南极生物遗传资源利用与保护的法律规制研究
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摘要
南极位于地球的最南端,由陆地和海洋两部分构成,终年被冰雪覆盖。其独特的地理构成和极端的气候环境,虽然一定程度上限制了南极动植物、微生物等生物资源的生存及繁衍,但也使得南极地区丰富的动植物及微生物资源的种类和特性有别于世界其他地区的生物资源,具备独有的耐黑暗、抗低温、耐高盐、抗辐射等适应能力。从具有这种能力的南极生物资源体内提取的具有潜在或实际价值的含有遗传功能单位的材料是南极生物遗传资源,它们具有其载体——生物资源相同的环境适应能力和独特的生存特征,具有巨大的经济利益、商业和医用价值、以及重大的战略意义,在全球经济和人类社会的可持续发展中起着举足轻重的作用。而且南极条约冻结了南极的领土主权,南极法律地位的未决也导致了南极资源的权属不明。因此,基于南极生物遗传资源的巨大价值及其背后所隐藏的重大利益,各国不仅开始广泛开展南极生物遗传资源的勘探开发活动,及其相关的科学研究;也逐渐将遗传资源及其衍生的产品、技术广泛应用于人类社会;同时更是引发了国际社会对南极的主权争夺,并重新开启了南极领土、尤其是南极海域主权要求之合法性的争论,也引起了世界各国对南极生物及其遗传资源的觊觎和争抢。而且当南极及其生物遗传资源的国际纷争上升至法律层面时,也引发了一系列有关遗传资源的勘探开发、商业化应用、获取和惠益分享、资源本身和生态环境的保护的现实和法律问题,具体如:生物勘探后的生物资源、遗传物质及其产品的权属问题;生物遗传资源利用行为的性质与科研自由原则的适用问题;联合国海洋法公约、生物多样性公约等国际公约对南极生物遗传资源的适用;联合国和南极条约协商会议就南极生物遗传资源的利用与保护议题所扮演的角色划分;怎样获取并分享由南极生物遗传资源产生的惠益才会被国际社会普遍接受;如何在公平公正利用资源的基础上保护南极生物资源及其生态环境等,均是至今国际社会都尚未解决的难题。
     在南极领土主权冻结、资源纷争激烈的国际背景下,本文从南极生物遗传资源的“利用”和“保护”这同一过程的两个层面入手,指导和规制资源的利用行为从而保护资源、环境以及相关利益,以实现对南极生物遗传资源“保护的基础上得以利用、利用的基础上加以保护”的最终目的,并在利用与保护之间寻求一定的平衡。可见,构建完善的法律规制体系以规范利用与保护南极生物遗传资源的人类活动是本文研究的核心内容。但法律规制体系的建立应以明确南极生物遗传资源及其利用行为的内涵与性质、划分利用行为的阶段及其与生物勘探的区别与联系、尤其是南极的法律地位及其生物遗传资源的法律属性的界定为前提。随后针对“利用与保护”这个核心问题,以分析现有国际法和南极条约体系的局限与适用为前提,提炼并遵守相关的国际法律原则,确定相应的主管机构和规制主体,构建专门的法律规制制度。按照上述思路,论文的展开主要分为三步:
     第一步,概述南极生物勘探和遗传资源利用与保护的现实和法律背景,并界定相关概念的内涵和性质。作为背景研究范围的南纬60度以南的南极地区,由陆地和岛屿构成,具有独特的地理构成、极端的气候环境以及丰富的生物资源。取自南极生物资源体内的具有潜在或实际价值的含有遗传功能单位的材料是南极生物遗传资源,通过对生物多样性公约及学界有关“生物资源”、“遗传资源”等相关概念的讨论和辨析可知,生物资源是遗传资源的载体,南极丰富的生物多样性也体现了遗传资源的多样性,南极及其丰富且独特的生物多样性是遗传资源的价值前提。基于其巨大的经济、医药、科研和战略价值,南极生物遗传资源的勘探开发活动方兴未艾。不仅重启了南极主权争端和激烈的资源纷争,而且引发了一系列的法律问题。并分析南极条约协商会议对生物勘探概念的讨论,界定“生物勘探”有广狭义之分;参考南极矿产资源管理公约对矿产资源活动阶段的划分,在南极生物遗传资源利用与保护两个层面上对其活动阶段进行更为具体的划分,即“普查”、“勘探”和“开发”、“商业化应用”和“商业化应用”。一方面,不同的阶段意味着不同的行为性质,南极生物遗传资源的勘探开发活动的性质应以狭义的生物勘探的定义确定其性质,以生物勘探活动追求的直接目标和活动开展时人类的意图为标准,所以对应狭义生物勘探的生物遗传资源的前三个利用阶段属于科学研究,可适用科研自由原则,而随后研发产品和技术投入市场、基于经济利益的追求而进行的商业化的利用,则属于商业应用。另一方面,不同的阶段也意味着不同的行为适用不同的法律原则、具体措施和保护制度,即普查勘探开发阶段应注意资源的养护和环境的保护,商业化应用阶段应加强专利制度的保护,利益分享应照顾到全人类共同利益的保护。
     第二步,根据国际社会和理论界现有的对南极的法律地位、以及遗传资源的法律属性的发展路径模式和学术理论进行归纳并逐个分析,从而论证现有模式和理论对南极及其生物遗传资源的适用与局限,并界定其法律属性。南极生物遗传资源法律属性的界定是解决其利用与保护相关法律问题和构建法律规制体系的基础和前提。即要想解决南极生物勘探的法律规制以及遗传资源的利用与保护问题,首先应对南极生物遗传资源法律属性这个先决条件进行确定,但南极生物遗传资源法律属性的界定则须依据南极法律地位的确定。对此本文提出南极条约有效期内,应提炼和借鉴现有的国际法理论中对南极及其生物遗传资源的法律属性适合的含义,并排除与之相矛盾的要素,从而融合这些可适用的内涵,以归纳出南极及其生物遗传资源所应具有的特殊法律性质:即为了全人类的共同利益,排除主权要求和任何形式的占有,用于和平和科学研究目的的非军事化活动并以此展开广泛的国际合作,以资源、环境与生态的保护和可持续发展为理念,普遍代表性的国际机构的管理和控制。其中不包含“为全人类共有”这一内涵。这些特殊内涵不仅对南极和遗传资源本身适用,对与南极生物遗传资源有关的勘探、开发、利用、保护等活动及其产生的环境影响也适用。考虑到南极生物遗传资源法律属性的特殊内涵是建立在“人类共同遗产”的概念之上的,而且其适用的局限性表明作为该原则的客体南极生物遗传资源具有其独特性,因此在不能完全摒弃也不能直接适用的前提下,扩大适用“人类共同遗产”原则是目前可采取的且较为合理的阶段性措施,这一观点是具有理论根据、实践基础和现实意义的。
     第三步,从南极生物遗传资源的“利用”和“保护”这同一过程的两个层面入手,为实现“保护的基础上得以利用、利用的基础上加以保护”的目的,构建完善的法律规制体系以规范利用与保护南极生物遗传资源的人类活动。对于南极生物遗传资源利用与保护的法律规制问题的解决和规制体系的构建,文章以分析现有国际法和南极条约体系的局限与适用为前提,提炼并遵守相关的国际法律原则,确定相应的主管机构和规制主体,从而设置专门且具体的法律规制制度。具体而言,首先,法律原则的提炼是规制体系构建的灵魂,南极生物遗传资源的利用与保护应当遵守基本的法律原则,如应维护南极地区的和平与稳定,基于科学研究的目的进行信息技术的交流并为此展开广泛的国际合作,为了全人类的共同利益,顾及发展中国家和不发达国家的利益,对其衍生的产品技术等利益进行公平的分配;不得对南极及其生物遗传资源主张主权权利和据为己有,同时南极生物遗传资源的利用活动的开展也不得构成主张、支持或否定对南极的领土主权的要求的基础和创立新的南极主权权利;南极生物遗传资源的利用应当合理、适度且具有科学性,养护生物及其遗传资源以寻求资源的可持续利用、生态环境的保护。其次,国际法律的适用是规制体系构建的基础,南极生物遗传资源的利用与保护应受一般国际法和南极条约体系的共同约束。分析联合国海洋法公约中有关公海制度、大陆架制度、“区域”制度在南极的适用与局限,借鉴生物多样性公约和波恩准则等有关遗传资源获取和惠益分享的规定,参考其他国际文件有关“生物勘探”的相关规定,适用南极条约体系中有关宗旨和资源与环境保护的相关条款,为规制南极生物遗传资源利用与保护的具体制度的设置提供一定的法律依据。再次,规制主体的确定是规制体系构建的保障,有助于南极生物遗传资源的利用与保护的法律原则的遵守、国际法律的适用、规制制度的执行以及行为效果的监督。目前,南极事务参与国通过协商会议机制持续关注和推进着生物及其遗传资源的勘探开发与保护议题的开展,所以南极条约协商会议应给予直接的引导并参与具体实施;由于南极是地球的组成部分,将该议题置于联合国的管理之下也具有一定的合理性,所以也应发挥联合国对该议题的宏观指导和监督保障作用;同时对于资源的养护和环境的保护方面的具体问题,南极海洋生物资源养护委员会、环境保护委员会以及南极研究科学委员会也都有广泛的参与,所以应加强这些组织机构的辅助配合作用,从而协调各主体在南极生物遗传资源的利用与保护事务上的不同角色。最后,具体制度的设置是规制体系构建的精髓,根据遗传资源利用阶段的不同划分,从利用和保护两个层面,在一定国际法和环境法原则的指导下,构建适用于每一具体阶段的法律制度,如风险预防原则下的许可准入制度,资源养护原则下的勘探开发制度,共同利益原则下的惠益分享制度,可持续发展原则下南极生态环境保护制度,包括环境影响评价制度、南极保护区制度和基金制度。在此基础上以寻求转化为成熟的国际惯例制度的可能,从而规范指导行为并保护南极生物及其遗传资源和南极的生态环境。
Antarctic which year-round snow-covered, is at the southernmost tipof the Earth and composes of two parts of the terrestrial and marine. Tosome extent, the unique geographical configuration and the extremeclimate and environment of Antarctic limit the survival and reproductionof Antarctic Fauna and Flora, microorganisms and other biologicalresources. Although the rich type and unique characteristics of theAntarctic biological resources are different from those of other regions ofthe world. They have unique resistance darkness, low temperatureresistance, high-salt-resistant, anti-radiation adaptability. The materialswhich contain functional units of heredity and potential or actual value,which extract from the Antarctic biological resources with this ability, arethe Antarctic biological genetic resources. They have the same ability toadapt to the environment and the unique survival characteristics as thebiological resources which is a carrier. Their huge economic benefits,commercial and medical value, and great strategic significance play animportant role in the global economy and the sustainable development of human society. Moreover, the Antarctic Treaty frozen the territorialsovereignty of the Antarctic. The pendency