人工结构材料及其在天线中的应用研究
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摘要
电磁辐射及其相关问题的研究是物理学领域最重要的问题之一。由人工“电原子”和人工“磁原子”组成的人工结构材料以其灵活多变的电磁波操控能力为电磁辐射器件的设计提供了新的思路。本文围绕人工结构材料及其在天线系统中的应用开展了系统的理论和实验研究。首先，针对天线系统对人工结构材料的特殊要求，重点研究和发展了宽带、低损耗和表面波电磁带隙人工结构材料；其次、在研究人工结构材料与天线相互作用的基础上，探讨了人工结构材料与天线的融合方式，发展了基于人工结构材料的新体制天线系统，实现了天线性能的提升，为人工结构材料在天线中的工程应用奠定了基础。本论文的主要研究内容和结论如下：
(1)宽带、低损耗人工结构材料及其在透镜天线中的应用研究。建立了宽带、低损耗人工结构材料的物理模型，通过周期性的金属柱结构实现了等离子体频率和本征频率的同时调控，实现了微波段的宽带、低损耗人工结构材料。在此基础上，采用以“十”字形金属结构为单元，工作在整个Ku(12GHz–18GHz)及Ku以下频段的人工结构材料，构建了一款宽带平板透镜天线。平板透镜利用人工材料材料对位相的控制实现了天线球面波前或者柱面波前向平面波前的转换，提高了天线增益。原理实验表明平板透镜在Ku波段能使天线的增益至少增加1.3dB，从而验证了基于人工结构材料的平板透镜能够在宽的频带内有效提高天线的增益。
(2)人工电磁带隙材料及其互耦抑制研究。深入研究了在金属-空气界面上，周期性沟槽结构支持的准表面波模式，得到了沟槽结构对准表面波的调制规律。在此基础上利用周期性的沟槽构建了一种人工电磁带隙材料，证明了该材料不支持表面波传播，对表面波形成带隙。将这种人工电磁带隙材料引入天线阵面，可以切断表面波传输路径，抑制单元天线之间的互耦。初步研究结果表明：采用两个周期的沟槽结构就可以使单元天线的互耦降低20dB。
(3)基于人工电磁带隙材料的双波束共口径波导缝隙阵列天线研究。利用同一个天线口径产生两个或者多个不同波束时，常规波导缝隙阵辐射单元在阵面上激励起的表面波使得波束之间产生严重的串扰，波束副瓣电平恶化。通过将人工电磁带隙材料集成到天线阵面，切断了天线单元表面波耦合路径，抑制了单元天线的互耦，进而降低了波束的副瓣电平。对比实验结果表明基于人工电磁带隙材料的波导缝隙阵在宽、窄两种工作模式下副瓣电平相对于常规波导缝隙阵列天线至少分别降低了3.6dB和0.8dB。除此之外还系统地开展了针对上述新天线结构设计、零件加工、焊接工艺和性能测试等方面的研究，为该天线在多功能雷达、通信系统中的工程应用奠定了基础。
Research of electromagnetic radiation and related issues is one of the mostimportant issues in the field of physics. Metamaterials consisting of artificial“electronic atom” and artificial “magnetic atom” with their flexible means ofelectromagnetic manipulation provide a new idea for the design of electromagneticradiation devices. This paper focuses on metamaterials and their applications in theantennas and carries out theoretical and experimental studies on the issues. First,around the special requirements of metamaterials for the antennas, we focus on theresearch and development of broadband, low loss and electromagnetic band-gapmetamaterials; Secondly, metamaterials and antennas integration method has beendiscussed after the research on the interaction between metamaterials and antennas,forming a kind of novel antennas with their performance improved. The maincontents and conclusion of this paper are as follows:
(1) Research on the broadband, low-loss metamaterials and their applications inlens antennas. With the physical model of broadband, low-loss metamaterials, wehave achieved a broadband, low-loss metamaterial working in microwave band byperiodic metal columns which can control plasma frequency and intrinsic frequencyof metamaterials simultaneously. On this basis, a broadband slab lens has beenconstructed by using of the metamaterial with cross-shaped metal structure as a unit,which can work in whole Ku (12GHz–18GHz) band and bellow band. The slab lenscan convert spherical wavefront or cylindrical wavefront to a plane one throughphase manipulation, which will improve antennas’ gain. Experimental results showthat slab lens can increase the gain of antennas by1.3dB at least over the whole Kuband, which indicates that slab lens based on metamaterials can improve antennas’gain in a wide frequency band efficiently.
(2) Research of artificial electromagnetic band-gap metamaterials and theirapplications in mutual coupling suppression. Modulation law of periodic groovestructure on quasi-surface wave has been proposed after deeply study ofquasi-surface wave on metal-air interface with periodic grooves. Then we acquire anelectromagnetic band-gap metamaterial based on periodic grooves, which can’tsupport surface wave propagation on it forming a band-gap. If the metamaterials isloaded on an antenna array surface, it will cut off surface wave transmission path, suppressing mutual coupling between antenna elements. Preliminary research resultsshow that mutual coupling of antenna units will reduce20dB using only cycles ofgroove structures.
(3) Research on double-beam, co-aperture waveguide slot array antenna basedon electromagnetic band-gap metamaterials. When using a same aperture to producetwo or more different beams, the surface wave excitated by radiating elements in theconventional waveguide slot array will produce a serious crosstalk between thebeams, and the side lobe levels of all beams will deteriorate. By integratingelectromagnetic band-gap metamaterials into array surface, the transmission path ofsurface wave will be cut off. The mutual coupling between antenna units willdecrease and side lobe levels of the beams will reduce as a result. Based on thecomparison between waveguide slot array antenna with and without electromagneticband-gap metamaterial, the side lobe level is reduced by3.6dB and0.8dBindependently at least for two operation modes of designed antenna. Additionally, wealso focus on the structure design, parts fabrication, wielding technology andperformance testing, etc of the designed antenna, which make the double-beam,co-aperture waveguide slot array antenna based on electromagnetic band-gapmetamaterials more practical in multi-function radar and communication systems.
