人群疏散模拟系统的研究
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摘要
随着社会经济的飞速发展,城市中各种高层建筑物、超大型商场以及购物中心、大型娱乐城、大规模体育运动场等一系列人员聚集场所应运而生。然而这些虽然满足了人们的多元化需求,丰富了人们的精神文化生活,却给人们带来了很大的安全隐患。一旦在这种场所发生突发事件,受惊的人群如何进行高效、快速的疏散就成为一个值得深入研究的问题。
疏散中的人群,其行为不仅受到外界各种因素的影响,而且也受到人们的心理状况的影响。对于疏散的人群,我们很难用数学的式子来总结其行动规律。由于人群疏散过程通常涉及大量的人员,进行过程中可能发生的各种意外和对于突发事件的不可预测性使实验难以进行。因此,在研究人群疏散时,计算机模拟是主要的手段。
本文提出了一种基于Agent人群建模的方法。该方法与传统建模方法有很大的不同点,传统的人群建模单位是群体,而本文是以单个个体为单位。这种建模方式能够很好的将个体、群体的行为特点表现出来。该模型的感知模块可以感知其周围环境中的静态、动态的障碍物,从而可以很好的实现避障功能。人群建模完成后,本文介绍了我们自主开发的基于OGRE图形引擎的架构和主要部分,并在此引擎的基础上以插件的形式开发了群体行为仿真模块子系统。最后,通过引擎构建出了群体仿真需要的动态3D环境,在引擎和工具开发出的验证系统中,对所提到的模型和思想进行了验证开发,取得了满意的效果。
The frequent turning up of high buildings, such as shopping malls, large entertainment places and large-scale stadium due to development of economy and society has satisfied multiple material and mental requirements of people, nevertheless these high buildings also posed safety threats. Once the emergent events occurred in such places, frightened people how efficient and rapid evacuation to be a worthy of further study.
The behavior evacuation crowd depends greatly on the interactions among crowd members and many other factors. So, it is very difficult to formulate it. On the other hand, the number of people must be evacuated is usually very high in emergent situation. It is impossible to do experiment like that due to the great expenditure and the possibility of accidents. So, the main feasible tool can be used to study evacuation dynamics is computer simulation.
This paper presents a crowd modeling method based on Agent.This method is different from traditional methods,the traditional modeling unit is a group of people,this paper is based on an individual as the unit.This modeling method can very good show the characteristics of individual and group. The model of the perception module that can sense the static and dynamic obstacles in the surrounding environment can achieve very good obstacle avoidance capabilities. After the crowd modeling is introduced, this paper presents the architecture based on the OGRE 3D graphics engine, which is independently developed by us.Based on the 3D engine, we developed a group behavior simulation module subsystem in the form of plug-in.
疏散中的人群,其行为不仅受到外界各种因素的影响,而且也受到人们的心理状况的影响。对于疏散的人群,我们很难用数学的式子来总结其行动规律。由于人群疏散过程通常涉及大量的人员,进行过程中可能发生的各种意外和对于突发事件的不可预测性使实验难以进行。因此,在研究人群疏散时,计算机模拟是主要的手段。
本文提出了一种基于Agent人群建模的方法。该方法与传统建模方法有很大的不同点,传统的人群建模单位是群体,而本文是以单个个体为单位。这种建模方式能够很好的将个体、群体的行为特点表现出来。该模型的感知模块可以感知其周围环境中的静态、动态的障碍物,从而可以很好的实现避障功能。人群建模完成后,本文介绍了我们自主开发的基于OGRE图形引擎的架构和主要部分,并在此引擎的基础上以插件的形式开发了群体行为仿真模块子系统。最后,通过引擎构建出了群体仿真需要的动态3D环境,在引擎和工具开发出的验证系统中,对所提到的模型和思想进行了验证开发,取得了满意的效果。
The frequent turning up of high buildings, such as shopping malls, large entertainment places and large-scale stadium due to development of economy and society has satisfied multiple material and mental requirements of people, nevertheless these high buildings also posed safety threats. Once the emergent events occurred in such places, frightened people how efficient and rapid evacuation to be a worthy of further study.
The behavior evacuation crowd depends greatly on the interactions among crowd members and many other factors. So, it is very difficult to formulate it. On the other hand, the number of people must be evacuated is usually very high in emergent situation. It is impossible to do experiment like that due to the great expenditure and the possibility of accidents. So, the main feasible tool can be used to study evacuation dynamics is computer simulation.
