light intensity (I) and the distribution rate (DR) of A. japonicus exposed to light under different light intensity treatments could be described by the cubic equation as follow: lgDR=0.351[lg(I+6)]3-1.922[lg(I+6)]2+ 2.751lg(I+6)+0.557 (0≤I≤500 lx) (F=804.05, P=0.000, R2=0.993). The equation showed that under poor light conditions (I<5.18 lx), the daily activity rhythm of A. japonicus was governed by an innate biological clock and the effect of light intensity was not significant among different treatments. And more individuals tended to retreat to shelters (from 56.04% to 91.83%) with the increase of light intensity within the weak light condition (from 5.18 lx to 278 lx). However, the daily behaviors of A. japonicus were influenced under strong light conditions (>278 lx). Less than 8.17% individuals kept actively feeding and the proportion was not decreased with the increase of light intensity.
2. Ten photoperiod treatments (LD 0:24 cycle (DD cycle), LD 3:21 cycle, LD 6:18 cycle, LD 9:15 cycle, LD 12:12 cycle, LD 15:9 cycle, LD 18:6 cycle, LD 21:3 cycle and LD 24:0 cycle under 500 lx) were used to investigate the effects of photoperiod on the daily activity of 29.77±0.21 g sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of A. japonicus were observed under all photoperiods. But the juveniles spent more or less time moving and feeding with the less marked ongoing nocturnal activity cycle under continuous darkness (DD cycle) or continuous light (LD 24:0 cycle) than natural light cycle, respectively. And there were shorter sheltering time and longer feeding time under them. There were a sheltering behavior transition and two emerging behavior trasitions of juvenile A. japonicus under 6~12 h L photoperiods in the experiments. The behavior transitions were governed by innate biological clock and induced by the signal of daily light variation.The behaviors of juvenile A. japonicus at“daytime”increased significangtly with the lengthening of“light time”(P<0.05) except LD 3:21 cycle. But there was not significant difference among the mean DR of juvenile A. japonicus per day under LD 6:18 cycle, LD 9:15 cycle, LD 15:9 cycle and LD 12:12 cycle.
3. In the present study, the effect of various artificial shelters on shelter selection of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, was evaluated. The preference of juveniles in the experiments with eight different material artificial shelters was compared and showed that the stone, cement duct, polywoven bag, ceramic tile and PVC (polyvinylchloride) duct attracted significantly more juveniles than low-pressure polyethylene duct, wood block and corrugated board (P<0.05). In addition, the influence of biofilmed shelters which were pre-cultured for 0.5 M (month), 1 M, 1.5 M and 2 M were compared with non-filmed shelters (0 M). The number of juveniles attracted by biofilmed shelters was significantly higher than that without biofilm, as follows: 1.5 M>2 M>1 M>0.5 M>0 M. And the number of juveniles of 1.5 M was significantly higher than the other treatments (P<0.05) except 2 M (P>0.05). The selection of juveniles with six different color shelters was compared, and the green shelters attracted significantly more juveniles than the white shelters (P<0.05).
4. Growth performance, energy budget and biochemical composition of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were studied over 56 days under 6 different light intensities, as follows: 0 lx, 100 lx, 500 lx, 1000 lx, 2000 lx and 3000 lx. First, the specific growth rate (SGRw) of juvenile A. japonicus increased with the increase of light intensity and it peaked at light intensity of 2000 lx with 1.50±0.12% (P<0.05), then decreased; SGRw under different light intensities was as follows: 2000 lx>3000 lx>1000 lx>500 lx>0 lx>100 lx. Second, the feed intake (FIw) increased with the increase of light intensity then decreased, and it peaked at 2000 lx (25.10±1.51%, P<0.05). Third, there was not significant difference among the food conversion efficiency (FCEw) under different light intensities (P>0.05). Fourth, the energy budget of A. japonicus was significantly affected by different light intensities (P<0.05). The percentage of energy deposited for growth (G) to energy consumed in food (C) was not significantly affected by light intensity (P>0.05). The percentage of energy lost in feces (F) to C increased and peaked at 2000 lx (56.98±4.25%, P<0.05) then decreased with the increase of light intensity. The percentage of excretion energy and respiration energy to consumption decreased and peaked at 2000 lx (7.49±0.04%, P<0.05; 29.72±4.20%, P<0.05) then increased with the increase of light intensity, respectively. Fifth, the body content of crude protein and crude lipid decreased with the increase of light intensity (P<0.05). In conclusion, the effects of light intensity on FI and energy budget contributed to the differences among growth and proximate body composition of A. japonicus under different light intensities.
