固沙植被恢复与重建研究
|
摘要
绿洲外围的半固定植被,对减少风沙危害,保护绿洲发挥着重要的作用,是固沙植被恢复重建研究的重点内容之一。另外,对人工固沙林长时间段的试验结果缺乏研究总结,是试验结论不太可靠的重要原因。
种群格局分析是研究群落结构、种群间相互作用以及种群与环境关系的重要手段,是植被恢复重建进行植物种选择及植物种配置的基础研究内容之一。Robertson et al(1988)研究发现:在荒漠植被中,草本植物与灌木植物共同决定着群落中种群个体的分布格局,但国内荒漠植被格局研究中,还未见灌木草本多种群混合格局研究的报道。
种群格局研究方法以单种群研究居多。由于多种群多规模研究的复杂性,过去研究多局限于多种群单规模或单种群多规模的研究。Ver Hoef & Glenn-Lewin(1989)在Noy-Meir & Anderson(1971)多规模排序方法的基础上,对其进行修正后,能有效地鉴别出多种群及其相应的空间格局规模,是国际上研究多种群多规模格局应用频率最高的一种方法,但在国内植被格局研究中,应用的还较少,未见相关报道。
本文以乌兰布和沙漠东北缘黄灌区和井灌区绿洲外围天然半固定沙冬青群落、白刺群落、油蒿群落以及人工固沙植被(或人工干扰演替植被,七十年代末八十年代初营造的人工固沙林,现位于黄灌区绿洲林网内侧)为研究对象;采用连续小样方组成的样带法,对不同群落所有植物种同时进行取样。由于研究的是灌木加草本的多种群混合格局,样方大小的选择以照顾草本为主,通过加长样带的长度,来满足灌木格局的需求。运用Ver Hoef & Glenn-Lewin(1989)修正的多规模排序法和Dale & Zbigniewicz(1995)提出的格局强度、格局一致性指标、不同植物种对植被格局的贡献率以及Noy-Meir等(1971)移动的样方加权平均值等方法,对比分析了两种灌溉模式绿洲外围半固定植被的多种群多规模格局特点、植被与覆沙厚度关系以及人工固沙林经过二十多年的半自然演替后植被的结构特征及分布格局。本研究旨在为两种灌溉模式绿洲外围固沙植被恢复重建进行植物种选择、植物种配置及种群、群落结构调控提供依据。研究结果表明:
(1) 黄灌区与井灌区绿洲外围两个半固定沙冬青群落基本以多种群共同控制的灌木格局为主,草本植物在格局中的贡献率较低。黄灌区绿洲外围沙冬青群落以油蒿与沙冬青控制的灌木格局为主,还出现沙冬青、白刺、油蒿与籽蒿多种群控制的灌木格局。而井灌区绿洲外围沙冬青群落格局的控制种仅以白刺与沙冬青为主。与井灌区绿洲外围沙冬青群落相比,黄灌区绿洲外围沙冬青群落以较小的格局规模为主,并且整体格局强度相对较大,格局一致性相对较低。
(2) 黄灌区和井灌区绿洲外围半固定白刺群落格局基本为白刺单种群控制的灌
Vegetation in half fixed dunes outside the oasis plays important role in decreasing damage of sand and protecting oasis, which is one of the main objects in sand fixing vegetation restoration and reconstruction researching. In addition, the conclusion of artificial sand fixing vegetation researching missing long period investigation and analysis is doubtful.The paper analyses the natural Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities, Nitraria tangutorum Communities and Artemisia Ordosica Communities in the half fixed dunes outside the oases irrigated by Huanghe River and well water respectively (hfdoiHR & hfdoiww) and the artificial vegetation planted two decades ago on the north east of Ulanbuhe desert. Belt (transect) composed of contiguous (abutting) quadrats is used in sampling, in which the cover of each species is estimated. Due to aiming at the multi-species pattern of shrub and grass, grass species is mainly considered in deciding the size of quadrat and the shrub species' needs are meet by lengthening the belt (transects). Making use of the methods of multi-scale ordination modified by Ver Hoef & Glenn-Lewin (1989), the pattern intense and pattern consistency index and the contribution of species to pattern Dale & Zbigniewicz (1995) put forward, and the moving weight average quadrat scores (Noy-Meir & Anderson) etc., the paper contrasts the vegetation pattern characters in half fixed dunes outside the Huanghe River irrigating oasis and the well water irrigating oasis, analyses the relation between vegetation and sand height and the structure of artificial vegetation after two decades of succession. The purpose of the paper is to provide the base data for sand fixing vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the area. The results show that:(1) Most patterns of the two Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities in hfdoiHR & hfdoiww are multi-species shrub patterns and the contribution of grass species to pattern is