This paper presents a crowd modeling method based on Agent.This method is different from traditional methods,the traditional modeling unit is a group of people,this paper is based on an individual as the unit.This modeling method can very good show the characteristics of individual and group. The model of the perception module that can sense the static and dynamic obstacles in the surrounding environment can achieve very good obstacle avoidance capabilities. After the crowd modeling is introduced, this paper presents the architecture based on the OGRE 3D graphics engine, which is independently developed by us.Based on the 3D engine, we developed a group behavior simulation module subsystem in the form of plug-in.
引文
[1]Wang Chengwei, Gao Wen, Wang Xingren. Theory, Implementation and Application of VR(Virtual Reality). Beijing; Tsinghua University Press,1996(in Chinese)
[2]Helbing.D. Traffic and related self-driven many-particle systems. Reviews of Modern Physics,2001,73:1067-1141
[3]Hebling,D,Illes J.Farkas,P.Molnar,and T.Vicsek. Simulation of Pedestrain Crowds in Pedestrian and Evacuation Simulations. in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, M.Schreckenberg and S.D.Sharma(eds),2001,21-58
[4]K.Togawa. Study of fire escapes basing on the observation of multitude currents.Technical Report No.14, Building Research Institute,Ministry of Construction, Tokyo,1955
[5]S.J.Melinek and S.Booth.An analysis of evacuation times and the movement of crowds in buildings. BRE,Fire Research Station CP 96/75,1975. (BRE Current Paper CP 96/75 FRS)
[6]L.F.Henderson.On the fluid mechanics of human crowd motion.Transp.Res.1974, 8:509-515
[7]L.F.Henderson.The statistic of crowd Huids.Nature,1971,229:381-383
[8]R.L.Hughes.A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians. Transp.Res.Pt. B-Methodol.,2002,36:507-535
[9]R.L.Hughes.The flow of human crowds. Annu. Rew Fluid. Mech.,2003, 35:169-182
[10]Helbing.D. A mathematical model for the behavior of pedestrians. Behavioral Science,1991,36:298-310
[11]Heibing.D. Models for pedestrian behavior. in:Nature, Part Ⅱ (Sonderforschungsbereich 230,Stuttgart),1992,93-98
[12]Helbing.D. A mathematical model for the behavior of individuals in a social field. Journal of Mathematical Sociology,1994,19(3):189-219
[13]Helbing.D. A mathematical model for the behavior changes by pair interactions and its relation to game theory.Angewandte Sozialforschung,1994,18(3):117-132
[14]Helbing.D. Simulating Dynamical Features of Escape Panic, Nature,2000,407: 487-490
[15]Helbing.D,and P.Molnar,Social force model for pedestrian dynamics,Physical Review E,1995,51:4282-4286
[16]Helbing.D,P.Molnar,I.Farkas,and K. Bolay Self-organizing pedestrian movement. Environment. Environment and Planning B,2001,28:361-383
[17]Helbing.D, and P. Molnar. Self-organization phenomena in pedestrian crowds. in: F.Schweitzer (eds.) Self-Organization of Complex Structures:From Individual to Collective Dynamics(Gordon and Breach, London).569-577
[18]王庆娇,方正,张静.虚拟现实技术在火灾人员疏散行为调查中的应用.测绘信息与工程,2003,4：45-47
[19]Fire Wind Fire Engineering Computer Software Fire Modelling & Computing Australia, http//members.optusnet.com.au/-firecomp/
[20]BFIRES-II:a behavior based computer simulation of emergency egress during fires.Fire. Techno.1982; 18:49-65. ARTICLE IN PRESS. A.K.Gupta,P.K. Yadav/Fire Safety Journal,2004,39:539-556
[21]Exodus Introduction (2003). http://fseg.gre.ac.uk/exodus/
[22]http://www.ise.ufl.edu/kisko/files/evaenet/EVAC4UG.HTM2006-10-3
[23]Legion [OL]. http://www.legion.com/
[24]Myriad II Introduction. http://www.crowddynamics.com/
[25]M. Schreckenberg,A Comcept for Coupling Empling Empirical Data and Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows. in:Proceedings of The International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreantional and Protected Areas
