基于VR技术的学生群体紧急疏散模拟研究
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摘要
随着社会的发展与教育投入的增加,越来越多的孩子能够接受学校教育令人深感欣慰,然而他们在校的安全问题也逐渐凸显出来。学校是学生学习、生活和成长的重要场所,学生的人身安全必须受到有力保障。一些学校在遇到突发事件,如地震、火灾、暴力事件等,需要紧急疏散时,学生相互拥挤导致疏散不及时,甚至相互践踏跌倒,从而造成重大伤亡事故,如汶川地震时一些学校疏散不力、湖南校园学生踩踏事件等。
如何减少突发事件中学生疏散时群死群伤事故发生,成为相关科研机构和行政部门重要的研究课题。进行大规模的疏散模拟是一项非常耗费人力物力的工程,同时由于人的行为易受外界和心理诸多因素的影响,疏散问题的试验难以进行,即使进行试验,人员也很难进入突发事件发生时的恐慌等状态之中,试验的结果一定程度上并不能反映真实情况。因此,用计算机来模拟人员疏散行为的技术已经成为国际上安全研究的一个重要手段。
目前国内外对于疏散模拟的研究取得了一定的成果,本文在分析了现有的疏散模型特性的基础上,采用基于Multi-Agent的群体行为模拟技术,并针对学生群体的特点在模拟中进行了改进设计,建立了一个模拟学生群体疏散的模拟程序,并进行了实验和数据统计。本文的主要研究内容包括：分析群体以及学生群体在突发事件中的行为特点,构建疏散模拟中学生群体的主要行为架构；研究灵活、适用于多种建筑结构的地形环境建模方法,使得程序可以容易地应用于各种结构的环境中；采用基于Multi-Agent的群体行为模拟技术,并进行改进,研究出更适合本文模拟目标的模拟技术；对现有的一些模型中的模拟算法进行改进,包括个体及群体行为移动算法,寻路算法等；应用本文的研究成果进行疏散过程模拟,并进行数据统计和分析。
With the social development and increasing investment in education, that more and more children can receive schooling is deeply gratifying, but their safety at school is gradually becoming prominent. Since schools are important places to learn, live and grow for students, students must be strong support for personal safety. Some schools in the face of unexpected events, such as earthquakes, fires, violence, etc., in need of emergency evacuation, led to the evacuation of students crowding each other in time, or even fall trampling each other, resulting in heavy casualties, such as earthquake evacuation of some schools, ineffective when, Hunan, such as the stampede of students on campus.
How to reduce casualties in emergency evacuation is an important research topic of related scientific research institutions and administration. A large-scale evacuation simulation is a project that needs a lot of human and material resources. And due to the dependence of human actions and psychological on many external factors, evacuation test is difficult to execute, even for testing. It is also difficult for person to access to the unexpected events, such as a state of panic, test results, to some extent, can not reflect the true situation. Therefore, using a computer to simulate evacuation behavior has become an important technology tool in the international security research.
Currently, some achievements have been obtained in the research of evacuation simulation at home and abroad. After analyzing the characteristics of the existing evacuation models, this paper uses the simulation technology of group behavior based on Multi-Agent, and makes improved design of the characteristics of the students groups in the simulation, establish a simulation program of students group in evacuation. It also does some experiments, and makes some data statistics and analyses. The main studies of this paper include:analyze of students group behaviors in the emergencies, build evacuation simulation model for the main behaviors of students groups; research the methods of modeling the flexible structures of a variety of terrain environment, which can easily make the program applied to the various structures of the environment; use and improve the Multi-Agent based simulation technology of group behaviors, and come up with more suitable modeling method for the simulation target of this paper; improve the simulation algorithm of the existing models, including individual and group behaviors movement algorithm, path finding algorithm; use the research results in this evacuation process simulation of this paper to do the simulation, then get statistical data and do the analyses.