very low. The patterns of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities in hfdoiHR are mainly shrub patterns controlled by Artemisia Ordosica and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, besides some shrub patterns controlled by Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Nitraria tangutorum, Artemisia Ordosica and Artemisia sphaerocephala. The patterns of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities in hfdoiww are shrub pattern controlled by Nitraria tangutorum and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus. The pattern scale of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities in hfdoiHR is much smaller, the pattern intense is larger and the pattern consistency index is lower, contrasting with that in hfdoiww.(2) The patterns of the two Nitraria tangutorum communities in hfdoiHR & hfdoiww are all shrub patterns controlled by single species Nitraria tangutorum. The number of pattern scale is more, pattern scale is larger, the corresponding pattern intense and the pattern consistency are lower in Nitraria tangutorum communities in hfdoiHR , contrasting with that in hfdoiww.(3) The patterns of the Artemisia Ordosica communities in hfdoiHR are shrub patterns controlled by single species Artemisia Ordosica and the multi-species shrub patterns controlled by Artemisia sphaerocephala, Nitraria tangutorum and Artemisia Ordosica. The patterns of the Artemisia Ordosica communities in hfdoiww are shrub patterns controlled by single species Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and the multi-species shrub pattern controlled by Artemisia Ordosica and Nitraria tangutorum. The number of pattern scale is less, the average pattern intense is higher, and the total consistency index of the whole community is lower in Artemisia Ordosica communitie in hfdoiHR, contrasting with that in hfdoiww.(4) The relation of vegetation and sand height is showed by that of moving average of weighted quadrat score and sand height that not only emphasize that of the species combination and sand height but also that of the individual species and sand height. The Ammopiptanthus mongolicus community in hfdoiww shows some negative correlation, the Nitraria tangutorum Community in hfdoiww shows no correlation; and Most of the vegeta
种群格局分析是研究群落结构、种群间相互作用以及种群与环境关系的重要手段,是植被恢复重建进行植物种选择及植物种配置的基础研究内容之一。Robertson et al(1988)研究发现:在荒漠植被中,草本植物与灌木植物共同决定着群落中种群个体的分布格局,但国内荒漠植被格局研究中,还未见灌木草本多种群混合格局研究的报道。
种群格局研究方法以单种群研究居多。由于多种群多规模研究的复杂性,过去研究多局限于多种群单规模或单种群多规模的研究。Ver Hoef & Glenn-Lewin(1989)在Noy-Meir & Anderson(1971)多规模排序方法的基础上,对其进行修正后,能有效地鉴别出多种群及其相应的空间格局规模,是国际上研究多种群多规模格局应用频率最高的一种方法,但在国内植被格局研究中,应用的还较少,未见相关报道。
本文以乌兰布和沙漠东北缘黄灌区和井灌区绿洲外围天然半固定沙冬青群落、白刺群落、油蒿群落以及人工固沙植被(或人工干扰演替植被,七十年代末八十年代初营造的人工固沙林,现位于黄灌区绿洲林网内侧)为研究对象;采用连续小样方组成的样带法,对不同群落所有植物种同时进行取样。由于研究的是灌木加草本的多种群混合格局,样方大小的选择以照顾草本为主,通过加长样带的长度,来满足灌木格局的需求。运用Ver Hoef & Glenn-Lewin(1989)修正的多规模排序法和Dale & Zbigniewicz(1995)提出的格局强度、格局一致性指标、不同植物种对植被格局的贡献率以及Noy-Meir等(1971)移动的样方加权平均值等方法,对比分析了两种灌溉模式绿洲外围半固定植被的多种群多规模格局特点、植被与覆沙厚度关系以及人工固沙林经过二十多年的半自然演替后植被的结构特征及分布格局。本研究旨在为两种灌溉模式绿洲外围固沙植被恢复重建进行植物种选择、植物种配置及种群、群落结构调控提供依据。研究结果表明:
(1) 黄灌区与井灌区绿洲外围两个半固定沙冬青群落基本以多种群共同控制的灌木格局为主,草本植物在格局中的贡献率较低。黄灌区绿洲外围沙冬青群落以油蒿与沙冬青控制的灌木格局为主,还出现沙冬青、白刺、油蒿与籽蒿多种群控制的灌木格局。而井灌区绿洲外围沙冬青群落格局的控制种仅以白刺与沙冬青为主。与井灌区绿洲外围沙冬青群落相比,黄灌区绿洲外围沙冬青群落以较小的格局规模为主,并且整体格局强度相对较大,格局一致性相对较低。
(2) 黄灌区和井灌区绿洲外围半固定白刺群落格局基本为白刺单种群控制的灌
Vegetation in half fixed dunes outside the oasis plays important role in decreasing damage of sand and protecting oasis, which is one of the main objects in sand fixing vegetation restoration and reconstruction researching. In addition, the conclusion of artificial sand fixing vegetation researching missing long period investigation and analysis is doubtful.The paper analyses the natural Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities, Nitraria tangutorum Communities and Artemisia Ordosica Communities in the half fixed dunes outside the oases irrigated by Huanghe River and well water respectively (hfdoiHR & hfdoiww) and the artificial vegetation planted two decades ago on the north east of Ulanbuhe desert. Belt (transect) composed of contiguous (abutting) quadrats is used in sampling, in which the cover of each species is estimated. Due to aiming at the multi-species pattern of shrub and grass, grass species is mainly considered in deciding the size of quadrat and the shrub species' needs are meet by lengthening the belt (transects). Making use of the methods of multi-scale ordination modified by Ver Hoef & Glenn-Lewin (1989), the pattern intense and pattern consistency index and the contribution of species to pattern Dale & Zbigniewicz (1995) put forward, and the moving weight average quadrat scores (Noy-Meir & Anderson) etc., the paper contrasts the vegetation pattern characters in half fixed dunes outside the Huanghe River irrigating oasis and the well water irrigating oasis, analyses the relation between vegetation and sand height and the structure of artificial vegetation after two decades of succession. The purpose of the paper is to provide the base data for sand fixing vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the area. The results show that:(1) Most patterns of the two Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities in hfdoiHR & hfdoiww are multi-species shrub patterns and the contribution of grass species to pattern is
very low. The patterns of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities in hfdoiHR are mainly shrub patterns controlled by Artemisia Ordosica and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, besides some shrub patterns controlled by Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Nitraria tangutorum, Artemisia Ordosica and Artemisia sphaerocephala. The patterns of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities in hfdoiww are shrub pattern controlled by Nitraria tangutorum and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus. The pattern scale of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities in hfdoiHR is much smaller, the pattern intense is larger and the pattern consistency index is lower, contrasting with that in hfdoiww.(2) The patterns of the two Nitraria tangutorum communities in hfdoiHR & hfdoiww are all shrub patterns controlled by single species Nitraria tangutorum. The number of pattern scale is more, pattern scale is larger, the corresponding pattern intense and the pattern consistency are lower in Nitraria tangutorum communities in hfdoiHR , contrasting with that in hfdoiww.