5. Growth performance, energy budget and biochemical composition of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were studied over 56 days under 5 different photoperiods, as follows: LD 0:24 cycle (DD cycle), LD 10:14 cyele, LD 12:12 cycle, LD 14:10 cycle and LD 24:0 cycle. First, the specific growth rate (SGRw) of juvenile A. japonicus increased with the lengthening of days and it peaked at LD 14:10 cycle with 1.24±0.04% (P<0.05), then decreased; SGRw under different photoperiods was as follows: LD 14:10 cycle>LD 12:12 cycle>LD 10:14 cycle>DD cycle>LD 24:0 cycle. Second, the feed intake (FIw) increased then decreased with the lengthening of days, and FIw under LD 10:14 cycle, LD 12:12 cycle and LD 14:10cycle was significantly more than DD cycle and LD 24:0 cycle (13.83±0.16%) (P<0.05). Third, photoperiod affected the food conversion efficiency (FCEw) significantly (P<0.05) and FCEw under different photoperiods was as follows: LD 14:10 cycle> LD 12:12 cycle> LD 10:14 cycle>DD cycle>LD 24:0 cycle. Fourth, there were not significant differences among effects of different photoperiods on the percentage of excretion energy and respiration energy to consumption (P>0.05). But the percentage of energy deposited for growth (G) and energy lost in feces (F) to energy consumed in food (C) was affected significantly by photoperiod. G/C under LD 10:14 cycle was significantly more than that DD cycle, and F/C under LD 14:10 cycle was significantly more than DD cycle (P<0.05), respectively. Fifth, body content of crude protein and crude lipid decreased with the lengthening of days then increased, and they peaked at LD 14:10 cycle with 41.10±0.16% and 5.37±0.05% (P<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the effects of photoperiod on FI, FCE and energy budget contributed to the differences among growth and proximate body composition of juvenile sea cucumber A. japonicus under different photoperiods.
6. The growth performance, energy budget and biochemical composition of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were studied over 56 days under 4 light intensities (0 lx, 1000 lx, 2000 lx and 4000 lx) and 4 photoperiods (LD 0:24 cycle (DD cycle), LD 10:14 cycle, LD 14:10 cycle and LD 24:0 cycle). First, the specific growth rate (SGRw) of juvenile A. japonicus was significantly affected by light intensity, photoperiod and the relationship between them (FP=35.019, FLI=11.429, F=3.100; P<0.05), and the juveniles grew faster under LD 14:10 cycle and 2000 lx. Second, the feed intake (FIw) was also affected by light intensity, photoperiod and the relationship between them (FP=15.411, FLI=15.501, F=21.866; P<0.05), and the FIw increased with the lengthening of days and increased of light intensity then decreased, respectively. Third, the food conversion efficiency (FCEw) was affected significantly by photoperiod and the relationship between light intensity and photoperiod, but it wasn’t affected by light intensity (FP =18.416, F=8.845; P<0.05; FLI =2.549, P>0.05). Fourth, the body crude lipid content and energy content decreased with the water content being increased with the increase in final body weight. The juveniles gained the higher FIw under 2000 lx and LD 14:10 cycle and the higher FCEw under LD 14:10 cycle, so LD 14:10 cycle-2000 lx maybe the better illumination condition of the intensive A. japonicus culture industry.
7. The effects of light intensity on the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate of 11.43±0.68 g sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were examined at 16℃, and six light intensities were 0 lx, 100 lx, 500 lx, 1000 lx, 2000 lx and 3000 lx, respectively. The results were as follows: Light intensity had significant effect on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia-N excretion rate (AER) of juvenile A. japonicus. First, the OCR of A. japonicus decreased with the increase of light intensity then increased. And the OCR under 2000 lx was significantly lower than the other light intensities (P<0.05), and 3000lx was significantly higher than the other light intensities (P<0.05) except 0lx (P>0.05). Second, the AER also decreased with the increase of light intensity then increased. And the AER under 2000 lx was significantly lower than the other light intensities (P<0.05), and 0 lx was significantly higher than the other light intensities (P<0.05) except 3000 lx (P>0.05) with 3000 lx being higher than 500 lx and 1000 lx (P<0.05). Third, light intensity also had significant effect on the O:N rate (P<0.05), and the O:N rate increased with the increase of light intensity then decreased. The O:N ratios indicating that A. japonicus mainly utilized lipid and carbohydrate as its energy sources, while the percentage of lipid and carbohydrate increased with the increase of light intensity then decreased.
