高速路网应急交通组织仿真系统研究
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摘要
在区域性应急响应过程中,高速路网是人员和物资运输的主要通道之一,制定高速路网应急交通组织方案确保应急交通安全、高效、有序运行,对于提高区域应急管理能力,减少灾害所造成的人员伤亡和财产损失,具有重要的现实意义。仿真是优化高速路网应急交通组织方案的主要手段之一,鉴于国外各种应急管理系统中对高速路网交通组织措施的仿真还不够完善以及国内道路交通仿真系统中未突出对应急条件下高速路网交通组织仿真问题的适用性,本文在高速路网应急交通组织仿真方面做一些研究。
首先,以分析高速公路主要基础设施的构成及交通组织的基本手段为出发点,总结了高速公路基本路段、入口匝道、出口匝道和、收费站以及高速路网结合点应急交通组织的措施和方法;
其次,针对高速路网基础设施和应急交通组织措施的数据表示问题,基于关系模型的规范化理论,从分析仿真系统的数据需求入手,通过在概念层建立高速路网应急交通组织措施的实体-联系模型,并分析、规范实体-联系模型所蕴含的关系,建立高速路网基础设施和应急交通组织措施的关系数据模型;
再次,为模拟高速路网应急交通组织措施下交通流的动态演变过程,在分析现有高速公路交通流仿真模型的基础上,运用元胞自动机建模技术,改进了传统的NS模型及任意车道的换道规则,并以高速路网各个组成部分的交通特性和交通组织措施对交通流的影响分析为基础,建立高速路网的应急交通组织的仿真模型;
最后,基于AJAX框架和Google maps API,采用PHP、JavaScript面向对象编程技术,设计和开发了高速路网应急交通组织仿真系统的原型,实现了高速路网应急交通组织从输入、仿真到输出的全过程。并将仿真系统应用于哈尔滨至长春段的京哈高速公路。
Freeways play an important role in transportation of emergency materials, emergency evacuation, emergency rescue and other emergency response operations of regional emergency management. To deliver Emergency materials and evacuees to the destination within a limited time, various means of traffic organization must be employed to manage numerous traffic flows which concentrates temporally and spreads widely on a freeway network. Simulation is one of the main methods to support the optimization of the FETOS. However, review of the development of a variety of foreign emergency management systems abroad, traffic organizational measures simulation is not yet perfect, as well as domestic system is not prominent under the emergent conditions. This paper does some research on freeway emergency traffic organization simulation.
First, analyse and summarize traffic organizational measures and methods under emergency conditions through basic means of traffic organization. Traffic organizational measures which consists of basic sections, onramps, offramps, tollbooths, interchanges and priority control strategies were presented in the paper;
Second, establish data model which is description of traffic organizational measures and freeway infrastructure based on relationship model and standardization theory. The suggested data model has significance on data supporting development of the FETOS simulation system.
Third, Dynamic traffic flow model under the FETOS was presented through analysis of the existing freeway traffic flow model’s deficiencies. To improve NS model and multiple-lane traffic model using cellular automata is formation of freeway network traffic flow simulation model. Based on analysis of traffic flow characteristics of freeway network’s components and influence of traffic organizational measures, dynamic traffic flow model of freeway’s components such as ramps was also presented. The suggested model provides the core model for the simulation system;
Finally, a framework of simulation system for the FETOS was presented through analysis of the elements of the FETOS and requirement of a simulation system for the FETOS at the first. The key technologies of system implementation such as Google maps API, AJAX, PHP and JavaScriptJavaScript Object-based programming techniques are also discussed. The whole simulation system was brought forth. And simulation system was used to Beijing-Harbin freeway between Harbin and Changchun.
首先,以分析高速公路主要基础设施的构成及交通组织的基本手段为出发点,总结了高速公路基本路段、入口匝道、出口匝道和、收费站以及高速路网结合点应急交通组织的措施和方法;
其次,针对高速路网基础设施和应急交通组织措施的数据表示问题,基于关系模型的规范化理论,从分析仿真系统的数据需求入手,通过在概念层建立高速路网应急交通组织措施的实体-联系模型,并分析、规范实体-联系模型所蕴含的关系,建立高速路网基础设施和应急交通组织措施的关系数据模型;
再次,为模拟高速路网应急交通组织措施下交通流的动态演变过程,在分析现有高速公路交通流仿真模型的基础上,运用元胞自动机建模技术,改进了传统的NS模型及任意车道的换道规则,并以高速路网各个组成部分的交通特性和交通组织措施对交通流的影响分析为基础,建立高速路网的应急交通组织的仿真模型;
最后,基于AJAX框架和Google maps API,采用PHP、JavaScript面向对象编程技术,设计和开发了高速路网应急交通组织仿真系统的原型,实现了高速路网应急交通组织从输入、仿真到输出的全过程。并将仿真系统应用于哈尔滨至长春段的京哈高速公路。
Freeways play an important role in transportation of emergency materials, emergency evacuation, emergency rescue and other emergency response operations of regional emergency management. To deliver Emergency materials and evacuees to the destination within a limited time, various means of traffic organization must be employed to manage numerous traffic flows which concentrates temporally and spreads widely on a freeway network. Simulation is one of the main methods to support the optimization of the FETOS. However, review of the development of a variety of foreign emergency management systems abroad, traffic organizational measures simulation is not yet perfect, as well as domestic system is not prominent under the emergent conditions. This paper does some research on freeway emergency traffic organization simulation.