(3) The patterns of the Artemisia Ordosica communities in hfdoiHR are shrub patterns controlled by single species Artemisia Ordosica and the multi-species shrub patterns controlled by Artemisia sphaerocephala, Nitraria tangutorum and Artemisia Ordosica. The patterns of the Artemisia Ordosica communities in hfdoiww are shrub patterns controlled by single species Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and the multi-species shrub pattern controlled by Artemisia Ordosica and Nitraria tangutorum. The number of pattern scale is less, the average pattern intense is higher, and the total consistency index of the whole community is lower in Artemisia Ordosica communitie in hfdoiHR, contrasting with that in hfdoiww.(4) The relation of vegetation and sand height is showed by that of moving average of weighted quadrat score and sand height that not only emphasize that of the species combination and sand height but also that of the individual species and sand height. The Ammopiptanthus mongolicus community in hfdoiww shows some negative correlation, the Nitraria tangutorum Community in hfdoiww shows no correlation; and Most of the vegeta
引文
1.包维楷,陈庆恒.退化山地生态系统恢复和重建问题的探讨.山地学报,1999,17(1):22-27
2.董光荣,吴波,慈龙骏等.我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策.中国沙漠,1999,19(4):318-332
3.董鸣主编.陆地生物群落调查观测与分析.北京:中国标准出版社,1996
4.董全.西方生态学近况.生态学报,1996,16(3):314-324
5.海玉生,杨占卿.乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘流动和半固定沙丘四种沙灌木造林技术初探.内蒙古林业科技,1992(2):1-4
6.候仁之,俞伟超.乌兰布和沙漠的考古发现和地理环境变迁.考古,1973(2):92-107
7.姬玉英.国际防治荒漠化动态与展望.新疆林业,1998(3):24
8.贾铁飞,赵明等.历史时期乌兰布和沙漠风沙活动的沉积学记录与沙质荒漠化防治途径分析.水土保持研究,2002,9(3):51-57
9.李海涛.植物种群分布格局研究概况.植物学通报,1995,12(2):19-26
10.李慧卿,马文元,李慧勇.沙冬青抗逆性及开发利用前景分析研究.世界林业研究,2000(13)5:67-70
11.卢琦主编.中国沙情.北京:开明出版社,2002
12.马世骏主编.中国生态学发展战略研究第1集.北京:中国经济出版社,1991.12
13.彭少麟.恢复生态学与植被重建.生态科学,1996,15(2):26-31
14.沈善敏.我国主要类型生态系统结构功能与提高生产力途径研究.应用生态学报,1996,7(3):332-336
15.尚玉昌编著.普通生态学.北京:北京大学出版社:2002
16.宋永昌.生态恢复是生态科学的最终试验.中国生态学会通讯,1997,(4):4-5
17.王君厚,司守霞等.乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘人工绿洲地下水动态研究.干旱区资源与环境,1998,12(2):19-29
18.王涛,赵哈林,肖洪浪.中国沙漠化研究的进展.中国沙漠,1999,19(4):299-311
19.王涛,朱震达.中国荒漠化研究.中国西部地区生态环境建设研究.中国治沙暨沙业学会编,北京:海洋出版社,2001
20.吴波.我国荒漠化现状、动态与成因.林业科学研究,2001,14(2):195-202
21.杨持,宝荣.羊草草原种群分布格局的最适取样面积.生态学报,1986,6(4):46-56
22.杨在中.植物群落种群分布格局研究的新方法.生态学报,1984,4(3):237-247
23.阮桂海等.SAS统计分析实用大全.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
24.余作岳,彭少麟主编.热带亚热带退化生态系统植被恢复生态学研究.广州:广东科学技术出版社,1996
25.张金屯.草地群落主要种群的小格局分析.草业学报,1994,3(4):7 11
26.张金屯著.植被数量生态学方法.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995
27.张洪江主编.土壤侵蚀原理.北京:中国林业出版社,2000
28.张经炜,姚清尹,李焕珊等著.华南坡地研究.北京:科学出版社,1994
29.章家恩,徐琪.生态退化研究的基本内容与框架.水土保持通报,1997,17(6):46-53
30.赵松乔.人类活动对西北干旱区环境的作用.干旱区地理,1987(1):1-9
31.周国逸.关于恢复生态学.世界科技研究与发展,1998,20(1):52-54
32.中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队.内蒙古植被.北京:科学出版社,1985
33.中国科协学会部编.中国土地退化防治研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1990
34.朱俊风,朱震达等著.中国沙漠化防治.北京:中国林业出版社,1999
35.赵桂久,刘燕华,赵名茶等主编.生态环境综合整治和恢复技术研究(第一集).北京:北京科学技术出版社,1993
36.赵桂久,刘燕华,赵名茶等主编.生态环境综合整治和恢复技术研究(第二集).北京:北京科学技术出版社,1995