of Antarctic legal status leadthat Antarctic resources of ownership is unknown. Based on the greatvalue and major interests hidden behind of Antarctic biological geneticresources, countries not only began to widely carry out the Antarcticbiological genetic resources exploration and development activities andscientific research; but also used the genetic resources and their derivativeproducts, technologies widely and gradually in human society;Meanwhile triggered a competition for the international community to thesovereignty of the Antarctic, and reopen the controversy over thelegitimacy of the claim to sovereignty over the Antarctic territory,especially Antarctic waters, and caused coveted and competition for theworld of Antarctic organisms and their genetic resources. When theinternational disputes of the Antarctic and its biological genetic resourcesrise to the legal level, they also triggered a series reality and legal issuesabout genetic resources exploration and development, commercialapplications, access and benefit-sharing, the protection of resources andecological environment.
     In the the international context of the Antarctic territorial sovereignty freeze and fierce resources disputes, from "use" and "protect"which is the same process at two levels of the Antarctic biological geneticresources, the article will guide and regulate the behaviour of resourceutilization and protect resources, environment and related interests inorder to achieve the ultimate goal of "take advantage on the basis of theprotection, protect on the basis of use" and seek a certain balance betweenthe utilization and protection. So to build or improve the regulatorysystem of laws to regulate the use and protection of the the Antarcticbiological genetic resources of human activities are the core of this study.However, the establishing of the legal regulatory system should clear theconnotations and nature of the Antarctic biological genetic resources andtheir utilization behaviour, divide the stage of utilization behaviour andclear the differences and relations of it and bioprospecting, define thelegal status of Antarctic and biological genetic resources as a precondition.Later, for the utilization and protection of the core issues, the article firstanalyse the limitations and applicable of the existing international lawand the Antarctic Treaty System, then refine and comply with the relevantinternational legal principles, determine the appropriate authorities andthe regulatory body, at last build a special legal regulation system.
     Firstly, overview the reality and legal background of the utilizationand protection of Antarctic bioprospecting and genetic resources, anddefine the meaning and nature of related concepts. The Antarctic as arange of background research is at south of60degrees latitude, consistsof land and islands, and has a unique geographical configuration, extremeclimate and rich biological resources. The materials which containfunctional units of heredity and potential or actual value, which extractfrom the Antarctic biological resources with this ability, are the Antarcticbiological genetic resources. So biological resources is the carrier of thegenetic resources, the rich biodiversity of Antarctic also reflects thediversity of genetic resources, and the Antarctic and its rich and uniquebiodiversity are the value premise of the genetic resources. Owning totheir huge economic benefits, commercial and medical value, and greatstrategic significance, the activities of Antarctic bioprospecting are in theascendant, also widely used in the process of promoting global economicdevelopment and the survival of the human society and sustainabledevelopment. Not only restart the Antarctic sovereignty dispute andintense resource disputes and also led to a series of legal issues. Thearticle analyses and refers to the discussion of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting on the concept of bioprospecting and the provisionof the mineral Convention on the division of the stage of Antarcticmineral resource activities, divides the stage of Antarctic biologicalgenetic resources activities at the two levels of its utilization andprotection, defines "Bioprospecting" as broad and narrow sense. Thereforthe "Prospecting","Exploration","Development" of Antarctic biologicalgenetic resources is narrow bioprospecting, and other utilization ofgenetic resources which include commercial applications andbenefit-sharing is generalized bioprospecting. On the one hand, differentstages means different nature of the acts, the define of bioprospectingnature is based on the goals in pursuit of activities directly and intent ofhuman. So "Prospecting","Exploration","Development" belongs toscientific research. On the other hand, different stages means differentbehaviour apply to different protection systems, that is the explorationand development should conserve resource and protect environment,commercial application should strengthen the protection of the patentsystem, benefit-sharing should take into account the protection of thecommon interests of all mankind.
