大城市停车换乘（P&R）系统的实施条件及规划设计方法研究
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摘要
停车是静态交通的重要组成部分。但长期以来,停车规划都未受到足够的重视,而今随着机动车保有量的迅猛增长,停车问题已成为城市交通的大难题。值得注意的是,我国大城市是在交通基础设施条件、交通管理水平相对不足的情况下,应对机动化交通快速增长的压力,这就会使停车设施短缺、道路拥挤、环境污染、交通安全等问题更加突出。至此,仅加强交通基础设施建设、提高整个路网的交通容量已难以满足交通需求,因此一些大城市在交通战略层面上提出了停车换乘这一措施。由国外实践表明,作为交通需求管理的一种手段和政策,停车换乘可以降低城市中心区的交通拥挤程度。
本文参考国外先进经验,结合我国大城市的实际情况,对停车换乘系统的实施条件及规划设计方法进行研究。主要工作有以下几个方面:
1.阐述了停车换乘系统研究与实践的现状,简要介绍了停车换乘系统的基本理论,包括停车换乘的定义、产生发展、类型及作用等,又从正负效应两方面总结了停车换乘的实施效果。
2.利用逻辑描述及模型量化的方法分析了停车换乘系统实施的条件,并对北京市设置停车换乘系统进行了可行性分析。
3.描述了停车换乘行为过程,采用出行行为与意向调查方法分析了停车换乘选择行为的影响因素。
4.重点研究了城市停车换乘系统具体的规划设计问题,包括停车换乘布局选址、停车换乘需求预测、停车换乘规划评价等。
5.最后对停车换乘实施的相关政策进行研究,包括停车产业化政策、公共交通优先政策及中心区拥挤收费政策。
本文的重点与难点在于,文中在对以上理论进行研究的基础上,结合北京市实际交通状况进行了北京市回龙观地区停车换乘系统选址及需求分析,并利用TransCAD软件对所规划的停车换乘设施的效果进行仿真评价。
Parking is an important part of static traffic. But for a long time, parking facilities planning did not have enough attention. Along with quick urbanization and motorization developing, urban areas of cities in China have been experiencing a significant increase in traffic congestion. At this point, only strengthen the transport infrastructure construction or improve the road network capacity can not meet traffic demand, thus introducing the concept of the Park and Ride. Practice from abroad shows that as a means and policy of traffic demand management, Park and Ride can reduce urban central area traffic congestion.
This paper provide a more suitable planning approach for our Park and Ride system referring to the advanced foreign experience and the actual situation of China's largest city. The mainly contents of this dissertation includes:
1. Study and practice situation of P&R is expounded. Basic theories of P&R including definition, development , type of role and positive and negative effects are introduced briefly
2. P&R implement conditions is analyzed using logic and model describe method. Then a feasibility analysis of P&R in Beijing is carried out.
3. P&R acting process is described. And impact factors of P&R choice are analyzed by the RP/SP survey.
4. The design issues of P&R system, including the layout of the site, the demand forecasts and the planning evaluation are solved.
5. Some relevant policy of P&R is researched at the last.
The focus and difficult of this paper is combined with the actual traffic situation of Beijing, do the Park and Ride system site selection and needs analysis of Beijing Huilongguan area, and use TransCAD software simulate the effects on the planned Park and Ride facility.
本文参考国外先进经验,结合我国大城市的实际情况,对停车换乘系统的实施条件及规划设计方法进行研究。主要工作有以下几个方面:
1.阐述了停车换乘系统研究与实践的现状,简要介绍了停车换乘系统的基本理论,包括停车换乘的定义、产生发展、类型及作用等,又从正负效应两方面总结了停车换乘的实施效果。
2.利用逻辑描述及模型量化的方法分析了停车换乘系统实施的条件,并对北京市设置停车换乘系统进行了可行性分析。
3.描述了停车换乘行为过程,采用出行行为与意向调查方法分析了停车换乘选择行为的影响因素。
4.重点研究了城市停车换乘系统具体的规划设计问题,包括停车换乘布局选址、停车换乘需求预测、停车换乘规划评价等。
5.最后对停车换乘实施的相关政策进行研究,包括停车产业化政策、公共交通优先政策及中心区拥挤收费政策。
本文的重点与难点在于,文中在对以上理论进行研究的基础上,结合北京市实际交通状况进行了北京市回龙观地区停车换乘系统选址及需求分析,并利用TransCAD软件对所规划的停车换乘设施的效果进行仿真评价。
Parking is an important part of static traffic. But for a long time, parking facilities planning did not have enough attention. Along with quick urbanization and motorization developing, urban areas of cities in China have been experiencing a significant increase in traffic congestion. At this point, only strengthen the transport infrastructure construction or improve the road network capacity can not meet traffic demand, thus introducing the concept of the Park and Ride. Practice from abroad shows that as a means and policy of traffic demand management, Park and Ride can reduce urban central area traffic congestion.