37.Bradshaw A D.西欧废弃地的管理与恢复.生态学报,1990,10(1):28-35
38.EC皮洛著,卢泽愚译.数学生态学.北京,科学出版社,1988:119-283
39.UNER沙漠化现况与联合国防治荒漠化行动计划执行情况.Nairobi,1992
40. Bradshaw A D, Chadwich M J, The restoration of land. Oxford: Black weel scientific publications, 1980
41. Carpenter S R and Chaney J E Scale of spatial pattern: four methods compared. Vegetatio, 1983, 53:153-160
42. CCICCD. China country paper to combat desertification. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1996
43. Dale M R T, Blundon D J. Quadrat covariance analysis and the scales of interspecific association during primary succession. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1991,2:103-112
44. Dale M R T, Blundon D J. Quadrat variance analysis and pattem development during primary succession. Journal of vegetation science, 1990, 1:153-164
45. Dale M R T, MacIsaac D A. New methods for the analysis of spatial pattern in vegetation. J Ecol, 1989, 77:78-91
46. Dale M R T, Zbigniewicz M W. The evaluation of multi-Species pattern. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1995 (6): 391-398
47. Dale M R T & Maclsaac D A. New methods for the analysis of spatial pattern in vegetation. Journal of Ecology, 1989, 77: 78-91
48. Dale M R T & Zbigniewicz M W. The evaluation of multi-species pattern. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1995 (6): 391-398
49. Dale M RT, Moon J W. Statistical test on two characteristics of the shapes of cluster diagrams. Journal of Classification, 1988, 5:21-38
50. David F N & Moore, P G. Notes on contagious distributions in plant random individuals. Ann. Bot, 1957,21:315-320
51. Forgeard F & Tallur B. La recolonisation vegetatedans une lande incendee: etude de 1' evolution de la structure de la vegetation. Acta Oecol, 1986:15-30
52. Galiano E F. Detection of multi-Species patterns in plant populations. Vegtatio, 1983, 53:129-138
53. Goodall D W. A new method for the analysis of spatial pattern by random pairing of quadrat. Vegetatio, 1974,29: 135-146
54. Greig - Smith P. The use of random and contiguous quadrats in the study of structure of plant communities. Annual Botany, 1952,16:293-316
55. Greig-Smith P. Data on pattern within plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 1961,49:695-708
56. Greig-Smith P. Quantitative plant ecology (third edition). Berkeley: University of California press, 1983, 54-104
57. Gribson D J & Greig-Smith P. Community pattern analysis: a method for quantigying community mosaic structure. Vegetatio, 1986,66:41-47
58. Gleason H A. The individualistic concept of species diversity. Acritique and alternative parameters. Ecology, 1926,52:577-586
59. Hill M O. Reciprocal averaging an eigenvector method of ordination. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, 1973,23: 340-354
60. Hill M O. The intensity of spatial pattern in plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 1973,61:225-235
61. John A Ludwig, James F Reynolds. Statistical ecology. The United States of America: A wiley-interscience publication, 1988
62. Jupp D L B, Adomeit E M. Spatial analysis: An annotated bibliography. CSIRO Institute of Biological Resources. Division of Land Use Research, Divisional Report, 1981