     Secondly, according to development path mode and academic theories of the international community and theorists existing about legalstatus of the Antarctic and its genetic resources, the paper induce, analyseand argument applicable limitations of theory, and define its legal status.The definition is the foundation to solve its utilization and protection ofthe relevant legal issues and building a system of legal regulation. Thelegal status of Antarctic determines the legal property of the geneticresources. Therefore, we should refine, learn from, and integrate theapplicable meaning of the existing international theories in the validity ofthe Antarctic Treaty, such as "for all mankind the common interests","toexclude claim of sovereignty and any form of possession","peace,scientific research,demilitarization activities,and internationalcooperation","protect and sustainable develop resources, environmentaland ecological","the management and control of international institutionswith the universal representation". These special meaning apply to notonly Antarctic and genetic resources itself, but also its behaviour andenvironmental impact. In view of the special meaning of the legal statusof the Antarctic biological genetic resources is established on the conceptof "Common Heritage of Mankind", and the limitations indicate Antarcticbiological genetic resources as the principle object has its uniqueness. Hence, can not be completely abandoned and can not be directly applied,extending the principle of "Common Heritage of Mankind " is reasonablestage measures. This view has a theoretical basis, practical foundationand practical significance.
     Thirdly, from "use" and "protect" which is the same process at twolevels of the Antarctic biological genetic resources, in order to achieve theultimate goal of "take advantage on the basis of the protection, protect onthe basis of use", this part will build a perfect legal regulatory system toregulate the use and protection of the the Antarctic biological geneticresources of human activities. The establishment premises on limitationsand application of existing international law and the Antarctic TreatySystem, we should refine and comply with the relevant international legalprinciples, determine the appropriate authorities and the regulatory body,at last build a special legal regulation system. Specifically, above all, theactivities about utilization and protection of Antarctic biological geneticresources should comply with the basic principles of law, such as"safeguarding the peace and stability of the Antarctic region","for thecommon interests of mankind","equitable distribution of its productsderived technology interests ","can not be claim for sovereignty and appropriate","conservation of resources and protection of theenvironment" and so on. Then, the activities about utilization andprotection of Antarctic biological genetic resources should be commonlysubject to the general international law and the Antarctic Treaty System.This paper will analyse the applications and limitations of the system onthe high seas, the continental shelf,"regional" of UNCLOS in Antarctic,learn from the provisions about access and benefit-sharing to geneticresources in CBD and Bonn Guidelines, apply to the terms of thepurposes and resources and environmental protection in the AntarcticTreaty System. All these steps provide the legal basis for the regulatorysystem the Antarctic biological genetic resources utilization andprotection of specific system settings. Once more, we should define theregulated subjects which contribute to the observance of the principles oflaw, international law applies, the implementation of the system ofregulation and supervision of the behavioral effects. So regarding to theactivities about utilization and protection of Antarctic biological geneticresources, ATCM should directly guide and participate in the actualimplementation, the UN should play the role of macro guidance andsupervision of security, SCAR,CEP and other organizations should assisted with ATCM and UN and participate broadly. At last, under theguidance of the principles of international law and environmental law, thepaper will set the specific legal systems which are applicable to eachspecific stage of activities. For example, the permission access systemunder the precautionary principle, the exploration and developmentsystem under the principles of conservation of resources, thebenefit-sharing regime under the principle of common interests, thepatent protection system under the principle of benefit-sharing, theAntarctic environmental protection regime under the principle ofsustainable development, including environmental impact assessmentsystem, Antarctic protected area system and fund system. On this basis,the paper's purpose is to seek the possibilities of transforming into matureinternational practice system, is to regulate and guide behaviors, andprotect natural resources and the environment of Antarctic.
引文
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    1David Leary, Bioprospecting and Governance Regimes in Polar Regions: A Comparative Analysis of ExistingLaw and Policy Regimes and Options for the Future, United Nations University-Institute of Advanced Studies,6F,22008.David Leary, Bi-polar Disorder? Is Bioprospecting an Emerging Issue for the Arctic as well as for Antarctica?Journal compilation Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Reciel17(1)2008, at41-55.
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    1Julia Jabour Green and Dianne Nicol, Bioprospecting in areas outside national jurisdiction: Antarctica and theSouthern Ocean. Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol4,2003, at86-87.
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    3Christopher C. Joyner, Recommended Measures Under the Antarctic Treaty: Hardening Compliance with SoftInternational Law, Michigan Journal of International Law,19Mich. J. Int'l L.,1998, at401.
    4David Leary, Bi-polar Disorder? Is Bioprospecting an Emerging Issue for the Arctic as well as for Antarctica?Journal compilation Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Reciel17(1)2008, at41-55.
    5Pamela L. Schoenberg, a Polarizing Dilemma: Assessing Potential Regulatory Gap-Filling Measures for Arcticand Antarctic Marine Gesource Access and Benefit Sharing, Cornell International Law Journal, Volume43,42Cornell Int'l L.J.,2009, at271.
    1Barbara Ellen Heim, Exploring the Last Frontiers for Mineral Resources: a Comparison of International LawRegarding the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law,23Vand. J.Transnat'l L.,1990, at819-827.
    1Regine Andersen, International Agreements and Processes Affecting an International Regime on Access andBenefit Sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity, FNI Report3,2010.
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    5李国强:《论南极微生物遗传资源的国际法保护》,中国海洋大学2012年硕士学位论文。
    1纪晓昕:《国家管辖范围外深海底生物多样性法律规制研究——以人类共同遗产属性为基础》,中国海洋大学2010年博士学位论文。
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    1Sabrina Safrin, Hyperownership in a Time of Biotechnological Promise: The International Conflict to Control theBuilding Blocks of Life,98Am. J. Int'l L.2004, at652-658.
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    1《生物多样性公约》第2条。
    12009年第32届协商会议西班牙、瑞典等六个国家提交的名为“生物勘探的概念、术语、定义和比较研究”的信息文件,Information Paper on Concepts, Terms and Definitions, including a ComparativeAnalysis, submittedto ATCM XXXII by Spain, Sweden and the six countries,2009.
    1《生物多样性公约》第2条。
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    1Deborah E. Mason, Note, Kiss and Make-up: A Need For Consolidation of FDA and Cosmetic Industry RegulationPrograms,18Health Matrix2008, at181,183(quoting Melissa C. Lazarus&Leslie S. Baumann, The Use ofCosmeceutical Moisturizers,14Dermatologic Therapy2001, at200,200).
    2David Leary, Bi-Polar Disorder? Is Bioprospecting an Emerging Issue for the Arctic as Well as for Antarctica?
    317RECIEL2008, at41.D. Lohan and S. Johnston, Bioprospecting in Antarctica, United Nations University–Institute of AdvancedStudies,2005, at7.
    4Ian Sample, Scientists Warn that the World's Least Damaged Environment Could be Changed Forever by the Huntfor Potentially Lucrative Organisms: Cold Rush Threatens Pristine Antarctic, The Guardian (London), Feb.2,2004,at9.