First, analyse and summarize traffic organizational measures and methods under emergency conditions through basic means of traffic organization. Traffic organizational measures which consists of basic sections, onramps, offramps, tollbooths, interchanges and priority control strategies were presented in the paper;
Second, establish data model which is description of traffic organizational measures and freeway infrastructure based on relationship model and standardization theory. The suggested data model has significance on data supporting development of the FETOS simulation system.
Third, Dynamic traffic flow model under the FETOS was presented through analysis of the existing freeway traffic flow model’s deficiencies. To improve NS model and multiple-lane traffic model using cellular automata is formation of freeway network traffic flow simulation model. Based on analysis of traffic flow characteristics of freeway network’s components and influence of traffic organizational measures, dynamic traffic flow model of freeway’s components such as ramps was also presented. The suggested model provides the core model for the simulation system;
Finally, a framework of simulation system for the FETOS was presented through analysis of the elements of the FETOS and requirement of a simulation system for the FETOS at the first. The key technologies of system implementation such as Google maps API, AJAX, PHP and JavaScriptJavaScript Object-based programming techniques are also discussed. The whole simulation system was brought forth. And simulation system was used to Beijing-Harbin freeway between Harbin and Changchun.
引文
1 Ying Liu. An integrated optimal control system for emergency evacuation. University of Maryland, Doctor of Philosophy. 2007:1
2方世萍,张芝霞.城市地震应急救援措施探讨[J].灾害学. 2004,1:31~34
3 McLoughlin, D. A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management. Public Administration Review. 1985, 4:165~172
4 Henry X.Liu, Jeff X.Ban, Wenteng Ma, Pitu B. Mirchandani. Model Reference Adaptive Control Framework for Real Time Traffic Management under Emergency Evacuation. 2006
5翟忠民.道路交通组织优化.人民交通出版. 2004.12~13, 175~178,208~213,
240~248, 285~286, 287~290, 301~303
6汪峰.城市道路交通系统的应急交通组织研究[D].华中科技大学. 2006:33~34
7 L.A.Pipes. An operational analysis of traffic dynamics [J]. Appl.Phys. 2004.12, 274~287
8 M.J.Lightill and G.B.Whitham. On kinematic waves: A theory of traffic flow on long crowed roads. Proceedings of the Royal Society,London,Ser. 1995,317~345
9 I.Prigogine and R.Herman.Kinetic. Theory of vehicular traffic. American Elsevier. New York. 1971
10姜锐.交通流复杂动态特性的微观和宏观模式.中国科学技术大学博士学位论文.2002
11 L.Y.Dong and Z.Y.Xue. One-dimensional cellular model for traffic flow based on carFollowing idea. Appl. Math. Mech 23(4), 2002:331~337
12 W.Choi, H.Hamacher, S.Tufecki. Modeling of Building Evacuation Problems by Network Flows with Side Constraints. European Journal of Operational Research. 1988:98~110
13 Lee D.Han. Evacuation modeling and operations using dynamic traffic assignment and most assignment and most desirable destination approaches. Transportation Research Board. 2005:78~83
14 Pidd, F.N.de Silva and R.W.Eglese. A Simulation Model for Emergency Evacuation. European Journal of Operational Research 90(3). 1996.4: 13-19.