63. Kershaw K A. An investigation of the structure of a grassland community. Journal of Ecology, 1959,47:31-53
64. Kershaw K A. A study of pattern in certain plant communities. PhD Thesis. University of Wales, U.K, 1957
65. Kershaw K.A.& Looney J H H. Qualitative and dynamic plant ecology (3rd). Scoland: Thomson Litho Ltd, East Kilvride, 1985
66. Kershaw K A. Journal of Ecology, 1960,48:233-242
67. Lloyd M. Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecol, 1967,36:1-301
68. Moore P G. A test for non-randomness in plant populations. Ann. Bot 1953,17:57-62
69. Morisita M. Estimation of population density by spacing method. Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ. Ser. E, 1954,1:187-97
70. Miyawaki A. Restoration of native forests from Japan to Malaysia. In: leith H & Lohmann M (eds.) Restoration of tropical forest ecosystems. Dordrecht: Kluwer academic publishers, 1993:5-24
71. Noy-Meir I, Anderson D J. Multiple pattern analysis or multiscale ordination: Towards a vegetation hologram? In: Patil G P, Pielou E C, Water W E. Statistical Ecology. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971, 3: 71-82
72. Pielou E C. Mathematical Ecology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1977
73. Ripley B D. Spectral analysis and the analysis of pattern in plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 1978.66: 965-981
74. Robertson G P, Huston M A, Evans F C, Tiedje J M. Spatial variability in a successional plant community: Patterns of nitrogen availability, Ecology, 1988, 69:1517-1524
75. Svedberg T, Ett bidrag till de statistka metodernas anvandning inom vaxtbiologien. Svensk bot. Tidskr,1922,16:l-8
76. Usher M B. Analysis of pattern in real and artificial plant populations. Journal of Ecology, 1975, 63:569-586
77. Ver Hoef J M, Cressie N A C, Glenn-Lewin D C. Spatial models for spatial statistics: some unification. J. Veg. Sci, 1993, 4:441-452
78. Ver Hoef J M, Glenn-Lewin D C. Multi-scale ordination: a method for detecting pattern at several scale. Vegetatio,1989, 82: 59-67
79. Waters W E. A quantitative measure of aggregation in insects. J.Econ.Ent, 1959,52:1180-1184
80. Whittaker R H. Structure pattern and diversity of a mallee community in New South Wales. Vegetatio, 1979,39:65-76
2.董光荣,吴波,慈龙骏等.我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策.中国沙漠,1999,19(4):318-332
3.董鸣主编.陆地生物群落调查观测与分析.北京:中国标准出版社,1996
4.董全.西方生态学近况.生态学报,1996,16(3):314-324
5.海玉生,杨占卿.乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘流动和半固定沙丘四种沙灌木造林技术初探.内蒙古林业科技,1992(2):1-4
6.候仁之,俞伟超.乌兰布和沙漠的考古发现和地理环境变迁.考古,1973(2):92-107
7.姬玉英.国际防治荒漠化动态与展望.新疆林业,1998(3):24
8.贾铁飞,赵明等.历史时期乌兰布和沙漠风沙活动的沉积学记录与沙质荒漠化防治途径分析.水土保持研究,2002,9(3):51-57
9.李海涛.植物种群分布格局研究概况.植物学通报,1995,12(2):19-26
10.李慧卿,马文元,李慧勇.沙冬青抗逆性及开发利用前景分析研究.世界林业研究,2000(13)5:67-70
11.卢琦主编.中国沙情.北京:开明出版社,2002
12.马世骏主编.中国生态学发展战略研究第1集.北京:中国经济出版社,1991.12
13.彭少麟.恢复生态学与植被重建.生态科学,1996,15(2):26-31
14.沈善敏.我国主要类型生态系统结构功能与提高生产力途径研究.应用生态学报,1996,7(3):332-336
15.尚玉昌编著.普通生态学.北京:北京大学出版社:2002
16.宋永昌.生态恢复是生态科学的最终试验.中国生态学会通讯,1997,(4):4-5
17.王君厚,司守霞等.乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘人工绿洲地下水动态研究.干旱区资源与环境,1998,12(2):19-29
18.王涛,赵哈林,肖洪浪.中国沙漠化研究的进展.中国沙漠,1999,19(4):299-311