8. The effects of photoperiod on the diel rhythm of the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate of 13.71±1.71 g sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were examined at 16℃and 2000 lx, and five photoperiods were LD 0:24 cycle (DD cycle), LD 10:14 cycle, LD 12:12 cycle, LD 14:10 cycle and LD 24:0 cycle, respectively. The results were as follows: There were diel rhythm of oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate under different photoperiods with the positive peak of A. japonicus mostly appeared at dark while the negative peak appeared at light, and it was more definite under DD cycle and LD 24:0 cycle. There were significant differences among the mean oxygen consumption rates of A. japonicus under different photoperiods (P<0.05), and they were significantly larger under DD cycle and LD 24:0 cycle than the other photoperiods (P<0.05). There were also significant differences among the mean ammonia-N excretion rates of A. japonicus under different photoperiods (P<0.05), and they were significantly larger under DD cycle and LD 24:0 cycle than the other photoperiods (P<0.05). The O:N ratios of A. japonicus were also affected significantly by different photoperiods and they were between 12.16~27.45, and the O:N ratios of A. japonicus under LD 24:0 cycle and DD cycle were significantly lower than the other treatments (P<0.05).
1本实验对体重(30.27±3.08)g的刺参(Apostichpus japonicus Selenka)在自然光、全黑暗及15lx、30lx、60lx、125lx、250lx和500lx等6种光强下的行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:1、自然光下刺参存在显著的昼伏夜出行为节律,其在拂晓的5:00至6:00以及黄昏的19:00至20:00间存在迅速移入、移出参礁的行为转变过程。2、刺参在全黑暗条件下亦存在昼伏夜出行为节律,但是其摄食活动时间更长、活动的节律性较弱。3、不同光照强度下,光照时段刺参在光照侧分布比率DR与光强I的关系式为:lgDR=0.351[lg(I+6)]3-1.922[lg(I+6)]2+ 2.751lg(I+6)+0.557 (0≤I≤500);5.18lx及更弱光照下,光强的变化对刺参行为无显著影响(礁外刺参数量≥44%),其行为节律主要受机体内生物钟支配;在5.18lx~278lx光照范围内,随光照的增强刺参出现避光行为的比率逐渐增加(43.96%→8.17%);278lx及更强光照下刺参行为受到光照较强的影响(≤8.17%),并且光强的增加对刺参影响不再显著增强。
2本实验对体重(29.73±0.23)g的刺参(Apostichpus japonicus Selenka)在0L:24D、3L:21D、6L:18D、9L:15D、12L:12D、15L:9D、18L:6D、21L:3D和24L:0D等9种光照周期下的行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:1、刺参在全黑暗(0L:24D)或全光照(24L:0D)条件下存在显著的昼伏夜出行为节律(P<0.05),但是其摄食、活动时间较自然光相应的延长或缩短,活动节律性均较弱;并且刺参在全黑暗条件下比全光照条件下具有更短的“昼伏”及更长的“夜出”状态。2、6~12h光照时间的光照周期处理下,刺参均存在一个逐渐移入参礁的过程和两个逐渐移出参礁的过程;该行为主要受其内在生物钟节律控制,同时还受到光照信号的诱导。3、光照时间的长短显著地影响刺参的行为,除3L:21D外,“白昼”时段分布在参礁外的刺参数量随光照时间的延长呈增加趋势(P<0.05),但每天6、9、15h光照与12h光照下刺参全天分布在参礁外的平均比率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