[26]M.Schreckenberg, Simulating Mustering and Evacuation Processes onboard Passenger vessels:Model and Applications. in:The 2nd International symposium on Human Factors On Board (ISHFOB),2001
[27]M.Schreckenberg, Assessment and Analysis of Evacuation Processes on Passenger Ships by Microscopic Simulation. in:Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED) des.M.Schreckenberg, S.D.Sharma,Springer, Berlin,2001
[28]M.Schreckenberg, Microscopic Simulation of Evacuation Processes on Passenger Ships. in:Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry eds. S.Bandini, T.Worsch,Springer,London,2000,63-71
[29]M.Schreckenberg, Microscopic Modelling of Pedestrian Motion-Comparison of Simulation Results to an Evacuation Exercise in a Primary School. in: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Traffic and Granular Flow(TGF), 2001
[30]M.Schreckenberg,, Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Crowd Motion. in: Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics(PED),eds. M.Schreckenberg, S.D.Sharma,Springer,Berlin,2001
[31]Schadschneider Andreas, Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics-Theory. in:Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics(PED), eds M.Schreckenberg, S.D.Sharma, Springer,Berlin,2001
[32]Schadschneider Andreas,Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics-Application. in:Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics(PED), eds M.Schreckenberg, S.D.Sharma, Springer,Berlin,2001
[33]Thompson,P.A,E.W.Marchant, Modelling Techniques for Evacuation. in Engineering for Crowd Safety,R.A.Smith and J.F.Dickie(eds),1993
[34]Thompson,P.A. and Marchant,E.W., Computer and Fluid Modelling of Evacuation, Journal of Safety Scienece,1998,18:277-289
[35]Kopp, Nathan, An Evacuation Simulation Model. http://www.nathan.kopp.com/ EvacSim/evacsim.html
[36]Lovas Gunnar G.. Modelling and Simulation of Pedestrian Traffic Flow. Transportation Research Part B,1994,28:429-443
[37]张培红,陈宝智,刘丽珍.大型公共建筑物火灾时人员疏散行为规律研究.中国安全科学学报,2001,第11卷(2)：23-26
[38]肖国清,温丽敏,陈宝智.建筑物火灾疏散中的行为研究的回顾与发展.中国安全科学学报,2001,第11卷(3)：51-52
[39]温丽敏.重大事故应急疏散研究.东北大学博士论文,2000
[40]温丽敏,陈全,陈宝智.火灾中群集疏散的设计方法及计算机仿真.东北大学学报(自然科学版),1998,5
[41]张培红,陈宝智.火灾时人员疏散的行为规律.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2001,1
[42]张培红,陈宝智.建筑物火灾时人员疏散群集流动规律.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2002,5
[43]张培红,陈宝智.人员应急疏散随即服务系统的网格流模型研究.人类工效学,2001,2
[44]陆君安,方正,卢兆明,赵春梅.建筑物人员疏散逃生速度的数学模型.武汉大学学报(工学版),2002,2
[45]方正,卢兆明.试论建筑物人员疏散的量化研究.武汉大学学报(工学版),2002,2
[46]方正,卢兆明.建筑物避难疏散的网格模型.中国安全科学学报,2001,11 (4)：10-13
[47]方正,陈大宏,张铮,卢兆明.建筑物火灾人员疏散的计算机仿真.计算机仿真,2001,18(2)：49-52
[48]Timothy Kam,Synthesis of Finite State Machines:Functional Optimization. Klu Wer Academic Publishers, Boston 1997
[49]Y.Yuan and M.J.Shaw. Induction of fuzzy decision trees. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 1995,69:125-139
[50]Gregory Junker. Pro OGRE 3D Programming, Apress,2006
[51]Dave Astle, KevinHawking. Beginning OpenGL Game Programming, Thomson Course Technology,2004
[52]Frank D. Luna,Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0, Wordware Publishing, Inc,2003
[53]Mage小组,OGRE(O-O Graphics Rendering Engine) VO.Ola使用指南,2003
[54]Walfgang F.Engel著,周惟迪,徐翎,张璐意译,Direct3D游戏编程入门教程(第二版),北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.1
[55]金容俊(韩)著,马晓阳,刘娟译,3D游戏编程,北京：电子工业出版社,2006.4
[56]Andrew S.Glassner. Graphics Gems,AP Professional,1995
[57]Y.Zhu. A Multi-thread based Terrain Visualization Algorithm, Computer Graphics and Imaging,2004
[58]MacQueen, J., "Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations," Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Berkeley, University of California Press,1967, 1:281-297.
