用元胞自动机模型模拟教学楼疏散过程
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摘要
近几年来,安全问题越来越受到人们的广泛关注,尤其是在地震、火灾等或其他紧急事件突发的情况下,在学校、超市等人口密集的公共场所,人员疏散问题越来越成为人们重点关注的对象。这些场所人流量大,人员密集,隐藏着很大的安全隐患,一旦紧急事件发生,如果疏散不力,极有可能由于发生人群的拥挤踩踏而造成大量人员的伤亡及建筑物的损坏,因此安全隐患问题已成为了人们关注的热点。在对人员的疏散进行研究的时候,如果进行大规模的实际演练,势必造成大量人力和财力的浪费,且疏散人员的行为和建筑结构较复杂,很难实施,所以近几年来越来越多的科学家通过计算机模拟人员从大型建筑物内疏散,通过计算人员离开危险区域所用的时间及分析人员在疏散过程中的行为、心理、及生理等因素的特点进行仿真研究,根据人员疏散结果和实际情况,对建筑物的结构设计、人员的安全防范,提出切合实际的、合理化的科学建议。
本文的主要工作共分为三个部分:
第一部分,采用Von-Neumann邻居及扩展的Moore邻居并通过改变更新时步的方法实现了多速混合行人流的建模,对双出口教室内的三种不同最大速度行人的疏散过程进行了模拟研究,根据教室的实际情况重新定义了位置危险度,该模型能很好地再现了混合行人流的疏散全过程,利用串行更新的二维元胞自动机模型,采用不同最大速度的行人运动规则对大型教室里的行人进行了模拟疏散和研究,结果表明由于教室内障碍物的存在,最大速度大的行人在疏散过程所用的疏散时间和最大速度小的差别不明显,行人堵塞主要集中在课桌之间和走道内;疏散时间主要和走道门的宽度、行人的数量有关;两门之间的距离和门的宽度对疏散时间影响不大。
第二部分,利用偏向随机行走格子气模型中的方向选择概率的计算方法,建立二维元胞自动机的行人流疏散模型,对某一层教学楼的疏散过程进行了模拟和研究。结果得出了疏散时间与楼梯的数量、楼道宽度、楼梯宽度以及行人在楼道、楼梯偏向强度的关系。该模拟结果对教学楼的设计具有一定的指导意义。
第三部分,对一种两层楼的行人疏散进行了模拟和研究。将三维的立体问题简化成二维的平面问题,运用元胞自动机,建立一种新的行人运动规则模型,主要考查了楼梯的长度、楼梯的宽度、楼道的宽度、房间门的宽度对疏散时间的影响。结果表明楼梯的长度、楼道的宽度、房间门的宽度对平均疏散时间影响不大,而楼梯的宽度对平均疏散时间影响较大。
对行人疏散领域的研究具有非常重要的意义,运用控制变量法,通过对一定场所内的行人进行疏散的模拟和演化,得出最优的方案。根据这个方案,设计者对建筑物的整体结构进行合理化的设计,在紧急情况发生的情况下,使行人的疏散时间最短;同时使相关部门制定安全防范措施,提高人们的防范意识,减少不必要的人员伤亡。
最后,对全文的工作进行了总结和概括,并且指出一些有待研究的问题,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。
In recent years, security has become the hotspot. Especially in the earthquake, fire or other emergency incidents such as emergencies, in schools, stadiums and other crowded public places, people have increasingly focused on evacuation issue. These places are traffic flow, personnel-intensive, large hidden security risks. Once the earthquake, fire and other emergency incidents occur and evacuation is carried out ineffective, a stampede among the crowd likely takes place, which results in a large number of casualties and damages to buildings. So people pay close attention to the issue of pedestrian safety evacuation. If you study the evacuation problem, you focus on the actual large-scale staff training, which will cause considerable waste of human and financial resources, and evacuation personnel, psychological and architectural structures, the environment varies, which is very difficult to implement. In this case, scientists generally simulate the evacuation of large buildings through the computer modeling. They carry out the simulation by calculating the time the staff spend in leaving the danger zone and analyzing the behavior, psychological, and physiological factors of the staff in the evacuation process. According to the results of the evacuation and the actual situation, the realistic rationalization of scientific advice will be put forward which benifits the structural design of buildings and the personnel of security.
