论人类共同遗产原则
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摘要
“人类活动的外部空间”指未有人涉足或虽已有人类能够到达,但不能大规模地,常态化的进入并开发利用的领域。这些领域并不处于国家主权权利之下,或者主权权利处于不确定的状态。随着人类科技不断进步,这些领域都将被人类所利用和开发。这就要求在国际法的框架下,对这类领域的权利归属进行划分。“人类共同遗产”的提出在法理上恰好能够满足这一要求,但是实际的适用过程中却出现了不少阻碍。
本文回溯人类共同遗产原则的思想起源和发展,对其概念和所包含的元素进行必要的分析；第三章介绍已经明确为人类共同遗产的领域和其可能适用的领域,为下文分析人类共同遗产原则困境提供支持；第四章中提出人类共同遗产原则之困境在于应对环境问题的乏力和缺乏公平有效的开发模式。为避免“共有地”悲剧,限制对这一类领域的利用和开发的做法显然不合适,这也将加深地球资源短缺和人类共同遗产原则之间的矛盾。笔者提出人类共同遗产原则在注重公平的同时要提高对效率的要求,建立一种公平高效的开发模式以满足发达国家和发展中国家的利益要求,满足现代人及人类后代的生存需要。
国际法学界并没能对“人类共同遗产”原则形成统一的认识。本文从现实角度出发,排除某些领域适用人类共同遗产原则的可能,为人类共同遗产原则走出困境并充分发挥效用提出建议。科技不断进步,开发利用“人类活动的外部空间”的实际作用逐渐突显,人类共同遗产原则也将再次焕发生命。
"The exterior space of human being" means the space that human has never arrived at or at least not widely used, the space is not under the national sovereignty rights or uncertain. With the development of human science and technology, the space began to be developed and used, which requires qualitative investigation of the space under the framework of international law. The idea of "common heritage of mankind" can meet this requirement, but there have been many obstacles.
This paper reviews the ideological origins and development of the principle of common heritage of mankind, analyzes its concepts and elements necessarily, the third chapter describes the field that being used and probably used which provides the support for the following analysis of the predicament of the common heritage of mankind principle. Chapter four presents the key factors of the predicament of common heritage of mankind principle, which are the fatigue of environmental problems and the lack of fair and effective model of development, it is not wise to restrict the practice of the use and development of the space to avoid the tragedy of the "total land", and it will also deepen the contradictions of the shortage of resources of the earth and the common heritage of mankind, I hold that the effective development is as important as fairness in the principle of common heritage of mankind, and it is necessary to establish a fair and efficient development patterns to meet the interests and demands of the developed and developing countries, to meet the needs of the modern people and its future generations.
It is not able to form a unified understanding of the principles of "common heritage of mankind" in international jurisprudence, this paper excludes the possibility of applying the common heritage of mankind in some areas and gives advice to overcome the predicament of the common heritage of mankind and make full use of this principle on the realistic basis. With the developments of technology, the affection of the exterior space of human being becomes more and more important and the principle of common heritage of mankind will be refreshed.
本文回溯人类共同遗产原则的思想起源和发展,对其概念和所包含的元素进行必要的分析；第三章介绍已经明确为人类共同遗产的领域和其可能适用的领域,为下文分析人类共同遗产原则困境提供支持；第四章中提出人类共同遗产原则之困境在于应对环境问题的乏力和缺乏公平有效的开发模式。为避免“共有地”悲剧,限制对这一类领域的利用和开发的做法显然不合适,这也将加深地球资源短缺和人类共同遗产原则之间的矛盾。笔者提出人类共同遗产原则在注重公平的同时要提高对效率的要求,建立一种公平高效的开发模式以满足发达国家和发展中国家的利益要求,满足现代人及人类后代的生存需要。
国际法学界并没能对“人类共同遗产”原则形成统一的认识。本文从现实角度出发,排除某些领域适用人类共同遗产原则的可能,为人类共同遗产原则走出困境并充分发挥效用提出建议。科技不断进步,开发利用“人类活动的外部空间”的实际作用逐渐突显,人类共同遗产原则也将再次焕发生命。
"The exterior space of human being" means the space that human has never arrived at or at least not widely used, the space is not under the national sovereignty rights or uncertain. With the development of human science and technology, the space began to be developed and used, which requires qualitative investigation of the space under the framework of international law. The idea of "common heritage of mankind" can meet this requirement, but there have been many obstacles.