如何减少突发事件中学生疏散时群死群伤事故发生,成为相关科研机构和行政部门重要的研究课题。进行大规模的疏散模拟是一项非常耗费人力物力的工程,同时由于人的行为易受外界和心理诸多因素的影响,疏散问题的试验难以进行,即使进行试验,人员也很难进入突发事件发生时的恐慌等状态之中,试验的结果一定程度上并不能反映真实情况。因此,用计算机来模拟人员疏散行为的技术已经成为国际上安全研究的一个重要手段。
目前国内外对于疏散模拟的研究取得了一定的成果,本文在分析了现有的疏散模型特性的基础上,采用基于Multi-Agent的群体行为模拟技术,并针对学生群体的特点在模拟中进行了改进设计,建立了一个模拟学生群体疏散的模拟程序,并进行了实验和数据统计。本文的主要研究内容包括：分析群体以及学生群体在突发事件中的行为特点,构建疏散模拟中学生群体的主要行为架构；研究灵活、适用于多种建筑结构的地形环境建模方法,使得程序可以容易地应用于各种结构的环境中；采用基于Multi-Agent的群体行为模拟技术,并进行改进,研究出更适合本文模拟目标的模拟技术；对现有的一些模型中的模拟算法进行改进,包括个体及群体行为移动算法,寻路算法等；应用本文的研究成果进行疏散过程模拟,并进行数据统计和分析。
With the social development and increasing investment in education, that more and more children can receive schooling is deeply gratifying, but their safety at school is gradually becoming prominent. Since schools are important places to learn, live and grow for students, students must be strong support for personal safety. Some schools in the face of unexpected events, such as earthquakes, fires, violence, etc., in need of emergency evacuation, led to the evacuation of students crowding each other in time, or even fall trampling each other, resulting in heavy casualties, such as earthquake evacuation of some schools, ineffective when, Hunan, such as the stampede of students on campus.
How to reduce casualties in emergency evacuation is an important research topic of related scientific research institutions and administration. A large-scale evacuation simulation is a project that needs a lot of human and material resources. And due to the dependence of human actions and psychological on many external factors, evacuation test is difficult to execute, even for testing. It is also difficult for person to access to the unexpected events, such as a state of panic, test results, to some extent, can not reflect the true situation. Therefore, using a computer to simulate evacuation behavior has become an important technology tool in the international security research.
Currently, some achievements have been obtained in the research of evacuation simulation at home and abroad. After analyzing the characteristics of the existing evacuation models, this paper uses the simulation technology of group behavior based on Multi-Agent, and makes improved design of the characteristics of the students groups in the simulation, establish a simulation program of students group in evacuation. It also does some experiments, and makes some data statistics and analyses. The main studies of this paper include:analyze of students group behaviors in the emergencies, build evacuation simulation model for the main behaviors of students groups; research the methods of modeling the flexible structures of a variety of terrain environment, which can easily make the program applied to the various structures of the environment; use and improve the Multi-Agent based simulation technology of group behaviors, and come up with more suitable modeling method for the simulation target of this paper; improve the simulation algorithm of the existing models, including individual and group behaviors movement algorithm, path finding algorithm; use the research results in this evacuation process simulation of this paper to do the simulation, then get statistical data and do the analyses.
引文
1杨振宏.何娟霞.马德仲.汪秀嶂.王祥尧.张旭华.高校突发事件中密集学生群恐慌特征及风险研究[J].安全与环境学报.2005/10.5(5)：46-49
2寇丽平.群体性挤踏事件原因分析与预防研究[J].中国人民公安大学学报.2005.21(4)：16-22.