    1Lyle Glowka, Bioprospecting, Alien Invasive Species, and Hydrothermal Vents: Three Emerging Legal Issues inthe Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity,13Tul. Envtl. L.J.2000, at349.
    2The Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, at168, delivered tothe General Assembly, U.N. Doc. A/62/66(Mar.12,2007).
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    1On the absence of this data see D.Leary, M.Vierros, G. Hamon, S. Arico and C. Monagle,'A Review of Scientificand Commercial Interest', Marine Policy,33(2009)183-194and B. Pisupati, D. Leary and S. Arico,'Access andBenefit Sharing: Issues Related to Marine Genetic Resources' Asian Biotechnology and Development Review,10(3),2008, at49-68.
    2徐世杰:《生物探查:南极资源研究新热点》,《中国海洋报》2008年7月18日。
    1徐世杰:《生物探查:南极资源研究新热点》,《中国海洋报》2008年7月18日。
    1Belgium, ATCM XVI-WP11-'An update on biological prospecting in Antarctica, including the development ofthe Antarctic Biological Prospecting Database', available athttp://www.bioprospector.org/bioprospector/Resources/actm/Atcm31_wp011_e.pdf,最后访问2012-6-7。
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    3Belgium, ATCM XVI-WP11-'An update on biological prospecting in Antarctica, including the development ofthe Antarctic Biological Prospecting Database', available athttp://www.bioprospector.org/bioprospector/Resources/actm/Atcm31_wp011_e.pdf,最后访问2012-6-7。
    12002年第25届协商会议英国向南极环境保护委员会提交名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paperon Biological Prospecting in Antarctica, Submitted to the XXV ATCM by the United Kingdom,2002.
    1Julia Jabour Green and Dianne Nicol. Bioprospecting in areas outside national jurisdiction: Antarctica and theSouthern Ocean. Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol4,2003, at86-87.
    12009年第32届协商会议澳大利亚、新西兰提交的名为“南极条约体系下生物勘探的规制”的工作文件,Working Paper on Regulation of biological prospecting under the Antarctic Treaty system, submitted to ATCMXXXII by Australia and New Zealand,2009.
    22009年第32届协商会议西班牙、瑞典等六个国家提交的名为“生物勘探的概念、术语、定义和比较研究”的信息文件,Information Paper on Concepts, Terms and Definitions, including a ComparativeAnalysis, submittedto ATCM XXXII by Spain, Sweden and the six countries,2009.
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    1《法国深海海底矿物资源勘探和开发法》第2条。
    2《德国深海海底采矿暂时调整法》第2条。
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    1Biological Prospecting in Antarctica, Resolution7in the report of ATCM XXVIII-CEP VIII, Stockholm,2005,available at http://www.ats.aq/devAS/ats_meetings_meeting_measure.aspx?lang=e,最后访问2012-11-8。22005年第28届协商会议新西兰提交的名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Papers on BiologicalProspecting in Antarctica, Submitted to the XXVIII ATCM by New Zealand,2005.
    3New Zealand Information Paper XXVI ATCM/IP047which was a report of an academic workshop onBioprospecting in Antarctica hosted by “Gateway Antarctica” at the University of Canterbury in2003.
    12006年第29届协商会议联合国环境计划署提交的名为“探索南极生物勘探法律机制”的工作文件,Working Paper on Exploring the Antarctic bioprospecting legal mechanisms, submitted to ATCM XXIX by theUnited Nations Environment Programme,2006.
    12009年第32届协商会议西班牙、瑞典等六个国家提交的名为“生物勘探的概念、术语、定义和比较研究”的信息文件,Information Paper on Concepts, Terms and Definitions, including a ComparativeAnalysis, submittedto ATCM XXXII by Spain, Sweden and the six countries,2009.
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    1联合国文件A/39/583(第一部分),1984年10月31日,第71页。
    2米勒:《第三次联合国海洋法会议对南极制度的影响》,第171页。
    1Brian M. Hoffstadt, Moving the Heavens: Lunar Mining and the Common Heritage of Mankind in the MoonTreaty,(42) UCLA Law Review,1994, at575-621.
    1参见联合国秘书长报告《南极洲问题》(A/41/722),第一部分,第164段。
    1参见联合国秘书长报告:《南极洲问题》(A/39/583),第一部分,第68-72页;第二部分,有关南极条约缔约国代表的发言。
    2参见:Lyle Glowka, the Deepest of Ironies: Genetic Resources, Marine Scientific Research, and the Area,(12)Ocean Yearbook,1996, at154-178. Julia Jabour Green and Dianne Nicol, Bioprospecting in Areas outsideNational Jurisdiction: Antarctica and the Sourthern Ocean,(4) Melbourne Journal of International Law,2003, at76-111.
    1翟玉成:《论国际法上主权问题的发展趋势》,《法学评论》1997年第3期,第4页。
    1Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism—The,Biological Expansion of Europe, Cambridge Press, Cambridge,1986, at900-1900.
    1钊作俊:《刑法效力范围比较研究》,人民法院出版社2004年版,第270页。
    1[罗马]盖尤斯:《法学阶梯》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社1996年版,第100页,第66条;[罗马]《法学总论——法学阶梯》,张企泰译,商务印书馆1993年版。
    2韩德培主编:《现代国际法》,武汉大学出版社1992年版,第60-61页。
    1秦天宝:《遗传资源获取与惠益分享的法律问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2006年版,第37页。
    2例如:在《生物多样性公约》以及《粮食与农业遗传资源国际条约》的谈判中,各国代表没有一个公开赞成这种主张的。关于此问题的详述,参见:StephanicAulong and Sophie Thoyer: the Evolving Nature ofConflicts in International Environmental Negotiations: the Case of the International Treaty on Agricultural GeneticResources, Paper Presented at the4thPan-European International Relations Conference, Canterbury (UK),2001-9-8/9.
    3尽管各国对“人类”(Mankind)是否构成新的国际法主体还存在争论,但由世界上所有国家代表全人类来行使权利在法律和事实上都已经被接受。关于此问题的详述,参见Christopher C. Joyner, Legal Implicationsof the Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind,(35) International Law and Comparative Law Quarterly,1986, at190.
    1Moore,1Int. Arb. Awards (1898),755, reprinted in1International Environmental Law Reports,1999, at43.
    1详细内容和具体分析参见秦天宝:《遗传资源获取与惠益分享的法律问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2006年版,第82-96页。
    1秦天宝:《美国拒绝批准《京都议定书》的国际法分析》,《珞珈法学论坛》(第2卷),武汉大学出版社2002年版,第288页。
    2秦天宝先生认为不应当忽视人类共同关切事项中国家主权的地位。详细内容参见秦天宝:《遗传资源获取与惠益分享的法律问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2006年版,第96-99页。
    3德国国际环境法学者弗兰克·比尔曼(Frank Biermann)在以大气保护为例进行分析时,认为人类共同关切事项的内涵包括各国对共同关切事项承担共同但有区别的责任和发达国家负有团结协助(solidarity)的义务两个重要方面。参见Frank Biermann,"Concern of Humankind": the Emergence of a New Concept ofInternational Environmental Law,(34) Srchiv des Volkerrechts,4,1996, at426-481.