19.王涛,朱震达.中国荒漠化研究.中国西部地区生态环境建设研究.中国治沙暨沙业学会编,北京:海洋出版社,2001
20.吴波.我国荒漠化现状、动态与成因.林业科学研究,2001,14(2):195-202
21.杨持,宝荣.羊草草原种群分布格局的最适取样面积.生态学报,1986,6(4):46-56
22.杨在中.植物群落种群分布格局研究的新方法.生态学报,1984,4(3):237-247
23.阮桂海等.SAS统计分析实用大全.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
24.余作岳,彭少麟主编.热带亚热带退化生态系统植被恢复生态学研究.广州:广东科学技术出版社,1996
25.张金屯.草地群落主要种群的小格局分析.草业学报,1994,3(4):7 11
26.张金屯著.植被数量生态学方法.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995
27.张洪江主编.土壤侵蚀原理.北京:中国林业出版社,2000
28.张经炜,姚清尹,李焕珊等著.华南坡地研究.北京:科学出版社,1994
29.章家恩,徐琪.生态退化研究的基本内容与框架.水土保持通报,1997,17(6):46-53
30.赵松乔.人类活动对西北干旱区环境的作用.干旱区地理,1987(1):1-9
31.周国逸.关于恢复生态学.世界科技研究与发展,1998,20(1):52-54
32.中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队.内蒙古植被.北京:科学出版社,1985
33.中国科协学会部编.中国土地退化防治研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1990
34.朱俊风,朱震达等著.中国沙漠化防治.北京:中国林业出版社,1999
35.赵桂久,刘燕华,赵名茶等主编.生态环境综合整治和恢复技术研究(第一集).北京:北京科学技术出版社,1993
36.赵桂久,刘燕华,赵名茶等主编.生态环境综合整治和恢复技术研究(第二集).北京:北京科学技术出版社,1995
37.Bradshaw A D.西欧废弃地的管理与恢复.生态学报,1990,10(1):28-35
38.EC皮洛著,卢泽愚译.数学生态学.北京,科学出版社,1988:119-283
39.UNER沙漠化现况与联合国防治荒漠化行动计划执行情况.Nairobi,1992
40. Bradshaw A D, Chadwich M J, The restoration of land. Oxford: Black weel scientific publications, 1980
41. Carpenter S R and Chaney J E Scale of spatial pattern: four methods compared. Vegetatio, 1983, 53:153-160
42. CCICCD. China country paper to combat desertification. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1996
43. Dale M R T, Blundon D J. Quadrat covariance analysis and the scales of interspecific association during primary succession. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1991,2:103-112
44. Dale M R T, Blundon D J. Quadrat variance analysis and pattem development during primary succession. Journal of vegetation science, 1990, 1:153-164
45. Dale M R T, MacIsaac D A. New methods for the analysis of spatial pattern in vegetation. J Ecol, 1989, 77:78-91
46. Dale M R T, Zbigniewicz M W. The evaluation of multi-Species pattern. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1995 (6): 391-398
47. Dale M R T & Maclsaac D A. New methods for the analysis of spatial pattern in vegetation. Journal of Ecology, 1989, 77: 78-91
48. Dale M R T & Zbigniewicz M W. The evaluation of multi-species pattern. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1995 (6): 391-398
49. Dale M RT, Moon J W. Statistical test on two characteristics of the shapes of cluster diagrams. Journal of Classification, 1988, 5:21-38
50. David F N & Moore, P G. Notes on contagious distributions in plant random individuals. Ann. Bot, 1957,21:315-320
51. Forgeard F & Tallur B. La recolonisation vegetatedans une lande incendee: etude de 1' evolution de la structure de la vegetation. Acta Oecol, 1986:15-30
52. Galiano E F. Detection of multi-Species patterns in plant populations. Vegtatio, 1983, 53:129-138
53. Goodall D W. A new method for the analysis of spatial pattern by random pairing of quadrat. Vegetatio, 1974,29: 135-146
54. Greig - Smith P. The use of random and contiguous quadrats in the study of structure of plant communities. Annual Botany, 1952,16:293-316
55. Greig-Smith P. Data on pattern within plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 1961,49:695-708
