汶川地震区灾后重建中再生混凝土基本性能及结构应用研究
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摘要
本文是在“国家科技支撑计划项目(2009AA032304)和四川省科技厅攻关项目(2009GZ0043)”联合资助下进行的。在城市建设过程中以及遭遇类似汶川地震这样的重大自然灾害后,都会产生数量巨大的建筑废弃物需要处理。如何妥善处理好巨量建筑垃圾,尽可能地重复利用各种建材,最大程度地减少对环境的破坏,具有显著的经济和生态效益。对于废弃混凝土,通过回收清理分选,经过破碎加工后可用于生产各种再生骨料混凝土制品,是一种有效的消除建筑废物,循环利用资源的技术途径。但由于再生骨料受产地、原始强度、龄期以及生产条件等影响,产品性能具有很大的不稳定性。在汶川地震灾后重建过程中,四川地区急需实用的生产技术进行建筑垃圾处理并生产重建用各类建材。针对以上需求,本文以试验研究为主,结合本地区混凝土再生骨料的应用条件,分别从基本性能测定、设计理论和方法,以及实用新产品的开发和应用等三方面展开研究。主要内容如下：
1.作为再生骨料应用的基础研究,对再生骨料及不同替代率再生混凝土的基本物理性能进行了对比试验研究。测得了地震灾区再生骨料的吸水率、含水率、表观密度、堆积密度和压碎指标等参数,探讨了骨料粒径、级配、原生混凝土强度等因素对骨料性能的影响；采用正交试验方法,进行了C30强度再生混凝土的配合比设计参数比选,探讨了颗粒级配、外掺料、水灰比等对混凝土和易性和强度的影响,确定了再生混凝土的基准配合比；通过对比试验,测得50%、70%和100%三种替代率的再生混凝土不同龄期(3-28d)的立方体抗压强度,推定了不同龄期和替代率的再生混凝土的强度公式；采用回弹法和超声回弹法对78组试块进行了强度无损检测,与普通混凝土的测强曲线进行对比,给出了修正建议。
2.结合四川地区民房灾后重建对墙材的急迫需求,开发了利用再生骨料加工保温空心砌块的生产技术。采用理论分析和有限元分析方法,考虑保温和承重两方面要求,对空心砌块的开孔方式进行优化,使砌块既满足国家墙体节能标准有具有较高承载能力；完成了4个无配筋墙片的低周反复水平荷载试验,研究了保温空心砌体在低周反复水平荷载作用下的抗剪承载力、破坏形态、滞回特性、骨架曲线等性能,分析了影响砌体抗震性能的主要因素。
3.针对配筋再生混凝土的粘结性能可能降低的问题,采用中心拔出试验方法,得到不同类型组合钢筋与混凝土的粘结滑移曲线。探讨了再生骨料替代率、钢筋形状、直径、锚固长度、保护层厚度以及配筋和外掺料等对粘结性能的影响：获得了粘结强度沿锚固长度的变化曲线,并求出拟合公式；借助有限元方法,分别采用接触单元方法和非线性弹簧对钢筋与混凝土的粘结滑移关系进行模拟,对比了两种算法的优缺点,提出计算建议。
4.对再生混凝土在现浇板构件中应用的可行性进行对比试验研究。制作了4块30%替代率的再生混凝土板和2块普通混凝土板。采用两点加载方式进行了抗弯性能试验,测得了普通混凝土和再生混凝土板的开裂荷载、开裂挠度、极限荷载及挠度等参数；对再生混凝土板进行了不同卸载条件的碳纤维布加固修复,比较加固前后构件的承载能力和变形情况,观察不同加固条件下构件的破坏模式,探讨了用粘贴碳纤维方式加固再生混凝土的受弯构件的使用条件。
This dissertation was funded jointly by two projects, which are the project of national science and technology supporting plan (2009AA032304) and the key project of the Science and Technology Department in Sichuan province (2009GZ0043). A huge number of building wastes need to be disposed in the process of urban construction and after the serious natural disasters like the Wenchuan earthquake. Thus, it has significant impact in economics and ecology to dispose a vast quantity of construction waste properly, to recycle all kinds of building materials as much as possible, and to reduce the damage to the environment furthest. And all these have the guiding and demonstration effect. As far as the waste concrete, after recycling, cleaning and sorting, it can be crushed into pieces and used in the production of various types of recycled aggregate concrete products, which is an effective technical approach in eliminating the construction waste and re-utilizing the resources. However, the properties of these products are not that stable on account of the effect of the producing area, original strength, age and producing condition. At the same time, for the situation that a set of practical production technique is needed urgently in disposing the construction waste and producing all kinds of building materials in the process of post-disaster reconstruction in Sichuan, based on a lot of experimental studies, this dissertation focused on the application conditions of renewable concrete aggregate, and it studied three aspects, namely the essential performance measurement, theory and method of designing, and the development and application of new products.