The main work of this paper is divided into three parts:
The first part, a multi-speed mixed-line pedestrian flow modeling has been achieved, using Von-Neumann neighborhood and expansion of the Moore neighbors, and by changing the update-step approach. In double-outlet of the classroom the simulation study on three different maximum speed of pedestrian evacuation process was carried out. Based on the actual situation in the classroom the position of risk has been re-defined. The model can reproduce the hybrid line of the whole process flow of evacuation. Using the serial updating of two-dimensional cellular automaton model and adopting different maximum speed of pedestrians movement rules, large classroom pedestrian evacuation simulation and studies has been carried out, which shows that owing to the presence of obstacles in the classroom, it is not obvious difference between a maximum speed of major pedestrian evacuation process used in the evacuation time and the maximum speed of small. Pedestrian congestion mainly focuses on between the desks and hallways. Evacuation time mainly relates to the aisle width of the door and the number of pedestrians. The distance between the two doors and the width of the door has little effect on the evacuation time.
The second part,two-dimensional cellar automata evacuation model of pedestrian flow has been established, using lattice gas model of biased random walk in the direction of selection probability calculation methods, which simulates and researches a certain layer of the evacuation process of teaching building. The results obtained evacuation time and the number of stairs, corridor width, stair width, and pedestrians in the corridor, stairs bias strength of relationship. The simulation results has a certain significance of the teaching building design.
The third part,a two-storey pedestrian evacuation was carried out to simulate and study. Three-dimensional problem can be reduced into a two-dimensional problem. With the use of cellular automata, a new model of pedestrian movement rules has been established, mainly examined the length of the stairs, stair width, the width of the corridor, the width of the room door on the time of evacuation. The results show that the length of the stairs, corridor width, the width of the room door have little effect on the average evacuation time, while the width of the stairs has a greater impact on the average evacuation time.
The research in the field of pedestrian evacuation is of great importance. The use of controlled variable method, an optimal solution has come out through a pedestrian evacuation simulation and evolution in a certain place. According to this program, the designer rationalizes the design of the overall structure of the building. In the case of an emergency, the time of pedestrian evacuation has been shortest. At the same time the relevant departments develop safety precautions to raise people's awareness of prevention and to reduce unnecessary casualties.
Finally, I have summarized the work of the full text and come to a summarization, and pointed out some issues to be examined, and predicted the future research direction.
本文的主要工作共分为三个部分:
第一部分,采用Von-Neumann邻居及扩展的Moore邻居并通过改变更新时步的方法实现了多速混合行人流的建模,对双出口教室内的三种不同最大速度行人的疏散过程进行了模拟研究,根据教室的实际情况重新定义了位置危险度,该模型能很好地再现了混合行人流的疏散全过程,利用串行更新的二维元胞自动机模型,采用不同最大速度的行人运动规则对大型教室里的行人进行了模拟疏散和研究,结果表明由于教室内障碍物的存在,最大速度大的行人在疏散过程所用的疏散时间和最大速度小的差别不明显,行人堵塞主要集中在课桌之间和走道内;疏散时间主要和走道门的宽度、行人的数量有关;两门之间的距离和门的宽度对疏散时间影响不大。
第二部分,利用偏向随机行走格子气模型中的方向选择概率的计算方法,建立二维元胞自动机的行人流疏散模型,对某一层教学楼的疏散过程进行了模拟和研究。结果得出了疏散时间与楼梯的数量、楼道宽度、楼梯宽度以及行人在楼道、楼梯偏向强度的关系。该模拟结果对教学楼的设计具有一定的指导意义。
第三部分,对一种两层楼的行人疏散进行了模拟和研究。将三维的立体问题简化成二维的平面问题,运用元胞自动机,建立一种新的行人运动规则模型,主要考查了楼梯的长度、楼梯的宽度、楼道的宽度、房间门的宽度对疏散时间的影响。结果表明楼梯的长度、楼道的宽度、房间门的宽度对平均疏散时间影响不大,而楼梯的宽度对平均疏散时间影响较大。
对行人疏散领域的研究具有非常重要的意义,运用控制变量法,通过对一定场所内的行人进行疏散的模拟和演化,得出最优的方案。根据这个方案,设计者对建筑物的整体结构进行合理化的设计,在紧急情况发生的情况下,使行人的疏散时间最短;同时使相关部门制定安全防范措施,提高人们的防范意识,减少不必要的人员伤亡。
最后,对全文的工作进行了总结和概括,并且指出一些有待研究的问题,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。