This paper provide a more suitable planning approach for our Park and Ride system referring to the advanced foreign experience and the actual situation of China's largest city. The mainly contents of this dissertation includes:
1. Study and practice situation of P&R is expounded. Basic theories of P&R including definition, development , type of role and positive and negative effects are introduced briefly
2. P&R implement conditions is analyzed using logic and model describe method. Then a feasibility analysis of P&R in Beijing is carried out.
3. P&R acting process is described. And impact factors of P&R choice are analyzed by the RP/SP survey.
4. The design issues of P&R system, including the layout of the site, the demand forecasts and the planning evaluation are solved.
5. Some relevant policy of P&R is researched at the last.
The focus and difficult of this paper is combined with the actual traffic situation of Beijing, do the Park and Ride system site selection and needs analysis of Beijing Huilongguan area, and use TransCAD software simulate the effects on the planned Park and Ride facility.
引文
[1]国家统计局.2007年中国统计年鉴[R],2007
[2]北京交通发展研究中心.2007年北京市居民出行调查报告[R],2007
[3]北京交通发展研究中心.停车设施供应现状及问题分析[R],2005
[4]Peter J.Foote.CTA weekday Park and Ride users:a choice market with ridership growth potential[J].Transportation Research Board January,2000,9-13
[5]Yoram Shiftan.Park and ride:could it lead to an increase in car traffic?[J].Transport Policy,1995,1:15-23
[6]室町泰德.Elements for the effective use of park-and-ride facilities in the Seoul Metropolitan Areas,Japan[J].Transportation Research,2001
[7]Graham Parkhurst,Dedicated bus-based park and ride services and the demand for public transport[J].Economic & social research council transport studies unit publication,2001
[8]D.Riley,Maciasaac.Park and Ride Operation in Seattle Metropolitan Area[J].Transportation Engineering Journal of ASCE.ASCE,New York.1978,104:489-498
[9]Suason Hendricks.A Demand Forecasting Model for Park and Ride lots in King country,Washington,TRB.1998,125-148
[10]Parsons,Brinckerhoff,Qyade&Piyglas,Inc.Park and Ride Demand Estimate[J].User Mannal Submitted MOTRO,Stattle,WA.1995,75-78
[11]E.Bums.ITE Journal,Priority Rating of Potential Park and Ride Sites[J].Institute of Transportation Engineers,Washington D.C..1979,49:29-31
[12]Robert Spillar.Park and Ride Planning and Design Guidelines[M],Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade&Douglas,Inc..New York.1997,235-267
[13]Ardeshirt FAGHRI,Adam J.LANG.and Healther.An AI-Based Hybrid System for Locating Park and Ride Facilitie[J]s.Transport research board.2001,1:7-15
[14]R.Niblett and D.Palmer.Park and Ride in London and the South East[J].Highways and Transportation.National Economic Development Office.London,England.1993,40:4-10
[15]Georgina Santos.(2000)Park & Ride as a traffic calming policy:the case of Cambridge.England,4-10
[16]G.parkhurst.Influence of bus-based Park and Ride facilities on users'car traffic[J].Transport Policy.2000,7:35-37
[17]Craham.The Urban Transportation Monitor.Characteristics of the most Successful Park and Ride Lots at Larger U.S[J].Transit Agencies.1990,4:378-380
[18]Foo Tuan Seik.Experiences from Singapore's Park-and-Ride Scheme(1975-1996)[J].HABITATITNL,Vol.21,No.4,1997,427-443