1. For the issue that the differences between recycled aggregates are big, the fundamental physical properties, including absorption rate, moisture content, apparent density and bulk density were measured in this dissertation. Then, the effects of aggregate size, graduation and The original concrete strength on properties of aggregate were discussed. As for the experiment, the method of orthogonal test was used to design mixture ratio for C30regenerated concrete. After analyzing the influence of grain composition, admixture and cement ration to the workability and strength of the concrete, the benchmark proportion for regenerated concrete was set finally. Through comparison tests, the compression strength of regenerated concrete aged3d to28d with50%,70%and100%substitution rate are measured, and the strength equation of regenerated concrete with different ages and substitution rates were deduced. Meanwhile, the non-destructive strength tests were conducted on78sets of test specimens with rebound method and ultrasound rebound method respectively. And then after contrasting the strength-measuring curve of ordinary concrete, the correction advices were presented.
2. According to the requirement of wall materials in reconstruction after earthquake in Sichuan area, production technique was developed to process the recycled aggregate into insulation hollow blocks. In this dissertation, through the methods of theoretical analysis and finite element analysis, considering the demand of heat insulation and bearing, the aperture-opening method of cavity blocks has been optimized, thus not only meet the national criteria for wall's energy conservation, but also have relatively high bearing capacity. At the same time, after horizontal low cyclic loading tests on four non-reinforcing wall pieces, properties of shear resistant strength, fracture morphology, hysteretic properties and skeleton curve of insulation hollow brick masonry under horizontal low cyclic loading have been researched. And then the factors that affect the anti-seismic capability of brickwork were studied.
3. For the issue that the adhesive property of reinforced recycled concrete may reduce, the method of internal fracture test was used in this dissertation to obtain the bond-slip curves between concrete and bars with different kinds of combinations. And the influences of substitution rate, the shape and diameter of reinforced, anchorage length, thickness of concrete cover, and the admixture to adhesive property have been researched. And after obtaining the curve that the bonding strength changed along with the anchorage length, the fitting formula has been obtained. Furthermore, the bonding-slip relationship between bars and concrete was simulated with the methods of contact elements and nonlinear elasticity. And after contrasting the two methods, the suggestions on calculations were presented.
4. For the situation that the recycled concrete are used a lot in situ concrete structure, in this dissertation four recycled concrete slabs with30%substitution rate and two common concrete slabs were made. And then the experiments on bending strength were conducted with the method of two-point loading, the parameters such as cracking load, cracking deflection and ultimate load of common concrete and recycled concrete were obtained. In addition, the recycled concrete slabs were reinforced and repaired by carbon fiber sheet under different unloading conditions. Comparing the bearing capacity and deformation before and after the reinforcement, observing the failure mode of construction members under different reinforcement conditions, the service conditions under which the recycled concrete flexural member can be reinforced by carbon fiber sheet were discussed.
1.作为再生骨料应用的基础研究,对再生骨料及不同替代率再生混凝土的基本物理性能进行了对比试验研究。测得了地震灾区再生骨料的吸水率、含水率、表观密度、堆积密度和压碎指标等参数,探讨了骨料粒径、级配、原生混凝土强度等因素对骨料性能的影响；采用正交试验方法,进行了C30强度再生混凝土的配合比设计参数比选,探讨了颗粒级配、外掺料、水灰比等对混凝土和易性和强度的影响,确定了再生混凝土的基准配合比；通过对比试验,测得50%、70%和100%三种替代率的再生混凝土不同龄期(3-28d)的立方体抗压强度,推定了不同龄期和替代率的再生混凝土的强度公式；采用回弹法和超声回弹法对78组试块进行了强度无损检测,与普通混凝土的测强曲线进行对比,给出了修正建议。
2.结合四川地区民房灾后重建对墙材的急迫需求,开发了利用再生骨料加工保温空心砌块的生产技术。采用理论分析和有限元分析方法,考虑保温和承重两方面要求,对空心砌块的开孔方式进行优化,使砌块既满足国家墙体节能标准有具有较高承载能力；完成了4个无配筋墙片的低周反复水平荷载试验,研究了保温空心砌体在低周反复水平荷载作用下的抗剪承载力、破坏形态、滞回特性、骨架曲线等性能,分析了影响砌体抗震性能的主要因素。
3.针对配筋再生混凝土的粘结性能可能降低的问题,采用中心拔出试验方法,得到不同类型组合钢筋与混凝土的粘结滑移曲线。探讨了再生骨料替代率、钢筋形状、直径、锚固长度、保护层厚度以及配筋和外掺料等对粘结性能的影响：获得了粘结强度沿锚固长度的变化曲线,并求出拟合公式；借助有限元方法,分别采用接触单元方法和非线性弹簧对钢筋与混凝土的粘结滑移关系进行模拟,对比了两种算法的优缺点,提出计算建议。
4.对再生混凝土在现浇板构件中应用的可行性进行对比试验研究。制作了4块30%替代率的再生混凝土板和2块普通混凝土板。采用两点加载方式进行了抗弯性能试验,测得了普通混凝土和再生混凝土板的开裂荷载、开裂挠度、极限荷载及挠度等参数；对再生混凝土板进行了不同卸载条件的碳纤维布加固修复,比较加固前后构件的承载能力和变形情况,观察不同加固条件下构件的破坏模式,探讨了用粘贴碳纤维方式加固再生混凝土的受弯构件的使用条件。