15 Church, Richard L and Ryan M. Sexton. Modeling small area evacuation:can existing transportation infrastructure impede public safety.1998: 123~131
16 Fazio.J and Rouphail.N. Conflict Simulation in INTRAS:Application to Weaving AreaCapacity Analysis[J].Transportation Reaserch RecordNo.1287.Transportation Research Board, Washington,D.C. 1990
17 Martin Treiber and Dirk Helbing.Microsimulations of Freeway Traffic Including Control Measures.Physical Review Letters 81, 3042.2002
18 Federal Highway Administration, CORSIMUse, 5ManualVersion1.04.1998.3
19 Halati.A and Torres.J. Freeway Simulation Model Enhancement and Integration FRESIM Calibration/Validation[J]. Federal Highway Administration Report.1990
20邹智军.城市道路交通仿真研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文, 2000
21陈炜,解安亮,胡思继.大规模城市交通仿真系统[J].系统仿真学报,2001:831~833
22孙晋文.基于Agent的智能交通控制策略与可视化动态仿真研究[D].中国农业大学博士论文,2001
23朱中.交通流诱导系统的交通信息理论模型研究[D].吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1998
24田军.城市交通网络微观仿真系统UrbanSim开发研究[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文,1999
25王太平.交通系统仿真及其在交通控制中的应用[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文,1998
26刘鹏.城市交通诱导仿真系统[D].北京理工大学硕士学位论文,1999
27徐高.人群疏散仿真.西南交通大学硕士研究生论文.2000.6:1~3
28温丽敏.重大事故应急疏散研究[D].东北大学安全技术与工程博士学位论文. 2000.2:12~14
29吕先昌.事故应急救援预案有关技术问题探讨.中国钢铁年会论文集2003,18~23
30许焱,杨孝宽,刘小明,荣建. 2008年奥运会交通紧急事件管理系统(EMS)规划[J].北京:北京工业大学学报.第31卷第5期, 2005.9: 481～485
31李伏京,方卫宁,胡清梅,邓野.地铁车辆安全疏散性能的仿真研究.系统仿真学报. 2006.(18).4
32蒋光胜,胡红,杨孝宽.奥运应急交通疏散预案及仿真研究[C].第六届交通运输领域国际学术会议论文集.2006:1
33交通部规划研究院,哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院.高速公路对交通安全的贡献研究.2007,11
34 Satzinger, J.W.系统分析与设计.李芳.第3版.电子工业出版社. 2006.38~45
35李海泉,李刚.系统可靠性分析与设计.第1版.科学出版社. 2003.12~17
36刘伟铭,杨兆升.高速公路系统控制方法.人民交通出版社.1998.7:77~126
37国家高速公路网规划.交通部规划研究院.2004,9
38 J.Krug and H.Spojn. Universality classes for deterministic surface growth [J].Phys.Rev. 1998
39 K.Nagel and M. Schreckenberg. A Cellular automaton model for freeway traffic [J]. Phys. I(France) 2,1992:2221~2229
40 K.Nagel, D.E.Wolf, P.Wagner. et al. Two-lane traffic rules for cellular automata: A systematic approach [J]. Phys. Rev. E58, 1998: 1425~1437
41 M. Richkert, K. Nagel, M. Schreckenber, et al. Two-lane traffic simulation using cellular automatoa [J]. Physica A 231. 534~550(1995)
42 D. Chowdhury, D. E. Wolf and M. Schreckenberg. Particl hopping models for two-lane traffic with two kinds of vehicles: effects of lane changing rules [J]. Physica A 235, 1997:417~439
43 M.M.Pedersen and P.T.Ruhoff. Entry ramps in the Nagel- Schreckenberg model. Phys. Rev. E 65. 2002:505~506
44 F.Li, X.Y.Zhang and Z.Y Gao. The effect of restricted velocity in the two-lane on-ramp system. Physica A, 374. 2007:827~834
45 F.Li, Z.Y Gao and B. Jia. Traffic behavior in the on-ramp system with signal controlling. Physica A, 385. 2007:333~342
2方世萍,张芝霞.城市地震应急救援措施探讨[J].灾害学. 2004,1:31~34
3 McLoughlin, D. A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management. Public Administration Review. 1985, 4:165~172
4 Henry X.Liu, Jeff X.Ban, Wenteng Ma, Pitu B. Mirchandani. Model Reference Adaptive Control Framework for Real Time Traffic Management under Emergency Evacuation. 2006
5翟忠民.道路交通组织优化.人民交通出版. 2004.12~13, 175~178,208~213,
240~248, 285~286, 287~290, 301~303
6汪峰.城市道路交通系统的应急交通组织研究[D].华中科技大学. 2006:33~34
7 L.A.Pipes. An operational analysis of traffic dynamics [J]. Appl.Phys. 2004.12, 274~287
8 M.J.Lightill and G.B.Whitham. On kinematic waves: A theory of traffic flow on long crowed roads. Proceedings of the Royal Society,London,Ser. 1995,317~345
9 I.Prigogine and R.Herman.Kinetic. Theory of vehicular traffic. American Elsevier. New York. 1971
10姜锐.交通流复杂动态特性的微观和宏观模式.中国科学技术大学博士学位论文.2002
11 L.Y.Dong and Z.Y.Xue. One-dimensional cellular model for traffic flow based on carFollowing idea. Appl. Math. Mech 23(4), 2002:331~337
12 W.Choi, H.Hamacher, S.Tufecki. Modeling of Building Evacuation Problems by Network Flows with Side Constraints. European Journal of Operational Research. 1988:98~110
13 Lee D.Han. Evacuation modeling and operations using dynamic traffic assignment and most assignment and most desirable destination approaches. Transportation Research Board. 2005:78~83
14 Pidd, F.N.de Silva and R.W.Eglese. A Simulation Model for Emergency Evacuation. European Journal of Operational Research 90(3). 1996.4: 13-19.