    1Frank Biermann,"Concern of Humankind": the Emergence of a New Concept of International EnvironmentalLaw,(34) Srchiv des Volkerrechts,4,1996, at426-481.
    2浦莉:《遗传资源与相关传统知识的民法保护研究》,人民法院出版社2009年版,第31页。
    1秦天宝:《遗传资源获取与惠益分享的法律问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2006年版,第96-99页。
    1Stephen B. Brush, the Demise of "Common Heritage" and Protection for Traditional Agricultural Knowledge,Paper Prepared for Conference on Biodiversity, Biotechnology and the Protection of Traditional Knowledge, St.Louis MO,2003-4-4/5.
    1Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary,6th edition1990, at1304-1305.
    2Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighborhood,Report of the Commission on Global
    3Governance, New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford,1995, at251-253.James E. Mann, French Nuclear Testing and International Law,24RUT. L. R.1969, at157-159.
    4William James Holmes, a Comparison of the United Ststes and Russian Federation Regimes for Protection of theAntarctic by the Use of Use of Environmental Impact Assessments, Georgetown International Environmental LawReview Winter,1993, at73.
    5Executive Order No.12,114,3C.F.R.734(1980), reprinted in42U.S.C.§43211988, at978.
    1Scott C. Whitney, Should the National Environmental Policy Act Be Extended to Major Federal DecisionsSignificantly Affecting the Environment of Sovereign Foreign States and the Global Commons?,1VILL. ENVTL.L.J.1990, at431.
    1翟玉成:《论国际法上主权问题的发展趋势》,《法学评论》1997年第3期,第4页。
    1[英]洛克:《政府论》(下册),叶启芳、瞿菊农泽,商务印书馆1996年版,第22页。
    1《南极条约》第1、3、4、7条。
    1凯温尼格:《人类的共同继承遗产——一个政治口号还是一个国际法的关键概念》,《法律与国家》第24卷,第18页。
    2凌岩:《国际空间法问题新论》,人民法院出版社2006年版,第193页。
    3《外国法学译丛》1987年第1期,转引自梁淑英:《人类共同继承财产原则的含义》,《政法论坛》,1990年第5期,第44页。
    4联合国大会第1962号决议,转引自王铁崖、田如萱:《国际法资料选编》,法律出版社1981年版,第557-559、560-565页。
    5万鄂湘:《国际强行法与国际公共政策》,武汉大学出版社1990年版,第144页。
    6马耳他对联合国秘书长的永久使命,verbale,1967年8月17日,联合国文件A/6095,参见Ogley, WhoseCommon Heritage? Creating a Law for the Sea-bed (Guildford,1975), at17-25.
    1Gennady M. Danilenko,"the Concept of the 'Common Heritage of Mankind' in International Law", Annals ofAir and Space Law, Vol. XIII,1998, at252-253.
    2王铁崖:《论人类的共同继承财产的概念》,载《中国国际法年刊》,中国对外翻译出版公司出版,1984年版,第22页。
    3马耳他对联合国秘书长的永久使命,verbale,1967年8月17日,联合国文件A/6095,参见Ogley,WhoseCommon Heritage? Creating a Law for the Sea-bed (Guildford,1975), at17-25.
    3联合国文件A/39/583(第一部分),1984年10月31日,第71页。
    1阿维德·帕多:《谁来控制海底?》,《外交季刊》,1968年10月号,第137页。
    2参见:[波]拉克斯著:《外层空间法》,郑衍杓等译,上海社会科学院出版社1990年版,第205页。
    1联合国文件A/6695。
    1李燕妙:《试析人类共同继承财产的概念与基本内涵》,《中山大学学报论丛》2004年第2期,第112页。
    1参见:李燕妙:《试析人类共同继承财产的概念与基本内涵》,《中山大学学报论丛》2004年第2期,第112页。
    2《第三次联合国海洋法会议正式记录》,1974年版,第一卷第186页,第二卷第20页。
    1[英]帕特莎·波尼、埃伦·波义尔,那力、王彦志、王小钢译:《国际法与环境》(第二版),高等教育出版社2007年版,第134页。
    21982年《联合国海洋法公约》第140条第2款。
    3《外国法学译丛》1988年第4期,转引自梁淑英:《人类共同继承财产原则的含义》,《政法论坛》1990年第5期,第48页。
    1Deborah C. Waller, Abstract, Death of a Theory: The Decline and Fall of the Antarctic Minerals Convention,Vand Journal of Transnational Law, Volume22,1989, at660.
    2Jill Grob, Antarctica's Frozen Territorial Claims: A Meltdown Proposal, B.C. International and Comparative LawReview, Volume30,2007, at483.
    1奥康奈尔:《国际海洋法》,第2卷,1982年版,第1062页。
    2《国际法委员会报告》,1956年,第24页。转引自麦克杜格尔与伯克:《海洋的公约秩序》,(英文本),第760页。,
    1UN Doc. A/CONF.62/C.3/L.9,22August1974.
    2UN Doc. A/CONF.62/C.3/L.26,3April1975.
    1Francesco Francioni and Tullio Scovazzi, Biotechnology and International Law. Hart Publishing,2006, at332-343.
    2J. MAY, THE GREENPEACE BOOK OF ANTARCTICA,1988, at158.
    3Antarctic Resource Jurisdiction and the Law of the Sea: A Question of Compromise,11BROOKLYN J. INT'L L.
    1985, at65.
    1朱瑛、薛桂芳、李金蓉:《南极地区大陆架划界引发的法律制度碰撞》,《极地研究》2011年第4期,第322页。转引自Dodds K. Governing Antarctica: Contemporary Challenges and the Enduring Legacy of the1959Antarctic Treaty. Global Policy,2010(1), at108-115.
    1UN doc, A/41/722, November17,1986, at29.
    1参见联合国秘书长报告《南极洲问题》(A/41/722),第一部分,第164段。
    1Allan Young, Antarctic Resource Jurisdiction and the Law of the Sea: a Question of Compromise, BrooklynJournal of International Law,11Brook. J. Int'l L.,1985, at45.
    1朱瑛、薛桂芳、李金蓉:《南极地区大陆架划界引发的法律制度碰撞》,《极地研究》2011年第4期,第323页。转引自Dodds K. Governing Antarctica: Contemporary Challenges and the Enduring Legacy of the1959Antarctic Treaty. Global Policy,2010(1), at108-115.
    1Deborah C. Waller, Abstract, Death of a Theory: the Decline and Fall of the Antarctic Minerals Convention,Vand Journal of Transnational Law,Volume22,1989, at660.
    1UN doc, A/41/722, November17,1986, at29.
    1Reports of the Chairmen of the Legal and Technical Commission to the Council (ISBA/9/C/4and ISBA/10/C/4).
    2Para15-17, Report of the Chairman of the Legal and Technical Commission (ISBA/9/C/4).
    1《联合国海洋法公约》第153条。
    1薛达元:《民族地区遗传资源获取与惠益分享案例研究》,中国环境科学出版社2009年版,第1页。
    1UNEP/CBD/COP/10/5/Add.1,5May2009, at10.
    2UNEP/CBD/COP/8/WG.1/CRP.12/Add.1.