This dissertation was funded jointly by two projects, which are the project of national science and technology supporting plan (2009AA032304) and the key project of the Science and Technology Department in Sichuan province (2009GZ0043). A huge number of building wastes need to be disposed in the process of urban construction and after the serious natural disasters like the Wenchuan earthquake. Thus, it has significant impact in economics and ecology to dispose a vast quantity of construction waste properly, to recycle all kinds of building materials as much as possible, and to reduce the damage to the environment furthest. And all these have the guiding and demonstration effect. As far as the waste concrete, after recycling, cleaning and sorting, it can be crushed into pieces and used in the production of various types of recycled aggregate concrete products, which is an effective technical approach in eliminating the construction waste and re-utilizing the resources. However, the properties of these products are not that stable on account of the effect of the producing area, original strength, age and producing condition. At the same time, for the situation that a set of practical production technique is needed urgently in disposing the construction waste and producing all kinds of building materials in the process of post-disaster reconstruction in Sichuan, based on a lot of experimental studies, this dissertation focused on the application conditions of renewable concrete aggregate, and it studied three aspects, namely the essential performance measurement, theory and method of designing, and the development and application of new products.
1. For the issue that the differences between recycled aggregates are big, the fundamental physical properties, including absorption rate, moisture content, apparent density and bulk density were measured in this dissertation. Then, the effects of aggregate size, graduation and The original concrete strength on properties of aggregate were discussed. As for the experiment, the method of orthogonal test was used to design mixture ratio for C30regenerated concrete. After analyzing the influence of grain composition, admixture and cement ration to the workability and strength of the concrete, the benchmark proportion for regenerated concrete was set finally. Through comparison tests, the compression strength of regenerated concrete aged3d to28d with50%,70%and100%substitution rate are measured, and the strength equation of regenerated concrete with different ages and substitution rates were deduced. Meanwhile, the non-destructive strength tests were conducted on78sets of test specimens with rebound method and ultrasound rebound method respectively. And then after contrasting the strength-measuring curve of ordinary concrete, the correction advices were presented.
2. According to the requirement of wall materials in reconstruction after earthquake in Sichuan area, production technique was developed to process the recycled aggregate into insulation hollow blocks. In this dissertation, through the methods of theoretical analysis and finite element analysis, considering the demand of heat insulation and bearing, the aperture-opening method of cavity blocks has been optimized, thus not only meet the national criteria for wall's energy conservation, but also have relatively high bearing capacity. At the same time, after horizontal low cyclic loading tests on four non-reinforcing wall pieces, properties of shear resistant strength, fracture morphology, hysteretic properties and skeleton curve of insulation hollow brick masonry under horizontal low cyclic loading have been researched. And then the factors that affect the anti-seismic capability of brickwork were studied.
3. For the issue that the adhesive property of reinforced recycled concrete may reduce, the method of internal fracture test was used in this dissertation to obtain the bond-slip curves between concrete and bars with different kinds of combinations. And the influences of substitution rate, the shape and diameter of reinforced, anchorage length, thickness of concrete cover, and the admixture to adhesive property have been researched. And after obtaining the curve that the bonding strength changed along with the anchorage length, the fitting formula has been obtained. Furthermore, the bonding-slip relationship between bars and concrete was simulated with the methods of contact elements and nonlinear elasticity. And after contrasting the two methods, the suggestions on calculations were presented.
4. For the situation that the recycled concrete are used a lot in situ concrete structure, in this dissertation four recycled concrete slabs with30%substitution rate and two common concrete slabs were made. And then the experiments on bending strength were conducted with the method of two-point loading, the parameters such as cracking load, cracking deflection and ultimate load of common concrete and recycled concrete were obtained. In addition, the recycled concrete slabs were reinforced and repaired by carbon fiber sheet under different unloading conditions. Comparing the bearing capacity and deformation before and after the reinforcement, observing the failure mode of construction members under different reinforcement conditions, the service conditions under which the recycled concrete flexural member can be reinforced by carbon fiber sheet were discussed.
引文
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