15 Church, Richard L and Ryan M. Sexton. Modeling small area evacuation:can existing transportation infrastructure impede public safety.1998: 123~131
16 Fazio.J and Rouphail.N. Conflict Simulation in INTRAS:Application to Weaving AreaCapacity Analysis[J].Transportation Reaserch RecordNo.1287.Transportation Research Board, Washington,D.C. 1990
17 Martin Treiber and Dirk Helbing.Microsimulations of Freeway Traffic Including Control Measures.Physical Review Letters 81, 3042.2002
18 Federal Highway Administration, CORSIMUse, 5ManualVersion1.04.1998.3
19 Halati.A and Torres.J. Freeway Simulation Model Enhancement and Integration FRESIM Calibration/Validation[J]. Federal Highway Administration Report.1990
20邹智军.城市道路交通仿真研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文, 2000
21陈炜,解安亮,胡思继.大规模城市交通仿真系统[J].系统仿真学报,2001:831~833
22孙晋文.基于Agent的智能交通控制策略与可视化动态仿真研究[D].中国农业大学博士论文,2001
23朱中.交通流诱导系统的交通信息理论模型研究[D].吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1998
24田军.城市交通网络微观仿真系统UrbanSim开发研究[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文,1999
25王太平.交通系统仿真及其在交通控制中的应用[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文,1998
26刘鹏.城市交通诱导仿真系统[D].北京理工大学硕士学位论文,1999
27徐高.人群疏散仿真.西南交通大学硕士研究生论文.2000.6:1~3
28温丽敏.重大事故应急疏散研究[D].东北大学安全技术与工程博士学位论文. 2000.2:12~14
29吕先昌.事故应急救援预案有关技术问题探讨.中国钢铁年会论文集2003,18~23
30许焱,杨孝宽,刘小明,荣建. 2008年奥运会交通紧急事件管理系统(EMS)规划[J].北京:北京工业大学学报.第31卷第5期, 2005.9: 481～485
31李伏京,方卫宁,胡清梅,邓野.地铁车辆安全疏散性能的仿真研究.系统仿真学报. 2006.(18).4
32蒋光胜,胡红,杨孝宽.奥运应急交通疏散预案及仿真研究[C].第六届交通运输领域国际学术会议论文集.2006:1
33交通部规划研究院,哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院.高速公路对交通安全的贡献研究.2007,11
34 Satzinger, J.W.系统分析与设计.李芳.第3版.电子工业出版社. 2006.38~45
35李海泉,李刚.系统可靠性分析与设计.第1版.科学出版社. 2003.12~17
36刘伟铭,杨兆升.高速公路系统控制方法.人民交通出版社.1998.7:77~126
37国家高速公路网规划.交通部规划研究院.2004,9
38 J.Krug and H.Spojn. Universality classes for deterministic surface growth [J].Phys.Rev. 1998
39 K.Nagel and M. Schreckenberg. A Cellular automaton model for freeway traffic [J]. Phys. I(France) 2,1992:2221~2229
40 K.Nagel, D.E.Wolf, P.Wagner. et al. Two-lane traffic rules for cellular automata: A systematic approach [J]. Phys. Rev. E58, 1998: 1425~1437
41 M. Richkert, K. Nagel, M. Schreckenber, et al. Two-lane traffic simulation using cellular automatoa [J]. Physica A 231. 534~550(1995)
42 D. Chowdhury, D. E. Wolf and M. Schreckenberg. Particl hopping models for two-lane traffic with two kinds of vehicles: effects of lane changing rules [J]. Physica A 235, 1997:417~439
43 M.M.Pedersen and P.T.Ruhoff. Entry ramps in the Nagel- Schreckenberg model. Phys. Rev. E 65. 2002:505~506
44 F.Li, X.Y.Zhang and Z.Y Gao. The effect of restricted velocity in the two-lane on-ramp system. Physica A, 374. 2007:827~834
45 F.Li, Z.Y Gao and B. Jia. Traffic behavior in the on-ramp system with signal controlling. Physica A, 385. 2007:333~342