This paper reviews the ideological origins and development of the principle of common heritage of mankind, analyzes its concepts and elements necessarily, the third chapter describes the field that being used and probably used which provides the support for the following analysis of the predicament of the common heritage of mankind principle. Chapter four presents the key factors of the predicament of common heritage of mankind principle, which are the fatigue of environmental problems and the lack of fair and effective model of development, it is not wise to restrict the practice of the use and development of the space to avoid the tragedy of the "total land", and it will also deepen the contradictions of the shortage of resources of the earth and the common heritage of mankind, I hold that the effective development is as important as fairness in the principle of common heritage of mankind, and it is necessary to establish a fair and efficient development patterns to meet the interests and demands of the developed and developing countries, to meet the needs of the modern people and its future generations.
It is not able to form a unified understanding of the principles of "common heritage of mankind" in international jurisprudence, this paper excludes the possibility of applying the common heritage of mankind in some areas and gives advice to overcome the predicament of the common heritage of mankind and make full use of this principle on the realistic basis. With the developments of technology, the affection of the exterior space of human being becomes more and more important and the principle of common heritage of mankind will be refreshed.
引文
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①自然法体现的人类利益包括人性、理性、正义、自由、平等、秩序等。
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①陈安.国际经济法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2007,P69.
① Kemal Baslar. the concept of the common heritage of mankind in international law [M].London:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.P16.
②格劳秀斯(著),马忠法(译).论海洋自由或荷兰参与东印度贸易的权利[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2005,P33.
①洛克(著),叶启芳,翟菊农(译).政府论(下篇)[M].北京：商务印书馆,2009,P17.
①自然法体现的人类利益包括人性、理性、正义、自由、平等、秩序等。
②优士丁尼(著),徐国栋(译).法学阶梯[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2005,P121
① Garrett Hardin. The Tragedy of the Commons.[J]. Science 13 December 1968:Vol 162 NO.3859 pp.1243-1248.
②Wihlbors,, Wijkman. Outer Space Resources In Efficient And Equitable Use:New Frontiers For Old Principles[J].The Journal Of Law And Economics.1979.P25.
①曾令良.现代国际法的人本化发展趋势[J],中国社会科学,2007(1).
②尼科·斯赫雷弗(著),汪习根,黄海滨(译).可持续发展在国际法中的演进：起源、涵义及地位[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2010,P54.
① Mische. National sovereignty and environmental law [J].BILDERBEEK ed.P105.
②Kemal Baslar. The Concept Of The Common Heritage Of Mankind In International Law [M],London:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1998.P84.
①付子堂.法理学初阶[M].北京：法律出版社,2006,P149.
①Black's law dictionary.west publishing CO.,1983,P1074.
①桑德罗·斯奇巴尼(著),罗智敏(译).罗马法中的海洋[J].罗马法学说汇纂,北京：知识产权出版社,2007,P251.
①邵津.国际法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005,P188.
① David Tan. Toward a New Regime for the Protection of Outer Space as the "Province of All Mankind"[J].YALE J.INT'L L 2000,P155.
①白海军.月球时代大挑战：大国崛起的新契机[M].北京：世界知识出版社,2008,P127.
②Kemal Baslar. The Concept Of The Common Heritage Of Mankind In International Law [M].London:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.1998,P183.
①位梦华,郭琨.南极政治与法律[M].北京：法律出版社,1989,P20.
②阿根廷、澳大利亚、比利时、智利、法国、日本、挪威、新西兰、南非、苏联、英国和美国十二国。
③位梦华,郭琨.南极政治与法律[M].北京：法律出版社,1989,P115.
④《保护南极动植物议定措施》、《南极海豹保护公约》、《南极海洋生物资源保护公约》、《南极矿产资源活动管理公约》、《关于环境保护的南极条约议定书》。
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