1单雪强.苏国锋.中小学校园踩踏事故统计分析及应对措施研究[J].中国安全科学学报.2010/04.20(4)：165-170
2杨振宏.何娟霞.马德仲.汪秀嶂.王祥尧.张旭华.高校突发事件中密集学生群恐慌特征及风险研究[J].安全与环境学报.2005/10.5(5)：46-49
3刘涛.严晓龙.汤永川.支持人员疏散仿真的多Agent系统研究[J].消防设备研究.2008/03.27(3)：202-207
4张永强.聚集人口疏散仿真研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学.硕士论文.2007
1 Dirk Helbing, Illes Farkas, Tamas Vicsek, Simulating dynamical features of escape panic[J]. Nature.2000/09/28. Vol 407:487-490
2杨志谋.司光亚.李志强.罗批.群体行为建模理论基础与建模方法研究[J].系统仿真学报.2009/08.21(16)：4921-4930
3郭占军.秦文虎.舒鑫.紧急状态下虚拟人群行为仿真[J].计算机技术与发展.2009/06.19(6)：47-50
1 Dirk Helbing, Illes Farkas, Tamas Vicsek, Simulating dynamical features of escape panic[J]. Nature.2000/09/28. Vol 407:487-490
2郑小平.钟庭宽.刘梦婷.用于群体疏散的数字仿真方法研究[J].系统仿真学报.2009/06.21(12)：3503-3508
3刘涛.严晓龙.汤永川.一种基于模糊理论的人员疏散模型[J].消防科学与技术.2008/05.27(5)：317-320
1严晓龙.刘涛.汤永川.应急疏散仿真技术及其研究进展[J].消防科学与技术.2007/11.26(6)：617-620
2杨志谋.司光亚.李志强.罗批.群体行为建模理论基础与建模方法研究[J].系统仿真学报.2009/08.21(16)：4921-4930
3严晓龙.刘涛.汤永川.应急疏散仿真技术及其研究进展[J].消防科学与技术.2007/11.26(6)：617-620
4刘晓平.张高峰.曹力.基于空间划分的疏散仿真方法[J].系统仿真学报.2008/08.20(15)：3931-3939
5 EXODUS官方网址：http://fseg.gre.ac.uk/exodus/
6苏绍勇.陈继明.潘金贵.虚拟环境中行为建模技术研究[J].计算机科学.Vol134.No12.2007
1 Stan Franklin. Art Graesser. Is it an Agent, or just a Program?:A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents[C]. Third International Workshop on Agent Theories, rchitectures, and Languages. Springer-Verlag.1996.
2 Liu Jiming.Jin Xiaolong. Tsui K C. Autonomy Oriented Computing (AOC):From Problem Solving to Complex Systems Modeling [C].2005
3 Craig W. Reynolds.Flocks, Herds, and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model[J].Computer Graphics.1987. 21(4):25-34
4 Craig W. Reynolds.Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters [C].Game Developers Conference. San Jose, California.1999
1王飞.基于Agent的自主游戏角色[D].天津：天津大学.硕士论文.2007
2 Russell. Stuart J.. Norvig. Peter (2003). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River[M].New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-790395-2. http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/. chpt.2.2010/07
3百度百科.Agent技术[E]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/1446990.htm 2010/07
4 Eric Bonabeau. Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems[J]. 10.1073/pnas.082080899 PNAS vol.99 no. Suppl 3:7280-7287.2002/05
1 Bouvier E.Cohen E. and Najman L. From crowd simulation to airbag deployment:particle systems,a new paradigm of simulation[J].Journal of Electronic Imaging 6(l):94-107.1997/01.
2人的行为模式[E].安全行为科学理论.http://www.aqtd.cn/xdaq/HTML/29352.html.2006/09/21
1陈辉.基于社会力量模型的人群疏散算法的改进和系统实现[D].杭州：浙江大学.硕士论文.2008
1Ian Millington. Artifical Intelligence For Games[M].America:Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.2005.42-43
1 Craig W. Reynolds. Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters [C].Game Developers Conference. San Jose, California.1999.
2 Craig W. Reynolds. Flocks, Herds, and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model[J]. Computer Graphics.1987. 21(4):25-34
1Wikipedia. Physics Engine[E]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_engine.2010/08/25
1《中国成年人人体尺寸》(GBI0000-88)[R].1992
2 G Keith Still Crowd Dynamics[D]. University of warwick: Ph.D Thesis.2000
1 Craig W. Reynolds. Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters [C].Game Developers Conference. San Jose, California.1999.
1 Craig W. Reynolds. Flocks, Herds, and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model[J]. Computer Graphics.1987. 21(4):25-34
1 Amit Patel. Ph.D. student at Stanford University. Pathfinding. http://theory.stanford.edu/～amitp/GameProgramming/16 Feb 2010
1Russell Smith. Open Dynamics Engine v0.5 User Guide[M].23 February,2006
[1]杨振宏.何娟霞.马德仲.汪秀嶂.王祥尧.张旭华.高校突发事件中密集学生群恐慌特征及风险研究[J].安全与环境学报.2005/10.5(5)：46-49
[2]寇丽平.群体性挤踏事件原因分析与预防研究[J].中国人民公安大学学报.2005.21(4)：16-22.