3本实验研究了不同种类人工参礁对刺参行为特性的影响。实验结果表明:1、8种不同材料显著影响人工参礁对刺参的聚集效果(P<0.05),其聚集效果由大到小顺序如下:石块>水泥管>编织袋>瓦片>PVC管>低压聚乙烯管>木板>波纹板,其中前5种人工参礁的集参效果显著地优于后3种(P<0.05)。2、4个不同培养时间人工参礁的集参效果均优于未培养过的参礁,且1M(月)、1.5M和2M显著地优于未培养参礁(0M)(P<0.05);其中,1.5M人工参礁的集参效果最佳,显著地优于除2M外的所有处理(P<0.05)。3、不同颜色的人工参礁显著地影响刺参的遮蔽行为,绿色参礁的集参效果显著地优于白色参礁(P<0.05),其它颜色人工参礁集参效果间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
4本文研究了光照强度对刺参生长、能量收支和生化组成的影响。实验光照强度为0lx、100lx、500lx、1000lx、2000lx和3000lx,实验共持续56天。实验结果表明:1、实验条件下,刺参的特定生长率(SGRw)随光照强度的增加逐渐增加,在2000lx达到最大(1.50±0.12%),并且显著地高于其它处理(P<0.05),随后逐渐减小,其大小顺序为:2000lx>3000lx>1000lx>500lx>0lx>100lx。2、刺参摄食率(FIw)随光照强度的增加逐渐增加,在2000lx达到最大(25.10±1.51%),并且显著地高于其它处理(P<0.05),随后逐渐减小。3、6种光照强度下,刺参食物转化率(FCEw)间的差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。4、不同光照强度下刺参的能量分配比例各异。其中,生长耗能占摄食能的比例(G/C)间差异不显著(P>0.05);粪能占摄食能的比例(F/C)随光照强度的增加而增加,在2000lx达到最大(56.98±4.25%),并且显著地高于其它处理(P<0.05),随后逐渐减小;排泄能和呼吸能占摄食能的比例(U/C,R/C)变化趋势与F/C相反,2000lx达到最小(7.49±0.04%、29.72±4.20%),显著地低于其它处理(P<0.05)。5、伴随光照强度的增加,刺参粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量均逐渐降低。实验结果表明,光照强度通过影响刺参的摄食率和能量分配比例,从而对其生长乃至生化组成产生影响。
5本文研究了光照周期对刺参生长、能量收支和生化组成的影响。实验光照周期为0L:24D、10L:14D、12L:12D、14L:10D和24L:0D,实验共持续56天。实验结果表明:1、实验条件下,刺参的特定生长率(SGRw)随光照时间的延长逐渐增加,在14L:10D达到最大(1.24±0.04%),显著地高于除12L:12D外的所有处理(P<0.05),然后逐渐减小,其大小顺序为:14L:10D>12L:12D>10L:14D>0L:24D >24L:0D。2、5种光照周期下,刺参摄食率(FIw)随光照时间的延长先增加然后减小,10L:14D、12L:12D和14L:10D(15.48±0.16%)显著地高于连续黑暗(0L:24D)和连续光照(24L:0D)(13.83±0.16%)(P<0.05)。3、5种光照周期下,刺参食物转化率(FCEw)所受影响有与FIw相似,14L:10D>12L:12D>10L:14D >0L:24D>24L:0D。4、5种光照周期下,呼吸和排泄耗能占摄食能的比例(R/C,U/C)间差异不显著(P>0.05);生长占摄食能量的比例(G/C)间差异显著(P<0.05),且0L:24D显著地低于10L:14D(P<0.05);刺参排粪能占摄食能的比例(F/C)所受影响与G/C相反,14L:10D显著地高于0L:24D(P<0.05)。5、随光照时间的延长,刺参组织内粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量均逐渐降低,在14L:10D达到最低(41.10±0.16%、5.37±0.05%),然后逐渐增加;而刺参体能值的变化趋势与之相反。实验结果表明,光照周期通过影响刺参的摄食率、食物转化率和能量分配比例,从而对刺参的生长及生化组成产生影响。
6本文研究了刺参在4种光照强度和4种光照周期相互搭配下的生长、能量收支及生化组成。实验设0L:0D-0lx、10L:14D-1000lx、10L:14D-2000lx、10L:14D- 4000lx、14L:10D-1000lx、14L:10D-2000lx、14L:10D-4000lx、24L:0D-1000lx、24L:0D-2000lx和24L:0D-4000lx等共计10种光照处理,实验持续56天。实验结果表明:1、光照强度和光照周期均显著地影响刺参的生长(SGRw),且交互作用显著(FP=35.019,FLI=11.429,F=3.100;P<0.05),刺参在14L:10D和2000lx条件下具有较快的生长。2、光照强度和光照周期均显著地影响刺参的摄食率(FIw),且交互作用显著(FP=15.411,FLI=15.501,F=21.866;P<0.05),随光照时间的延长和光照强度的增加,FIw先逐渐上升而后下降。3、光照周期显著地影响刺参食物转化率(FCEw),光照强度作用不显著,但两者交互作用影响显著(FP =18.416,F=8.845;P<0.05;FLI =2.549;P>0.05);适宜的光照条件下(2000lx、14L:10D),刺参具有较高的FCEw。4、随光照时间的延长及光照强度的增加,刺参的含水量与生长表现出一致的变化趋势,而脂肪含量与能值则与生长表现出相反趋势。实验结果表明,不同光照强度和光照周期通过影响刺参的摄食率,同时光照周期还影响刺参的食物转化率,从而影响刺参的生长及生化组成。