[59]马莉莉,方正,孙迎霞.地下汽车车库人员安全疏散计算机仿真研究.测绘信息与工程,2003；28(4)：53-67
[60]方正,陈大宏,张铮,卢兆明.建筑物火灾人员疏散的计算机仿真.计算机仿真,2001；18(2)：45-51
[61]方正,马莉莉,卢兆明.人员安全疏散模型及其在性能化消防设计中的应用.消防科学与技术,2002,11：26-32
[62]徐高.人群疏散的仿真研究：[硕士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2000
[2]Helbing.D. Traffic and related self-driven many-particle systems. Reviews of Modern Physics,2001,73:1067-1141
[3]Hebling,D,Illes J.Farkas,P.Molnar,and T.Vicsek. Simulation of Pedestrain Crowds in Pedestrian and Evacuation Simulations. in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, M.Schreckenberg and S.D.Sharma(eds),2001,21-58
[4]K.Togawa. Study of fire escapes basing on the observation of multitude currents.Technical Report No.14, Building Research Institute,Ministry of Construction, Tokyo,1955
[5]S.J.Melinek and S.Booth.An analysis of evacuation times and the movement of crowds in buildings. BRE,Fire Research Station CP 96/75,1975. (BRE Current Paper CP 96/75 FRS)
[6]L.F.Henderson.On the fluid mechanics of human crowd motion.Transp.Res.1974, 8:509-515
[7]L.F.Henderson.The statistic of crowd Huids.Nature,1971,229:381-383
[8]R.L.Hughes.A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians. Transp.Res.Pt. B-Methodol.,2002,36:507-535
[9]R.L.Hughes.The flow of human crowds. Annu. Rew Fluid. Mech.,2003, 35:169-182
[10]Helbing.D. A mathematical model for the behavior of pedestrians. Behavioral Science,1991,36:298-310
[11]Heibing.D. Models for pedestrian behavior. in:Nature, Part Ⅱ (Sonderforschungsbereich 230,Stuttgart),1992,93-98
[12]Helbing.D. A mathematical model for the behavior of individuals in a social field. Journal of Mathematical Sociology,1994,19(3):189-219
[13]Helbing.D. A mathematical model for the behavior changes by pair interactions and its relation to game theory.Angewandte Sozialforschung,1994,18(3):117-132
[14]Helbing.D. Simulating Dynamical Features of Escape Panic, Nature,2000,407: 487-490
[15]Helbing.D,and P.Molnar,Social force model for pedestrian dynamics,Physical Review E,1995,51:4282-4286
[16]Helbing.D,P.Molnar,I.Farkas,and K. Bolay Self-organizing pedestrian movement. Environment. Environment and Planning B,2001,28:361-383
[17]Helbing.D, and P. Molnar. Self-organization phenomena in pedestrian crowds. in: F.Schweitzer (eds.) Self-Organization of Complex Structures:From Individual to Collective Dynamics(Gordon and Breach, London).569-577
[18]王庆娇,方正,张静.虚拟现实技术在火灾人员疏散行为调查中的应用.测绘信息与工程,2003,4：45-47
[19]Fire Wind Fire Engineering Computer Software Fire Modelling & Computing Australia, http//members.optusnet.com.au/-firecomp/
[20]BFIRES-II:a behavior based computer simulation of emergency egress during fires.Fire. Techno.1982; 18:49-65. ARTICLE IN PRESS. A.K.Gupta,P.K. Yadav/Fire Safety Journal,2004,39:539-556
[21]Exodus Introduction (2003). http://fseg.gre.ac.uk/exodus/
[22]http://www.ise.ufl.edu/kisko/files/evaenet/EVAC4UG.HTM2006-10-3
[23]Legion [OL]. http://www.legion.com/
[24]Myriad II Introduction. http://www.crowddynamics.com/
[25]M. Schreckenberg,A Comcept for Coupling Empling Empirical Data and Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows. in:Proceedings of The International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreantional and Protected Areas
[26]M.Schreckenberg, Simulating Mustering and Evacuation Processes onboard Passenger vessels:Model and Applications. in:The 2nd International symposium on Human Factors On Board (ISHFOB),2001
[27]M.Schreckenberg, Assessment and Analysis of Evacuation Processes on Passenger Ships by Microscopic Simulation. in:Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED) des.M.Schreckenberg, S.D.Sharma,Springer, Berlin,2001