[3]单雪强.苏国锋.中小学校园踩踏事故统计分析及应对措施研究[J].中国安全科学学报.2010/04.20(4)：165-170
[4]刘涛.严晓龙.汤永川.支持人员疏散仿真的多Agent系统研究[J].消防设备研究.2008/03.27(3)：202-207
[5]张永强.聚集人口疏散仿真研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学.硕士论文.2007
[6]Dirk Helbing, Illes Farkas, Tamas Vicsek, Simulating dynamical features of escape panic[J].Nature.2000/09/28.Vol 407:487-490
[7]杨志谋.司光亚.李志强.罗批.群体行为建模理论基础与建模方法研究[J].系统仿真学报.2009/08.21(16)：4921-4930
[8]郭占军.秦文虎.舒鑫.紧急状态下虚拟人群行为仿真[J].计算机技术与发展.2009/06.19(6)：47-50
[9]郑小平.钟庭宽.刘梦婷.用于群体疏散的数字仿真方法研究[J].系统仿真学报.2009/06.21(12)：3503-3508
[10]严晓龙.刘涛.汤永川.应急疏散仿真技术及其研究进展[J].消防科学与技术.2007/11.26(6)：617-620
[11]刘晓平.张高峰.曹力.基于空间划分的疏散仿真方法[J].系统仿真学报.2008/08.20(15)：3931-3939
[12]苏绍勇.陈继明.潘金贵.虚拟环境中行为建模技术研究[J].计算机科学.Vol134..No12.2007
[13]Stan Franklin.Art Graesser. Is it an Agent, or just a Program?:A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents[C].Third InternationalWorkshop on Agent Theories, rchitectures, and Languages. Springer-Verlag.1996.
[14]Liu Jiming.Jin Xiaolong.Tsui K C. Autonomy Oriented Computing (AOC):From Problem Solving to Complex Systems Modeling [C].2005
[15]Craig W. Reynolds.Flocks, Herds, and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model[J].Computer Graphics.1987.21(4):25-34
[16]Craig W. Reynolds.Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters [C].Game Developers Conference. San Jose, California.1999
[17]王飞.基于Agent的自主游戏角色[D].天津：天津大学.硕士论文.2007
[18]Russell.Stuart J.. Norvig. Peter (2003).Artificial Intelligence:A Modern Approach (2nd ed.).Upper Saddle River[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-790395-2.http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/. chpt.2
[19]百度百科.Agent技术[E].http://baike.baidu.com/view/1446990.htm
[20]Eric Bonabeau. Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems[J].10.1073/pnas.082080899 PNAS May 14,2002 vol.99 no.Suppl 3 7280-7287
[21]Bouvier E.Cohen E. and Najman L. From crowd simulation to airbag deployment: particle systems,a new paradigm of simulation[J].Journal of Electronic Imaging 6(1):94-107(January 1997).
[22]人的行为模式[E]. 安全行为 科学理论http://www.aqtd.cn/xdaq/HTML/29352.html.2006/09/21
[23]陈辉.基于社会力量模型的人群疏散算法的改进和系统实现[D].杭州：浙江大学.硕士论文.2008
[24]Ian Millington. Artifical Intelligence For Games[M]. America: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.2005.42-43
[25]Wikipedia. Physics Engine[E].http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_engine. 2010/08/25
[26]《中国成年人人体尺寸》(GBI0000-88)[R].1992
[27]G Keith Still. Crowd Dynamics[D].University of warwick: Ph.D Thesis.2000
[28]Amit Patel.Ph.D. student at Stanford University. Pathfinding. http://theory.stanford.edu/-amitp/GameProgramming/2010/02/16
[39]OpenGL. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL#cite_note-1
[30]Russell Smith. Open Dynamics Engine v0.5 User Guide[M].2006/02/23
2寇丽平.群体性挤踏事件原因分析与预防研究[J].中国人民公安大学学报.2005.21(4)：16-22.