7本实验采用静水法研究了16℃下,体重(11.43±0.68)g的刺参在6种光照强度下的耗氧率和排氨率。实验光照强度为0lx、100lx、500lx、1000lx、2000lx和3000lx,光照周期为12L:12D。实验结果表明:1、6种光照强度下,刺参耗氧率随光照强度的增加先逐渐下降而后上升,3000lx>0lx>100lx>500lx>1000lx> 2000lx。其中,2000lx下刺参的耗氧率显著地低于其它处理(P<0.05),而3000lx显著地高于除0lx外的其它处理(P<0.05)。2、刺参的排氨率随光照强度的增加先逐渐下降后上升,0lx>3000lx>100lx>500lx>1000lx>2000lx。其中,2000lx下刺参的排氨率显著地低于其它处理(P<0.05),0lx显著地高于除3000lx外的其它处理(P<0.05),而3000lx显著地高于500lx和1000lx(P<0.05),但与100lx差异不显著(P>0.05)。3、刺参主要以脂肪和碳水化合物为代谢为底物,仅代谢底物中的脂肪比例随着光照强度的增加先上升而后下降。
8本实验采用静水法研究了16℃下,体重(13.71±1.71)g的刺参在5种光照周期下耗氧率和排氨率的昼夜变化节律。实验光照周期为0L:24D、10L:14D、12L:12D、14L:10D和24L:0D,光照强度为2000lx。实验结果表明:1、5种光照周期下,刺参的耗氧率和排氨率均存在昼夜波动,且波峰大多出现在“夜间”,而低谷多出现在“白天”;连续光照(24L:0D)和连续黑暗(0L:24D)条件下昼夜波动较大。2、光照周期显著地影响刺参的平均耗氧率(P<0.05),且连续光照和连续黑暗下刺参的耗氧率显著地高于具有一定光照时间的光照周期(10L:14D、12L:12D和14L:10D)(P<0.05)。3、光照周期显著地影响刺参的平均排氨率(P<0.05),且连续光照和连续黑暗下刺参的排氨率显著地高于一定光照时间的光照周期(P<0.05)。4、不同光照周期下,刺参的O:N值范围为12.16~27.45,相互之间差异显著(P<0.05),且连续光照和连续黑暗下刺参的O:N值显著地低于10L:14D、12L:12D和14L:10D(P<0.05)。
1. Eight light-intensity treatments (natural light, continuous darkness, and 15 lx, 30 lx, 60 lx, 125 lx, 250 lx, and 500 lx under LD 12:12 cycle) were used to investigate the effects of light intensity on the daily activity of 30.27±3.08 g sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of behaviour were observed under natural light cycles (with 73.85% kept hidden at day and 58.64% became active at night under the equivalent LD 13:11 cycle), which were also observed at different light intensities in the range 15 lx to 500 lx under LD 12:12 cycle. And an ongoing nocturnal cycle persisted in DD cycle for up to 8 days, but longer feeding time and less marked rhythm occurred at continuous darkness. A. japonicus moved to shelter around sunrise (5:00-6:00 h) and emerged close to sunset (19:00-20:00 h). The relationship between light intensity (I) and the distribution rate (DR) of A. japonicus exposed to light under different light intensity treatments could be described by the cubic equation as follow: lgDR=0.351[lg(I+6)]3-1.922[lg(I+6)]2+ 2.751lg(I+6)+0.557 (0≤I≤500 lx) (F=804.05, P=0.000, R2=0.993). The equation showed that under poor light conditions (I<5.18 lx), the daily activity rhythm of A. japonicus was governed by an innate biological clock and the effect of light intensity was not significant among different treatments. And more individuals tended to retreat to shelters (from 56.04% to 91.83%) with the increase of light intensity within the weak light condition (from 5.18 lx to 278 lx). However, the daily behaviors of A. japonicus were influenced under strong light conditions (>278 lx). Less than 8.17% individuals kept actively feeding and the proportion was not decreased with the increase of light intensity.