[28]M.Schreckenberg, Microscopic Simulation of Evacuation Processes on Passenger Ships. in:Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry eds. S.Bandini, T.Worsch,Springer,London,2000,63-71
[29]M.Schreckenberg, Microscopic Modelling of Pedestrian Motion-Comparison of Simulation Results to an Evacuation Exercise in a Primary School. in: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Traffic and Granular Flow(TGF), 2001
[30]M.Schreckenberg,, Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Crowd Motion. in: Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics(PED),eds. M.Schreckenberg, S.D.Sharma,Springer,Berlin,2001
[31]Schadschneider Andreas, Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics-Theory. in:Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics(PED), eds M.Schreckenberg, S.D.Sharma, Springer,Berlin,2001
[32]Schadschneider Andreas,Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics-Application. in:Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics(PED), eds M.Schreckenberg, S.D.Sharma, Springer,Berlin,2001
[33]Thompson,P.A,E.W.Marchant, Modelling Techniques for Evacuation. in Engineering for Crowd Safety,R.A.Smith and J.F.Dickie(eds),1993
[34]Thompson,P.A. and Marchant,E.W., Computer and Fluid Modelling of Evacuation, Journal of Safety Scienece,1998,18:277-289
[35]Kopp, Nathan, An Evacuation Simulation Model. http://www.nathan.kopp.com/ EvacSim/evacsim.html
[36]Lovas Gunnar G.. Modelling and Simulation of Pedestrian Traffic Flow. Transportation Research Part B,1994,28:429-443
[37]张培红,陈宝智,刘丽珍.大型公共建筑物火灾时人员疏散行为规律研究.中国安全科学学报,2001,第11卷(2)：23-26
[38]肖国清,温丽敏,陈宝智.建筑物火灾疏散中的行为研究的回顾与发展.中国安全科学学报,2001,第11卷(3)：51-52
[39]温丽敏.重大事故应急疏散研究.东北大学博士论文,2000
[40]温丽敏,陈全,陈宝智.火灾中群集疏散的设计方法及计算机仿真.东北大学学报(自然科学版),1998,5
[41]张培红,陈宝智.火灾时人员疏散的行为规律.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2001,1
[42]张培红,陈宝智.建筑物火灾时人员疏散群集流动规律.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2002,5
[43]张培红,陈宝智.人员应急疏散随即服务系统的网格流模型研究.人类工效学,2001,2
[44]陆君安,方正,卢兆明,赵春梅.建筑物人员疏散逃生速度的数学模型.武汉大学学报(工学版),2002,2
[45]方正,卢兆明.试论建筑物人员疏散的量化研究.武汉大学学报(工学版),2002,2
[46]方正,卢兆明.建筑物避难疏散的网格模型.中国安全科学学报,2001,11 (4)：10-13
[47]方正,陈大宏,张铮,卢兆明.建筑物火灾人员疏散的计算机仿真.计算机仿真,2001,18(2)：49-52
[48]Timothy Kam,Synthesis of Finite State Machines:Functional Optimization. Klu Wer Academic Publishers, Boston 1997
[49]Y.Yuan and M.J.Shaw. Induction of fuzzy decision trees. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 1995,69:125-139
[50]Gregory Junker. Pro OGRE 3D Programming, Apress,2006
[51]Dave Astle, KevinHawking. Beginning OpenGL Game Programming, Thomson Course Technology,2004
[52]Frank D. Luna,Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0, Wordware Publishing, Inc,2003
[53]Mage小组,OGRE(O-O Graphics Rendering Engine) VO.Ola使用指南,2003
[54]Walfgang F.Engel著,周惟迪,徐翎,张璐意译,Direct3D游戏编程入门教程(第二版),北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.1
[55]金容俊(韩)著,马晓阳,刘娟译,3D游戏编程,北京：电子工业出版社,2006.4
[56]Andrew S.Glassner. Graphics Gems,AP Professional,1995
[57]Y.Zhu. A Multi-thread based Terrain Visualization Algorithm, Computer Graphics and Imaging,2004
[58]MacQueen, J., "Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations," Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Berkeley, University of California Press,1967, 1:281-297.
[59]马莉莉,方正,孙迎霞.地下汽车车库人员安全疏散计算机仿真研究.测绘信息与工程,2003；28(4)：53-67
[60]方正,陈大宏,张铮,卢兆明.建筑物火灾人员疏散的计算机仿真.计算机仿真,2001；18(2)：45-51
[61]方正,马莉莉,卢兆明.人员安全疏散模型及其在性能化消防设计中的应用.消防科学与技术,2002,11：26-32
[62]徐高.人群疏散的仿真研究：[硕士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2000