In recent years, security has become the hotspot. Especially in the earthquake, fire or other emergency incidents such as emergencies, in schools, stadiums and other crowded public places, people have increasingly focused on evacuation issue. These places are traffic flow, personnel-intensive, large hidden security risks. Once the earthquake, fire and other emergency incidents occur and evacuation is carried out ineffective, a stampede among the crowd likely takes place, which results in a large number of casualties and damages to buildings. So people pay close attention to the issue of pedestrian safety evacuation. If you study the evacuation problem, you focus on the actual large-scale staff training, which will cause considerable waste of human and financial resources, and evacuation personnel, psychological and architectural structures, the environment varies, which is very difficult to implement. In this case, scientists generally simulate the evacuation of large buildings through the computer modeling. They carry out the simulation by calculating the time the staff spend in leaving the danger zone and analyzing the behavior, psychological, and physiological factors of the staff in the evacuation process. According to the results of the evacuation and the actual situation, the realistic rationalization of scientific advice will be put forward which benifits the structural design of buildings and the personnel of security.
The main work of this paper is divided into three parts:
The first part, a multi-speed mixed-line pedestrian flow modeling has been achieved, using Von-Neumann neighborhood and expansion of the Moore neighbors, and by changing the update-step approach. In double-outlet of the classroom the simulation study on three different maximum speed of pedestrian evacuation process was carried out. Based on the actual situation in the classroom the position of risk has been re-defined. The model can reproduce the hybrid line of the whole process flow of evacuation. Using the serial updating of two-dimensional cellular automaton model and adopting different maximum speed of pedestrians movement rules, large classroom pedestrian evacuation simulation and studies has been carried out, which shows that owing to the presence of obstacles in the classroom, it is not obvious difference between a maximum speed of major pedestrian evacuation process used in the evacuation time and the maximum speed of small. Pedestrian congestion mainly focuses on between the desks and hallways. Evacuation time mainly relates to the aisle width of the door and the number of pedestrians. The distance between the two doors and the width of the door has little effect on the evacuation time.
The second part,two-dimensional cellar automata evacuation model of pedestrian flow has been established, using lattice gas model of biased random walk in the direction of selection probability calculation methods, which simulates and researches a certain layer of the evacuation process of teaching building. The results obtained evacuation time and the number of stairs, corridor width, stair width, and pedestrians in the corridor, stairs bias strength of relationship. The simulation results has a certain significance of the teaching building design.
The third part,a two-storey pedestrian evacuation was carried out to simulate and study. Three-dimensional problem can be reduced into a two-dimensional problem. With the use of cellular automata, a new model of pedestrian movement rules has been established, mainly examined the length of the stairs, stair width, the width of the corridor, the width of the room door on the time of evacuation. The results show that the length of the stairs, corridor width, the width of the room door have little effect on the average evacuation time, while the width of the stairs has a greater impact on the average evacuation time.
The research in the field of pedestrian evacuation is of great importance. The use of controlled variable method, an optimal solution has come out through a pedestrian evacuation simulation and evolution in a certain place. According to this program, the designer rationalizes the design of the overall structure of the building. In the case of an emergency, the time of pedestrian evacuation has been shortest. At the same time the relevant departments develop safety precautions to raise people's awareness of prevention and to reduce unnecessary casualties.
Finally, I have summarized the work of the full text and come to a summarization, and pointed out some issues to be examined, and predicted the future research direction.
引文
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