2. Ten photoperiod treatments (LD 0:24 cycle (DD cycle), LD 3:21 cycle, LD 6:18 cycle, LD 9:15 cycle, LD 12:12 cycle, LD 15:9 cycle, LD 18:6 cycle, LD 21:3 cycle and LD 24:0 cycle under 500 lx) were used to investigate the effects of photoperiod on the daily activity of 29.77±0.21 g sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of A. japonicus were observed under all photoperiods. But the juveniles spent more or less time moving and feeding with the less marked ongoing nocturnal activity cycle under continuous darkness (DD cycle) or continuous light (LD 24:0 cycle) than natural light cycle, respectively. And there were shorter sheltering time and longer feeding time under them. There were a sheltering behavior transition and two emerging behavior trasitions of juvenile A. japonicus under 6~12 h L photoperiods in the experiments. The behavior transitions were governed by innate biological clock and induced by the signal of daily light variation.The behaviors of juvenile A. japonicus at“daytime”increased significangtly with the lengthening of“light time”(P<0.05) except LD 3:21 cycle. But there was not significant difference among the mean DR of juvenile A. japonicus per day under LD 6:18 cycle, LD 9:15 cycle, LD 15:9 cycle and LD 12:12 cycle.
3. In the present study, the effect of various artificial shelters on shelter selection of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, was evaluated. The preference of juveniles in the experiments with eight different material artificial shelters was compared and showed that the stone, cement duct, polywoven bag, ceramic tile and PVC (polyvinylchloride) duct attracted significantly more juveniles than low-pressure polyethylene duct, wood block and corrugated board (P<0.05). In addition, the influence of biofilmed shelters which were pre-cultured for 0.5 M (month), 1 M, 1.5 M and 2 M were compared with non-filmed shelters (0 M). The number of juveniles attracted by biofilmed shelters was significantly higher than that without biofilm, as follows: 1.5 M>2 M>1 M>0.5 M>0 M. And the number of juveniles of 1.5 M was significantly higher than the other treatments (P<0.05) except 2 M (P>0.05). The selection of juveniles with six different color shelters was compared, and the green shelters attracted significantly more juveniles than the white shelters (P<0.05).
4. Growth performance, energy budget and biochemical composition of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were studied over 56 days under 6 different light intensities, as follows: 0 lx, 100 lx, 500 lx, 1000 lx, 2000 lx and 3000 lx. First, the specific growth rate (SGRw) of juvenile A. japonicus increased with the increase of light intensity and it peaked at light intensity of 2000 lx with 1.50±0.12% (P<0.05), then decreased; SGRw under different light intensities was as follows: 2000 lx>3000 lx>1000 lx>500 lx>0 lx>100 lx. Second, the feed intake (FIw) increased with the increase of light intensity then decreased, and it peaked at 2000 lx (25.10±1.51%, P<0.05). Third, there was not significant difference among the food conversion efficiency (FCEw) under different light intensities (P>0.05). Fourth, the energy budget of A. japonicus was significantly affected by different light intensities (P<0.05). The percentage of energy deposited for growth (G) to energy consumed in food (C) was not significantly affected by light intensity (P>0.05). The percentage of energy lost in feces (F) to C increased and peaked at 2000 lx (56.98±4.25%, P<0.05) then decreased with the increase of light intensity. The percentage of excretion energy and respiration energy to consumption decreased and peaked at 2000 lx (7.49±0.04%, P<0.05; 29.72±4.20%, P<0.05) then increased with the increase of light intensity, respectively. Fifth, the body content of crude protein and crude lipid decreased with the increase of light intensity (P<0.05). In conclusion, the effects of light intensity on FI and energy budget contributed to the differences among growth and proximate body composition of A. japonicus under different light intensities.