    1UNEP/CBD/COP/10/5/Add.1,5May2009, at119.
    1Frank Pallone, Resource Exploitation: the Threat to the Legal Regime of Antarctica, International Lawyer,vol.12,1978, at547.
    2Bernard P. Herber, Bioprospecting in Antarctica: The Search for a Policy Regime,42Polar Rec.2006, at139,143.
    1David Leary, Bi-Polar Disorder? Is Bioprospecting an Emerging Issue for the Arctic as Well as for Antarctica? at42; see also John Vogler, The Global Commons: A Regime Analysis,1995, at8.(该学者则认为:成员国从未认为南极的海洋资源是人类共同遗产的一部分)。
    1杰塞普、陶本菲尔德:《外空管理和与南极洲的类比》,1959年,第171页;沃尔夫鲁姆《对南极非生物资源的利用:寻求受托人》,《南极的挑战》,1984年,第62页;巴尔内斯:《制定中的南极生物资源公约》,《美国国际法学会第73届年会记录》,1979年,第288-289页。
    1基什:《国际空间法》,1973年,第76页。
    2海顿:《极地问题与国际法》,《美国国际法杂志》第52卷,1958年,第746页;托马:《苏联对南极领土主权取得的态度》,《美国国际法杂志》第50卷,1956年,第611-626页。
    3哈内西恩:《南极:当前的国家利益与法律现实》,《美国国际法学会第52届年会记录》,1958年,第163页。
    4普里:《南极:人类共同继承财产》,载夏尔马编《对南极日益集中的焦点》,1986年,第268页。
    5联合国文件A/37/PV10,1982年,第17-20页。
    1联合国文件A/C.1/38/PV46,1983年,第13页。
    2联合国文件A/38/PV97,1983年,第30-31页。
    1J. MAY, THE GREENPEACE BOOK OF ANTARCTICA,1988, at158.
    2Antarctic Resource Jurisdiction and the Law of the Sea: A Question of Compromise,11BROOKLYN J. INT'L L.1985, at65.
    1The Ad Hoc Open-Ended Informal Working Group was established pursuant to G.A. Res.59/24, at73, U.N. Doc.A/RES/59/24(Feb.4,2005).
    1Elaine F. Foreman, Protecting the Antarctic Environment: will a Protocol be Enough? American UniversityJournal of International Law and Policy Summer,1992, at843-879.
    2Ethel R. Theis, the United Nations and the Antarctic Treaty System, American Society of International LawProceedings April9-12,1986, at269-287.
    3郭培清:《南极洲与联合国关系辨析》,《太平洋学报》2006年第5期,第17页。
    12002年第25届协商会议英国向南极环境保护委员会提交名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paperon Biological Prospecting in Antarctica, Submitted to the XXV ATCM by the United Kingdom,2002.
    12002年第25届协商会议英国向南极环境保护委员会提交名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paperon Biological Prospecting in Antarctica, Submitted to the XXV ATCM by the United Kingdom,2002.
    2Julia Jabour Green and Dianne Nicol. Bioprospecting in areas outside national jurisdiction: Antarctica and theSouthern Ocean. Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol4,2003, at86-87.
    32009年第32届协商会议西班牙、瑞典等六个国家提交的名为“生物勘探的概念、术语、定义和比较研究”
    的信息文件,Information Paper on Concepts, Terms and Definitions, including a ComparativeAnalysis, submitted
    to ATCM XXXII by Spain, Sweden and the six countries,2009.
    1Biological Prospecting in Antarctica, Resolution7in the report of ATCM XXVIII-CEP VIII, Stockholm,2005.available at http://www.ats.aq/devAS/ats_meetings_meeting_measure.aspx?lang=e,最后访问2012-11-8。
    22005年第28届协商会议新西兰、瑞典提交的名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paper on BiologicalProspecting in Antarctica, Submitted to the XXVIII ATCM by the New Zealand, Sweden,2005. New ZealandInformation Paper XXVI ATCM/IP047which was a report of an academic workshop on Bioprospecting inAntarctica hosted by “Gateway Antarctica” at the University of Canterbury in2003.
    12007年第30届协商会议荷兰、比利时、法国提交的名为“南极生物勘探管理框架范围的确定”的工作文件,Working Paper on Biological Prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area–Scoping for a Regulatory Framework,submitted to ATCM XXX by the Netherlands, Belgium and France,2007.
    12008年第31届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组对南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper on Report of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to examine the issue of BiologicalProspecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCM XXXI by the Netherlands,2008.保加利亚等八个国家提交的名为“南极条约体系管理生物勘探的缺陷分析”的工作文件,AGap Analysis of theAntarctic TreatySystem Regarding the Management of Biological Prospecting,2009.
    12007年第30届协商会议荷兰、比利时、法国提交的名为“南极生物勘探管理框架范围的确定”的工作文件,Working Paper on Biological Prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area–Scoping for a Regulatory Framework,submitted to ATCM XXX by the Netherlands, Belgium and France,2007.22008年第31届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组对南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper on Report of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to examine the issue of BiologicalProspecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCM XXXI by the Netherlands,2008.
    12009年第32届协商会议保加利亚等八个国家提交的名为“南极条约体系管理生物勘探的缺陷分析”的工作文件,Working Paper onAGap Analysis of the Antarctic Treaty System Regarding the Management ofBiological Prospecting, submitted to ATCM XXXII by Bulgaria,2009.22010年第33届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“南极条约地区生物资源获取和使用的原则”的工作文件,Working Paper on Principles for the Access to and Use of Biological Material in the Antarctic Treaty Area,submitted to ATCM XXXIII by Netherlands,2010.2010年第33届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组就南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper on Report of theATCM IntersessionalContact Group to Examine the Issue of Biological Prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCMXXXIII by Netherlands,2010.
    1南极条约第3条第1款有关“基于科学研究的目的而进行的科学信息的交流与合作”的规定。22005年第28届协商会议新西兰、瑞典提交的名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paper on BiologicalProspecting in Antarctica, Submitted to the XXVIII ATCM by the New Zealand, Sweden,2005.32008年第31届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组对南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper on Report of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to examine the issue of BiologicalProspecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCM XXXI by the Netherlands,2008.
    12009年第32届协商会议保加利亚等八个国家提交的名为“南极条约体系管理生物勘探的缺陷分析”的工作文件,Working Paper onAGap Analysis of the Antarctic Treaty System Regarding the Management ofBiological Prospecting, submitted to ATCM XXXII by Bulgaria,2009.
    12008年第31届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组对南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper on Report of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to examine the issue of BiologicalProspecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCM XXXI by the Netherlands,2008.
    12009年第32届协商会议保加利亚等八个国家提交的名为“南极条约体系管理生物勘探的缺陷分析”的工作文件,Working Paper onAGap Analysis of the Antarctic Treaty System Regarding the Management ofBiological Prospecting, submitted to ATCM XXXII by Bulgaria,2009.
    12010年第33届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组就南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper on Report of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to Examine the Issue of BiologicalProspecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCM XXXIII by Netherlands,2010.
    12002年第25届协商会议英国向南极环境保护委员会提交名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paperon Biological Prospecting in Antarctica, Submitted to the XXV ATCM by the United Kingdom,2002.