[19]Mildner,GerardC.S,Dedicated bus-based park and ride services and the demand for public transport[J].Economic & social research council transport studies unit publication,2001,5
[20]陈群,晏克非,文雅,王仁涛.基于双层模型的城市P+R处停车泊位规模确定方法[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006,6(4):66-69
[21]陈刚,周和平,晏克非.城市外围停车换乘设施换乘效率公众评价的结构方程模型[J].系统工程,2006,24(3):29-34
[22]孙剑,李克平,熊萍.城市中心区外停车换乘系统评价研究——以Visum的应用为例[J].交通与计算机,2006,24(5):1-4
[23]秦焕美,关志宏,李洋.大城市P&R系统选择行为调查初步分析——以北京市为例[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,2004,2(4):77-83
[24]易昆南,李志纯.随机动态交通网络中的停车行为[J].长沙理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,3(2):12-17
[25]田琼,黄海军.瓶颈处停车换乘logit随机均衡选择模型[J].管理科学学报,2005,8(1):1-6
[26]邵春福.交通规划原理[M].北京:中国铁道出版社.2004
[27]张秀媛.大城市停车换乘(P+R)系统建设相关问题研究[J].城市停车,2007,1:16-19
[28]王庆海.城市规划与管理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2005
[29]孙剑,李克平,熊萍.城市中心区外小汽车与轨道交通换乘研究[J].交通与计算机,2006,24(5):1-4
[30]北京市交通委员会.北京交通发展纲要报告(2004-2020)[R],2004
[31]北京交通发展研究中心.北京市浮动车调查报告[R],2005
[32]北京市规划委员会.北京市“十一五”规划纲要[R].2005
[33]北京交通发展研究中心.北京市城市交通综合调查分析研究报告[R].2007
[34]王方,陈金川.交通SP数据处理和分析方法研究[J].北京交通发展研究中心论文集.2007.北京出版社.241-245
[35]北京交通发展研究中心.北京市停车换乘系统布局规划报告[R].2005
[36]William H.K.Lam,HOW PARK-AND-RIDE SCHEMES CAN BE SUCCESSFUL IN EASTERN ASIA.Joumal of urban planning and development.2001(6):62-67
[37]关宏志,刘小明.停车场规划设计与管理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003:139
[38]关宏志.非集计模型——交通行为分析的工具[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[39]刘春晓.城市中心区外小汽车与轨道交通换乘研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2002
[40]秦焕美,关宏志,李阳.大城市P&R系统选择行为调查初步分析——以北京市为例[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,2004,(4):85-87
[41]刘有军,晏克非.基于GIS的停车换乘设施优化选址方法的研究[J].交通科技,2003,3
[42]裴玉龙,刘春晓.停车换乘站位置选择及换乘需求预测[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2005,1(25):60-64
[43]王雪,关宏志,王鑫.停车换乘设施吸引强度研究[J].道路交通与安全,2007,7(1):24-26
[44]黄一峰,靳文舟,李俊辉.基于改进四阶段法的停车换乘系统需求预测模型研究[J].交通与计算机,2007,25(4):22-25
[45]谢迪,王秋平.蚂蚁算法在停车换乘站选择的应用[J].四川建筑,2007,27(5):27-28
[46]杨明,曲大义,王炜.城市土地利用与交通需求相关关系模型研究[J].公路交通科技,2002,19(1):72-75
[47]何佳玮,赵强.基于出行生成约束模型的交通需求预测方法研究[J].交通与计算机,2005,23(5):26-29
[48]李霞,邵春福,贾洪飞.土地利用与居民出行生成模型及其参数标定[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2007,37(6):1301-1303
[49]林艳.城市综合客运交通体系中停车换乘系统研究[D].东南大学,2006
[50]何保红.城市停车换乘设施规划方法研究[D].东南大学,2006
[51]仇亮.城市交通影响评价的理论与方法[J].科技情报开发与经济,2003,13(11):130-131
[52]易昆南,于菲菲.城市交通网络中的停车—换乘行为[J].系统工程,2006,24(3): 35-39
[53]沈党云,关宏志.停车产业化政策研究[J].城市交通,2005,3(3):41-44
[54]韩凤春,王景升.我国城市停车发展战略研究[J].中国人民公安大学学报(自然科学版),2006,2(2):89-92
[2]北京交通发展研究中心.2007年北京市居民出行调查报告[R],2007
[3]北京交通发展研究中心.停车设施供应现状及问题分析[R],2005
[4]Peter J.Foote.CTA weekday Park and Ride users:a choice market with ridership growth potential[J].Transportation Research Board January,2000,9-13
[5]Yoram Shiftan.Park and ride:could it lead to an increase in car traffic?[J].Transport Policy,1995,1:15-23
[6]室町泰德.Elements for the effective use of park-and-ride facilities in the Seoul Metropolitan Areas,Japan[J].Transportation Research,2001
[7]Graham Parkhurst,Dedicated bus-based park and ride services and the demand for public transport[J].Economic & social research council transport studies unit publication,2001
[8]D.Riley,Maciasaac.Park and Ride Operation in Seattle Metropolitan Area[J].Transportation Engineering Journal of ASCE.ASCE,New York.1978,104:489-498