5. Growth performance, energy budget and biochemical composition of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were studied over 56 days under 5 different photoperiods, as follows: LD 0:24 cycle (DD cycle), LD 10:14 cyele, LD 12:12 cycle, LD 14:10 cycle and LD 24:0 cycle. First, the specific growth rate (SGRw) of juvenile A. japonicus increased with the lengthening of days and it peaked at LD 14:10 cycle with 1.24±0.04% (P<0.05), then decreased; SGRw under different photoperiods was as follows: LD 14:10 cycle>LD 12:12 cycle>LD 10:14 cycle>DD cycle>LD 24:0 cycle. Second, the feed intake (FIw) increased then decreased with the lengthening of days, and FIw under LD 10:14 cycle, LD 12:12 cycle and LD 14:10cycle was significantly more than DD cycle and LD 24:0 cycle (13.83±0.16%) (P<0.05). Third, photoperiod affected the food conversion efficiency (FCEw) significantly (P<0.05) and FCEw under different photoperiods was as follows: LD 14:10 cycle> LD 12:12 cycle> LD 10:14 cycle>DD cycle>LD 24:0 cycle. Fourth, there were not significant differences among effects of different photoperiods on the percentage of excretion energy and respiration energy to consumption (P>0.05). But the percentage of energy deposited for growth (G) and energy lost in feces (F) to energy consumed in food (C) was affected significantly by photoperiod. G/C under LD 10:14 cycle was significantly more than that DD cycle, and F/C under LD 14:10 cycle was significantly more than DD cycle (P<0.05), respectively. Fifth, body content of crude protein and crude lipid decreased with the lengthening of days then increased, and they peaked at LD 14:10 cycle with 41.10±0.16% and 5.37±0.05% (P<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the effects of photoperiod on FI, FCE and energy budget contributed to the differences among growth and proximate body composition of juvenile sea cucumber A. japonicus under different photoperiods.
6. The growth performance, energy budget and biochemical composition of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were studied over 56 days under 4 light intensities (0 lx, 1000 lx, 2000 lx and 4000 lx) and 4 photoperiods (LD 0:24 cycle (DD cycle), LD 10:14 cycle, LD 14:10 cycle and LD 24:0 cycle). First, the specific growth rate (SGRw) of juvenile A. japonicus was significantly affected by light intensity, photoperiod and the relationship between them (FP=35.019, FLI=11.429, F=3.100; P<0.05), and the juveniles grew faster under LD 14:10 cycle and 2000 lx. Second, the feed intake (FIw) was also affected by light intensity, photoperiod and the relationship between them (FP=15.411, FLI=15.501, F=21.866; P<0.05), and the FIw increased with the lengthening of days and increased of light intensity then decreased, respectively. Third, the food conversion efficiency (FCEw) was affected significantly by photoperiod and the relationship between light intensity and photoperiod, but it wasn’t affected by light intensity (FP =18.416, F=8.845; P<0.05; FLI =2.549, P>0.05). Fourth, the body crude lipid content and energy content decreased with the water content being increased with the increase in final body weight. The juveniles gained the higher FIw under 2000 lx and LD 14:10 cycle and the higher FCEw under LD 14:10 cycle, so LD 14:10 cycle-2000 lx maybe the better illumination condition of the intensive A. japonicus culture industry.
7. The effects of light intensity on the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate of 11.43±0.68 g sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were examined at 16℃, and six light intensities were 0 lx, 100 lx, 500 lx, 1000 lx, 2000 lx and 3000 lx, respectively. The results were as follows: Light intensity had significant effect on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia-N excretion rate (AER) of juvenile A. japonicus. First, the OCR of A. japonicus decreased with the increase of light intensity then increased. And the OCR under 2000 lx was significantly lower than the other light intensities (P<0.05), and 3000lx was significantly higher than the other light intensities (P<0.05) except 0lx (P>0.05). Second, the AER also decreased with the increase of light intensity then increased. And the AER under 2000 lx was significantly lower than the other light intensities (P<0.05), and 0 lx was significantly higher than the other light intensities (P<0.05) except 3000 lx (P>0.05) with 3000 lx being higher than 500 lx and 1000 lx (P<0.05). Third, light intensity also had significant effect on the O:N rate (P<0.05), and the O:N rate increased with the increase of light intensity then decreased. The O:N ratios indicating that A. japonicus mainly utilized lipid and carbohydrate as its energy sources, while the percentage of lipid and carbohydrate increased with the increase of light intensity then decreased.