    22003年第26届协商会议新西兰提交的名为“海洋药物生物勘探的规模和可持续性”的工作文件,WorkingPaper on Scale and Sustainability of Marine Bioprospecting for Pharmaceuticals, Submitted to ATCM XXVI bythe New Zealand,2003.
    32004年第27届协商会议最终报告,Final Report of the Twenty-Seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting,Cape Town, South Africa,24May-4June2004, at294.
    42005年第28届协商会议西班牙、新西兰、瑞典提交的名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paperson Biological Prospecting in Antarctica, Submitted to the XXVIII ATCM by Spain, New Zealand, Sweden,2005.
    52006年第29届协商会议最终报告,Final Report of the Twenty-ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting,Edinburgh, United Kingdom,12-23June2006.
    12007年第30届协商会议荷兰、比利时、法国提交的名为“南极生物勘探管理框架范围的确定”的工作文件,Working Paper on Biological Prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area–Scoping for a Regulatory Framework,submitted to ATCM XXX by the Netherlands, Belgium and France,2007.
    22008年第31届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组对南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper on Report of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to examine the issue of BiologicalProspecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCM XXXI by the Netherlands,2008.
    32009年第32届协商会议澳大利亚、新西兰提交的名为“南极条约体系下生物勘探的规制”的工作文件,Working Paper on Regulation of biological prospecting under the Antarctic Treaty system, submitted to ATCMXXXII by Australia and New Zealand,2009.2009年第32届协商会议保加利亚等八个国家提交的名为“南极条约体系管理生物勘探的缺陷分析”的工作文件,Working Paper onAGap Analysis of the Antarctic TreatySystem Regarding the Management of Biological Prospecting, submitted to ATCM XXXII by Bulgaria,2009.
    12010年第33届协商会议联合国环境规划署提交的名为“异地保育在南极生物勘探中的作用”的工作文件,Working Paper on the Role of Ex-Situ Collections in Antarctic Bioprospecting, prepared by UNU-IAS, submittedto ATCM XXXIII by UNEP,2010.
    1梁咏:《对南极地区的国际法展望与中国立场:人类共同遗产的视角》,《法学评论》2011年第5期,第88页。
    2参见汉伯罗:《对南极条约合作的未来的一些注释》,《美同国际法杂志》1974年第68卷第2号,第225页。
    1参见沃尔夫鲁姆:《对南极非生物资源的利用:寻求受托人》,载于沃尔夫鲁姆编:《南极的挑战》1984年,第145页。
    2高风:《南极的法律地位与南极的管理模式》,《中国国际法学会中国国际法年刊1991年》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1992年第1版,第375-376页。
    1联合国文件A/39/583(第一部分),1984年10月31日,第39页。
    2布莱德雷·纳斯占,勃利·布内蒙:《国际法中的人类共同继承财产原则》,李适时译,摘自《美国哥伦比亚跨国法杂志》1983年第2期。
    3沃尔夫鲁姆:《对南极非生物资源的利用:寻求受托人》,载于沃尔夫鲁姆编:《南极的挑战》1984年,第184页。
    12009年第32届协商会议澳大利亚、新西兰提交的名为“南极条约体系下生物勘探的规制”的工作文件,Working Paper on Regulation of biological prospecting under the Antarctic Treaty system, submitted to ATCMXXXII by Australia and New Zealand,2009.2009年第32届协商会议保加利亚等八个国家提交的名为“南极条约体系管理生物勘探的缺陷分析”的工作文件,Working Paper onAGapAnalysis of theAntarctic TreatySystem Regarding the Management of Biological Prospecting, submitted to ATCM XXXII by Bulgaria,2009.
    1《南极条约协商国会议协商议事规则》,第25条,1997年。
    1参见联合国秘书长报告:《南极洲问题》(A/39/583),第一部分,第68-72页;第二部分,有关南极条约缔约国代表的发言。
    2巴尔顿希:《国际法上条约的第三方义务》,转引自布鲁纳:《南极条约第10条探析》,载弗朗西奥尼、斯科瓦奇编:《南极国际法》,1987年,第31页。
    1邹克渊:《南极条约体系与第三国》,《中外法学》1995年第5期,第44-45页。
    1徐世杰:《浅析南极条约协商会议工作机制及影响》,《海洋开发与管理》2004年第3期,第43-44页。
    1《南极海洋生物资源养护公约》第15条。
    1《英国深海采矿法》第2条,载于《国际法律资料》,英文本,1981年,第21卷,第1218-1227页。
    2《美国深海海底固体矿物资源法》第1章第2条第2款。
    3《意大利深海海底矿物资源勘探和开发法》第3条。
    4《法国深海海底矿物资源勘探和开发法》第2条。
    5《德国深海海底采矿暂时调整法》第2条。
    1《美国深海海底固体矿物资源法》第1章第1条第1款。
    2《法国深海海底矿物资源勘探和开发法》第6条第2款。
    3《德国深海海底采矿暂时调整法》第10条第4款。
    4《德国深海海底采矿暂时调整法》第5条第3款。
    5国际海底区域资源勘探和开发许可证制度,中国国际法学会主编:《中国国际法年刊》,中国对外翻译出版公司1992年版,第129-144页。
    1《南极条约》第7条第5款。
    12010年第33届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“南极条约地区生物资源获取和使用的原则”的工作文件,Working Paper on Principles for the Access to and Use of Biological Material in the Antarctic Treaty Area,submitted to ATCM XXXIII by Netherlands,2010.
    22009年第32届协商会议保加利亚等八个国家提交的名为“南极条约体系管理生物勘探的缺陷分析”的工作文件,Working Paper onAGap Analysis of the Antarctic Treaty System Regarding the Management ofBiological Prospecting, submitted to ATCM XXXII by Bulgaria,2009.
    1陈可文:《国际海底区域矿物资源的开发利用》,《中国海洋经济学》,海洋出版社2003年版,第259-260页。
    1It is important to note that there are divergent views among States Parties with regard to the role of the Meetingof States Parties in relation to the discussion of substantive matters. See document SPLOS/148, paragraphs92-95.
    2Document SPLOS/148,第87段。
    12008年第31届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组对南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper on Report of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to examine the issue of BiologicalProspecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCM XXXI by the Netherlands,2008.22009年第32届协商会议保加利亚等八个国家提交的名为“南极条约体系管理生物勘探的缺陷分析”的工作文件,Working Paper onAGap Analysis of the Antarctic Treaty System Regarding the Management ofBiological Prospecting, submitted to ATCM XXXII by Bulgaria,2009.
    12010年第33届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组就南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper on Report of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to Examine the Issue of BiologicalProspecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCM XXXIII by Netherlands,2010.
    1秦天宝著:《遗传资源获取与惠益分享的法律问题研究》,武汉大学出版社2006年版,第422-423页。
    1Maria Dolores Pigretti Ohman, Access to and Intellectual Property Rights over Genetic Resources with a SpecialFocus on Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing: International Context and the Argentinian Case, IIIEE Reports2002,at6, The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics,2002, at57.