56. Greig-Smith P. Quantitative plant ecology (third edition). Berkeley: University of California press, 1983, 54-104
57. Gribson D J & Greig-Smith P. Community pattern analysis: a method for quantigying community mosaic structure. Vegetatio, 1986,66:41-47
58. Gleason H A. The individualistic concept of species diversity. Acritique and alternative parameters. Ecology, 1926,52:577-586
59. Hill M O. Reciprocal averaging an eigenvector method of ordination. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, 1973,23: 340-354
60. Hill M O. The intensity of spatial pattern in plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 1973,61:225-235
61. John A Ludwig, James F Reynolds. Statistical ecology. The United States of America: A wiley-interscience publication, 1988
62. Jupp D L B, Adomeit E M. Spatial analysis: An annotated bibliography. CSIRO Institute of Biological Resources. Division of Land Use Research, Divisional Report, 1981
63. Kershaw K A. An investigation of the structure of a grassland community. Journal of Ecology, 1959,47:31-53
64. Kershaw K A. A study of pattern in certain plant communities. PhD Thesis. University of Wales, U.K, 1957
65. Kershaw K.A.& Looney J H H. Qualitative and dynamic plant ecology (3rd). Scoland: Thomson Litho Ltd, East Kilvride, 1985
66. Kershaw K A. Journal of Ecology, 1960,48:233-242
67. Lloyd M. Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecol, 1967,36:1-301
68. Moore P G. A test for non-randomness in plant populations. Ann. Bot 1953,17:57-62
69. Morisita M. Estimation of population density by spacing method. Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ. Ser. E, 1954,1:187-97
70. Miyawaki A. Restoration of native forests from Japan to Malaysia. In: leith H & Lohmann M (eds.) Restoration of tropical forest ecosystems. Dordrecht: Kluwer academic publishers, 1993:5-24
71. Noy-Meir I, Anderson D J. Multiple pattern analysis or multiscale ordination: Towards a vegetation hologram? In: Patil G P, Pielou E C, Water W E. Statistical Ecology. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971, 3: 71-82
72. Pielou E C. Mathematical Ecology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1977
73. Ripley B D. Spectral analysis and the analysis of pattern in plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 1978.66: 965-981
74. Robertson G P, Huston M A, Evans F C, Tiedje J M. Spatial variability in a successional plant community: Patterns of nitrogen availability, Ecology, 1988, 69:1517-1524
75. Svedberg T, Ett bidrag till de statistka metodernas anvandning inom vaxtbiologien. Svensk bot. Tidskr,1922,16:l-8
76. Usher M B. Analysis of pattern in real and artificial plant populations. Journal of Ecology, 1975, 63:569-586
77. Ver Hoef J M, Cressie N A C, Glenn-Lewin D C. Spatial models for spatial statistics: some unification. J. Veg. Sci, 1993, 4:441-452
78. Ver Hoef J M, Glenn-Lewin D C. Multi-scale ordination: a method for detecting pattern at several scale. Vegetatio,1989, 82: 59-67
79. Waters W E. A quantitative measure of aggregation in insects. J.Econ.Ent, 1959,52:1180-1184
80. Whittaker R H. Structure pattern and diversity of a mallee community in New South Wales. Vegetatio, 1979,39:65-76