8. The effects of photoperiod on the diel rhythm of the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate of 13.71±1.71 g sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were examined at 16℃and 2000 lx, and five photoperiods were LD 0:24 cycle (DD cycle), LD 10:14 cycle, LD 12:12 cycle, LD 14:10 cycle and LD 24:0 cycle, respectively. The results were as follows: There were diel rhythm of oxygen consumption rate and ammonia-N excretion rate under different photoperiods with the positive peak of A. japonicus mostly appeared at dark while the negative peak appeared at light, and it was more definite under DD cycle and LD 24:0 cycle. There were significant differences among the mean oxygen consumption rates of A. japonicus under different photoperiods (P<0.05), and they were significantly larger under DD cycle and LD 24:0 cycle than the other photoperiods (P<0.05). There were also significant differences among the mean ammonia-N excretion rates of A. japonicus under different photoperiods (P<0.05), and they were significantly larger under DD cycle and LD 24:0 cycle than the other photoperiods (P<0.05). The O:N ratios of A. japonicus were also affected significantly by different photoperiods and they were between 12.16~27.45, and the O:N ratios of A. japonicus under LD 24:0 cycle and DD cycle were significantly lower than the other treatments (P<0.05).
引文
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[1]廖玉麟.我国的海参.生物学通报,2001,35(9):1-3
[2]袁秀堂,杨红生,周毅,等.盐度对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)呼吸和排泄的影响.海洋与湖沼,2006,37(4):348-354
[3]周显青,牛翠娟,李庆芬.光照对水生动物行为的影响.动物学杂志,1999,34(2):45-18
[4]周显青,牛翠娟,李庆芬.光照对水生动物摄食、生长和存活的影响.水生生物学报,2000,24(2):178-181
[5]周玮,王志松,王树海.附着刺参苗的行为观察.水产科学,1999,18(6):17-19
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[7]张硕,陈勇,孙满昌.光照对刺参行为特性和人工参礁模型集参效果的影响.中国水产科学,2006,13(1):20-27
[8]薛素燕,方建光,毛玉泽,等.不同光照强度对刺参幼参生长的影响.海洋水产研究,2007,28(6):13-18
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[1]廖玉麟.我国的海参.生物学通报,2001,35(9):1-3
[2]袁秀堂,杨红生,周毅,等.盐度对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)呼吸和排泄的影响.海洋与湖沼,2006,37(4):348-354
[3]董云伟,董双林,田相利,等.不同水温对刺参幼参生长、呼吸及体组成的影响.中国水产科学,2005,12(1):33-37
[4]陈勇,高峰,刘国山,等.温度、盐度和光照周期对刺参生长及行为的影响.水产学报,2007,31(5):687-691
[5] Dong Y W, Dong S L, Tian X L, et al. Effects of diel temperature fluctuations on growth, oxygen consumption and proximate body composition in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Aquaculture, 2006, 255,514-521
[6]周显青,牛翠娟,李庆芬.光照对水生动物行为的影响.动物学杂志,1999,34(2):45-18
[7]周显青,牛翠娟,李庆芬.光照对水生动物摄食、生长和存活的影响.水生生物学报,2000,24(2):178-181
[8]薛素燕,方建光,毛玉泽,等.不同光照强度对刺参幼参生长的影响.海洋水产研究,2007,28(6):13-18
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[7]陈勇,高峰,刘国山,等.温度、盐度和光照周期对刺参生长及行为的影响.水产学报,2007,31(5):687-691
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[1]周显青,牛翠娟,李庆芬.光照对水生动物行为的影响.动物学杂志,1999,34(2):45-18
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[1]周显青,牛翠娟,李庆芬.光照对水生动物行为的影响.动物学杂志,1999,34(2):45-48
[2]周显青,牛翠娟,李庆芬.光照对水生动物摄食、生长和存活的影响.水生生物学报,2000,24(2):178-181
[3]周玮,王志松,王树海.附着刺参苗的行为观察.水产科学,1999,18(6):17-19
[4]常亚青,丁君,宋坚,等.海参、海胆生物学研究与养殖.北京:海洋出版社,2004. 3-89
[5]张硕,陈勇,孙满昌.光强对刺参行为特性和人工礁模型集参效果的影响.中国水产科学,2006,13(1):20-27
[6]薛素燕,方建光,毛玉泽,等.不同光照强度对刺参幼参生长的影响.海洋水产研究,2007,28(6):3-18
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