    1史学瀛:《生物多样性法律问题研究》,人民出版社2007年版,第158页。
    1《生物多样性公约》第14条。
    1赵烨著:《南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤与环境》,海洋出版社1999年版,第139页。
    12007年第30届协商会议荷兰、比利时、法国提交的名为“南极生物勘探管理框架范围的确定”的工作文件,Working Paper on Biological Prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area–Scoping for a Regulatory Framework,submitted to ATCM XXX by the Netherlands, Belgium and France,2007.
    1Antarctic Resource Jurisdiction and the Law of the Sea: A Question of Compromise,11BROOKLYN J. INT'L L.1985, at65.
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    [1]2002年第25届协商会议英国向南极环境保护委员会提交名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paper on Biological Prospecting inAntarctica, Submitted to the XXV ATCM by the United Kingdom,2002.
    [2]2002年第25届协商会议英国提交的名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paper on Biological Prospecting in Antarctica,Submitted to ATCM XXV by the United Kingdom,2002.
    [3]2003年第26届协商会议新西兰提交的名为“海洋药物生物勘探的规模和可持续性”的工作文件,Working Paper on Scale andSustainability of Marine Bioprospecting for Pharmaceuticals, Submittedto ATCM XXVI by the New Zealand,2003.
    [4]2004年第27届协商会议最终报告, Final Report of theTwenty-Seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Cape Town,South Africa,24May-4June2004.
    [5]2005年第28届协商会议西班牙、新西兰、瑞典提交的名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Papers on Biological Prospecting inAntarctica, Submitted to the XXVIII ATCM by Spain, New Zealand,Sweden,2005.
    [6]2005年第28届协商会议新西兰、瑞典提交的名为“南极生物勘探”的工作文件,Working Paper on Biological Prospecting inAntarctica,Submitted to the XXVIII ATCM by the New Zealand, Sweden,2005.
    [7]2005年28届协商会议联合国大学高级研究所提交的名为“南极生物勘探的最新发展”的工作文件,Working Paper on RecentDevelopments in Biological Prospecting Relevant to Antarctica,Submitted to the XXVIII ATCM by United Nations University Institute ofAdvanced Studies,2005.
    [8]2006年第29届协商会议最终报告,Final Report of the Twenty-ninthAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,12-23June2006.
    [9]2006年29届协商会议阿根廷提交的名为“阿根廷在南极的生物勘探和修复的活动”的工作文件,Working Paper onArgentine activitiesof bioprospecting and bioremediation in Antarctica, Submitted to theXXIX ATCM by Argentina,2006.
    [10]2006年29届协商会议白俄罗斯和联合国环境规划署提交的名为“生物勘探的最新趋势”的工作文件,Working Paper on Recent Trendsin the Biological Prospecting, Submitted to the XXIX ATCM by Belarusand UNEP,2006.
    [11]2006年29届协商会议联合国环境规划署提交的名为“南极生物勘探的最新趋势”的工作文件,Working Paper on Recent Trends in theBiological Prospecting, Submitted to the XXIX ATCM by UNEP,2006.
    [12]2006年第29届协商会议联合国环境计划署提交的名为“探索南极生物勘探法律机制”的工作文件,Working Paper on Exploring theAntarctic bioprospecting legal mechanisms, submitted to ATCM XXIXby UNEP,2006.
    [13]2007年第30届协商会议荷兰、比利时、法国提交的名为“南极生物勘探管理框架范围的确定”的工作文件,Working Paper onBiological Prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area–Scoping for aRegulatory Framework, submitted to ATCM XXX by the Netherlands,Belgium and France,2007.
    [14]2007年第30届协商会议联合国环境规划署提交的名为“南极生物勘探的回顾与发展”的工作文件,Working Paper on BiologicalProspecting in Antarctica: Review, Update and Proposed Tool to Supporta Way Forward, submitted to ATCM XXX by UNU-IAS with supportfrom the Belgian Federal Ministry of Environment and UNEP,2007.
    [15]2008年第31届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组对南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper onReport of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to examine the issue ofBiological Prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted to ATCMXXXI by the Netherlands,2008.
    [16]2008年第31届协商会议比利时提交的名为“南极生物勘探数据库的发展更新”的工作文件,Working Paper onAn update on biologicalprospecting in Antarctica, including the development of the AntarcticBiological Prospecting Database, submitted to ATCM XXXI by Belgium,2008.
    [17]2008年第31届协商会议最终报告,Final Report of the Thirty-firstAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting,2008.
    [18]2009年第32届协商会议保加利亚等八个国家提交的名为“南极条约体系管理生物勘探的缺陷分析”的工作文件,Working Paper onAGap Analysis of the Antarctic Treaty System Regarding the Managementof Biological Prospecting, submitted to ATCM XXXII by Bulgaria,2009.
    [19]2009年第32届协商会议澳大利亚、新西兰提交的名为“南极条约体系下生物勘探的规制”的工作文件,Working Paper on Regulationof biological prospecting under the Antarctic Treaty system, submitted toATCM XXXII by Australia and New Zealand,2009.
    [20]2009年第32届协商会议西班牙、瑞典等六个国家提交的名为“生物勘探的概念、术语、定义和比较研究”的信息文件,Information Paperon Concepts, Terms and Definitions, including a Comparative Analysis,submitted to ATCM XXXII by Spain, Sweden and the six countries,2009.
    [21]2009年第32届协商会议比利时等八个国家提交的名为“南极生物勘探数据库”的工作文件,Working Paper on TheAntarctic BiologicalProspecting Database, submitted to ATCM XXXII by Belgium and theeight countries,2009.
    [22]2009年第32届协商会议联合国环境规划署提交的名为“生物勘探:在国际层面上最近的政策发展更新”的工作文件,Working Paperon Biological Prospecting: An update on recent policy developments atthe international level, submitted to ATCM XXXII by UNEP,2009.
    [23]2009年第32届协商会议南极研究科学委员会提交的名为“南极生物勘探:南极研究科学委员会的更新评论”的工作文件,WorkingPaper on Biological prospecting in the Antarctic: An update on the reviewby SCAR, submitted to ATCM XXXII by SCAR,2009.
    [24]2010年第33届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“南极条约地区生物资源获取和使用的原则”的工作文件,Working Paper on Principles for theAccess to and Use of Biological Material in the Antarctic Treaty Area,submitted to ATCM XXXIII by Netherlands,2010.
    [25]2010年第33届协商会议荷兰提交的名为“ATCM联络组就南极条约区域生物勘探问题的调查报告”的工作文件,Working Paper onReport of the ATCM Intersessional Contact Group to Examine the Issueof Biological Prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area, submitted toATCM XXXIII by Netherlands,2010.
    [26]2010年第33届协商会议联合国环境规划署提交的名为“异地保育在南极生物勘探中的作用”的工作文件,Working Paper on the Roleof Ex-Situ Collections in Antarctic Bioprospecting, prepared byUNU-IAS, submitted to ATCM XXXIII by UNEP,2010.
    [27]2010年第33届协商会议南极研究科学委员会提交的名为“南极地区生物勘探:最新研究的保守概况”的工作文件,Working Paper onBiological prospecting in the Antarctic region: a conservative overview ofcurrent research, submitted to ATCM XXXII by SCAR,2010.
    [28]2011年第32届协商会议最终报告, Final Report of theThirty-second Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting,2011.
    [29]2012年第33届协商会议最终报告,Final Report of the Thirty-thirdAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting,2012.
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