(1)宽带、低损耗人工结构材料及其在透镜天线中的应用研究。建立了宽带、低损耗人工结构材料的物理模型，通过周期性的金属柱结构实现了等离子体频率和本征频率的同时调控，实现了微波段的宽带、低损耗人工结构材料。在此基础上，采用以“十”字形金属结构为单元，工作在整个Ku(12GHz–18GHz)及Ku以下频段的人工结构材料，构建了一款宽带平板透镜天线。平板透镜利用人工材料材料对位相的控制实现了天线球面波前或者柱面波前向平面波前的转换，提高了天线增益。原理实验表明平板透镜在Ku波段能使天线的增益至少增加1.3dB，从而验证了基于人工结构材料的平板透镜能够在宽的频带内有效提高天线的增益。
(2)人工电磁带隙材料及其互耦抑制研究。深入研究了在金属-空气界面上，周期性沟槽结构支持的准表面波模式，得到了沟槽结构对准表面波的调制规律。在此基础上利用周期性的沟槽构建了一种人工电磁带隙材料，证明了该材料不支持表面波传播，对表面波形成带隙。将这种人工电磁带隙材料引入天线阵面，可以切断表面波传输路径，抑制单元天线之间的互耦。初步研究结果表明：采用两个周期的沟槽结构就可以使单元天线的互耦降低20dB。
(3)基于人工电磁带隙材料的双波束共口径波导缝隙阵列天线研究。利用同一个天线口径产生两个或者多个不同波束时，常规波导缝隙阵辐射单元在阵面上激励起的表面波使得波束之间产生严重的串扰，波束副瓣电平恶化。通过将人工电磁带隙材料集成到天线阵面，切断了天线单元表面波耦合路径，抑制了单元天线的互耦，进而降低了波束的副瓣电平。对比实验结果表明基于人工电磁带隙材料的波导缝隙阵在宽、窄两种工作模式下副瓣电平相对于常规波导缝隙阵列天线至少分别降低了3.6dB和0.8dB。除此之外还系统地开展了针对上述新天线结构设计、零件加工、焊接工艺和性能测试等方面的研究，为该天线在多功能雷达、通信系统中的工程应用奠定了基础。
Research of electromagnetic radiation and related issues is one of the mostimportant issues in the field of physics. Metamaterials consisting of artificial“electronic atom” and artificial “magnetic atom” with their flexible means ofelectromagnetic manipulation provide a new idea for the design of electromagneticradiation devices. This paper focuses on metamaterials and their applications in theantennas and carries out theoretical and experimental studies on the issues. First,around the special requirements of metamaterials for the antennas, we focus on theresearch and development of broadband, low loss and electromagnetic band-gapmetamaterials; Secondly, metamaterials and antennas integration method has beendiscussed after the research on the interaction between metamaterials and antennas,forming a kind of novel antennas with their performance improved. The maincontents and conclusion of this paper are as follows:
(1) Research on the broadband, low-loss metamaterials and their applications inlens antennas. With the physical model of broadband, low-loss metamaterials, wehave achieved a broadband, low-loss metamaterial working in microwave band byperiodic metal columns which can control plasma frequency and intrinsic frequencyof metamaterials simultaneously. On this basis, a broadband slab lens has beenconstructed by using of the metamaterial with cross-shaped metal structure as a unit,which can work in whole Ku (12GHz–18GHz) band and bellow band. The slab lenscan convert spherical wavefront or cylindrical wavefront to a plane one throughphase manipulation, which will improve antennas’ gain. Experimental results showthat slab lens can increase the gain of antennas by1.3dB at least over the whole Kuband, which indicates that slab lens based on metamaterials can improve antennas’gain in a wide frequency band efficiently.
(2) Research of artificial electromagnetic band-gap metamaterials and theirapplications in mutual coupling suppression. Modulation law of periodic groovestructure on quasi-surface wave has been proposed after deeply study ofquasi-surface wave on metal-air interface with periodic grooves. Then we acquire anelectromagnetic band-gap metamaterial based on periodic grooves, which can’tsupport surface wave propagation on it forming a band-gap. If the metamaterials isloaded on an antenna array surface, it will cut off surface wave transmission path, suppressing mutual coupling between antenna elements. Preliminary research resultsshow that mutual coupling of antenna units will reduce20dB using only cycles ofgroove structures.
(3) Research on double-beam, co-aperture waveguide slot array antenna basedon electromagnetic band-gap metamaterials. When using a same aperture to producetwo or more different beams, the surface wave excitated by radiating elements in theconventional waveguide slot array will produce a serious crosstalk between thebeams, and the side lobe levels of all beams will deteriorate. By integratingelectromagnetic band-gap metamaterials into array surface, the transmission path ofsurface wave will be cut off. The mutual coupling between antenna units willdecrease and side lobe levels of the beams will reduce as a result. Based on thecomparison between waveguide slot array antenna with and without electromagneticband-gap metamaterial, the side lobe level is reduced by3.6dB and0.8dBindependently at least for two operation modes of designed antenna. Additionally, wealso focus on the structure design, parts fabrication, wielding technology andperformance testing, etc of the designed antenna, which make the double-beam,co-aperture waveguide slot array antenna based on electromagnetic band-gapmetamaterials more practical in multi-function radar and communication systems.
引文
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