1单雪强.苏国锋.中小学校园踩踏事故统计分析及应对措施研究[J].中国安全科学学报.2010/04.20(4)：165-170
2杨振宏.何娟霞.马德仲.汪秀嶂.王祥尧.张旭华.高校突发事件中密集学生群恐慌特征及风险研究[J].安全与环境学报.2005/10.5(5)：46-49
3刘涛.严晓龙.汤永川.支持人员疏散仿真的多Agent系统研究[J].消防设备研究.2008/03.27(3)：202-207
4张永强.聚集人口疏散仿真研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学.硕士论文.2007
1 Dirk Helbing, Illes Farkas, Tamas Vicsek, Simulating dynamical features of escape panic[J]. Nature.2000/09/28. Vol 407:487-490
2杨志谋.司光亚.李志强.罗批.群体行为建模理论基础与建模方法研究[J].系统仿真学报.2009/08.21(16)：4921-4930
3郭占军.秦文虎.舒鑫.紧急状态下虚拟人群行为仿真[J].计算机技术与发展.2009/06.19(6)：47-50
1 Dirk Helbing, Illes Farkas, Tamas Vicsek, Simulating dynamical features of escape panic[J]. Nature.2000/09/28. Vol 407:487-490
2郑小平.钟庭宽.刘梦婷.用于群体疏散的数字仿真方法研究[J].系统仿真学报.2009/06.21(12)：3503-3508
3刘涛.严晓龙.汤永川.一种基于模糊理论的人员疏散模型[J].消防科学与技术.2008/05.27(5)：317-320
1严晓龙.刘涛.汤永川.应急疏散仿真技术及其研究进展[J].消防科学与技术.2007/11.26(6)：617-620
2杨志谋.司光亚.李志强.罗批.群体行为建模理论基础与建模方法研究[J].系统仿真学报.2009/08.21(16)：4921-4930
3严晓龙.刘涛.汤永川.应急疏散仿真技术及其研究进展[J].消防科学与技术.2007/11.26(6)：617-620
4刘晓平.张高峰.曹力.基于空间划分的疏散仿真方法[J].系统仿真学报.2008/08.20(15)：3931-3939
5 EXODUS官方网址：http://fseg.gre.ac.uk/exodus/
6苏绍勇.陈继明.潘金贵.虚拟环境中行为建模技术研究[J].计算机科学.Vol134.No12.2007
1 Stan Franklin. Art Graesser. Is it an Agent, or just a Program?:A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents[C]. Third International Workshop on Agent Theories, rchitectures, and Languages. Springer-Verlag.1996.
2 Liu Jiming.Jin Xiaolong. Tsui K C. Autonomy Oriented Computing (AOC):From Problem Solving to Complex Systems Modeling [C].2005
3 Craig W. Reynolds.Flocks, Herds, and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model[J].Computer Graphics.1987. 21(4):25-34
4 Craig W. Reynolds.Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters [C].Game Developers Conference. San Jose, California.1999
1王飞.基于Agent的自主游戏角色[D].天津：天津大学.硕士论文.2007
2 Russell. Stuart J.. Norvig. Peter (2003). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River[M].New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-790395-2. http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/. chpt.2.2010/07
3百度百科.Agent技术[E]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/1446990.htm 2010/07
4 Eric Bonabeau. Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems[J]. 10.1073/pnas.082080899 PNAS vol.99 no. Suppl 3:7280-7287.2002/05
1 Bouvier E.Cohen E. and Najman L. From crowd simulation to airbag deployment:particle systems,a new paradigm of simulation[J].Journal of Electronic Imaging 6(l):94-107.1997/01.
2人的行为模式[E].安全行为科学理论.http://www.aqtd.cn/xdaq/HTML/29352.html.2006/09/21
1陈辉.基于社会力量模型的人群疏散算法的改进和系统实现[D].杭州：浙江大学.硕士论文.2008
1Ian Millington. Artifical Intelligence For Games[M].America:Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.2005.42-43
1 Craig W. Reynolds. Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters [C].Game Developers Conference. San Jose, California.1999.
2 Craig W. Reynolds. Flocks, Herds, and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model[J]. Computer Graphics.1987. 21(4):25-34
1Wikipedia. Physics Engine[E]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_engine.2010/08/25
1《中国成年人人体尺寸》(GBI0000-88)[R].1992
2 G Keith Still Crowd Dynamics[D]. University of warwick: Ph.D Thesis.2000
1 Craig W. Reynolds. Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters [C].Game Developers Conference. San Jose, California.1999.
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