[9]Suason Hendricks.A Demand Forecasting Model for Park and Ride lots in King country,Washington,TRB.1998,125-148
[10]Parsons,Brinckerhoff,Qyade&Piyglas,Inc.Park and Ride Demand Estimate[J].User Mannal Submitted MOTRO,Stattle,WA.1995,75-78
[11]E.Bums.ITE Journal,Priority Rating of Potential Park and Ride Sites[J].Institute of Transportation Engineers,Washington D.C..1979,49:29-31
[12]Robert Spillar.Park and Ride Planning and Design Guidelines[M],Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade&Douglas,Inc..New York.1997,235-267
[13]Ardeshirt FAGHRI,Adam J.LANG.and Healther.An AI-Based Hybrid System for Locating Park and Ride Facilitie[J]s.Transport research board.2001,1:7-15
[14]R.Niblett and D.Palmer.Park and Ride in London and the South East[J].Highways and Transportation.National Economic Development Office.London,England.1993,40:4-10
[15]Georgina Santos.(2000)Park & Ride as a traffic calming policy:the case of Cambridge.England,4-10
[16]G.parkhurst.Influence of bus-based Park and Ride facilities on users'car traffic[J].Transport Policy.2000,7:35-37
[17]Craham.The Urban Transportation Monitor.Characteristics of the most Successful Park and Ride Lots at Larger U.S[J].Transit Agencies.1990,4:378-380
[18]Foo Tuan Seik.Experiences from Singapore's Park-and-Ride Scheme(1975-1996)[J].HABITATITNL,Vol.21,No.4,1997,427-443
[19]Mildner,GerardC.S,Dedicated bus-based park and ride services and the demand for public transport[J].Economic & social research council transport studies unit publication,2001,5
[20]陈群,晏克非,文雅,王仁涛.基于双层模型的城市P+R处停车泊位规模确定方法[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006,6(4):66-69
[21]陈刚,周和平,晏克非.城市外围停车换乘设施换乘效率公众评价的结构方程模型[J].系统工程,2006,24(3):29-34
[22]孙剑,李克平,熊萍.城市中心区外停车换乘系统评价研究——以Visum的应用为例[J].交通与计算机,2006,24(5):1-4
[23]秦焕美,关志宏,李洋.大城市P&R系统选择行为调查初步分析——以北京市为例[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,2004,2(4):77-83
[24]易昆南,李志纯.随机动态交通网络中的停车行为[J].长沙理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,3(2):12-17
[25]田琼,黄海军.瓶颈处停车换乘logit随机均衡选择模型[J].管理科学学报,2005,8(1):1-6
[26]邵春福.交通规划原理[M].北京:中国铁道出版社.2004
[27]张秀媛.大城市停车换乘(P+R)系统建设相关问题研究[J].城市停车,2007,1:16-19
[28]王庆海.城市规划与管理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2005
[29]孙剑,李克平,熊萍.城市中心区外小汽车与轨道交通换乘研究[J].交通与计算机,2006,24(5):1-4
[30]北京市交通委员会.北京交通发展纲要报告(2004-2020)[R],2004
[31]北京交通发展研究中心.北京市浮动车调查报告[R],2005
[32]北京市规划委员会.北京市“十一五”规划纲要[R].2005
[33]北京交通发展研究中心.北京市城市交通综合调查分析研究报告[R].2007
[34]王方,陈金川.交通SP数据处理和分析方法研究[J].北京交通发展研究中心论文集.2007.北京出版社.241-245
[35]北京交通发展研究中心.北京市停车换乘系统布局规划报告[R].2005
[36]William H.K.Lam,HOW PARK-AND-RIDE SCHEMES CAN BE SUCCESSFUL IN EASTERN ASIA.Joumal of urban planning and development.2001(6):62-67
[37]关宏志,刘小明.停车场规划设计与管理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003:139
[38]关宏志.非集计模型——交通行为分析的工具[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[39]刘春晓.城市中心区外小汽车与轨道交通换乘研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2002
[40]秦焕美,关宏志,李阳.大城市P&R系统选择行为调查初步分析——以北京市为例[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,2004,(4):85-87
[41]刘有军,晏克非.基于GIS的停车换乘设施优化选址方法的研究[J].交通科技,2003,3
[42]裴玉龙,刘春晓.停车换乘站位置选择及换乘需求预测[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2005,1(25):60-64
[43]王雪,关宏志,王鑫.停车换乘设施吸引强度研究[J].道路交通与安全,2007,7(1):24-26
[44]黄一峰,靳文舟,李俊辉.基于改进四阶段法的停车换乘系统需求预测模型研究[J].交通与计算机,2007,25(4):22-25
[45]谢迪,王秋平.蚂蚁算法在停车换乘站选择的应用[J].四川建筑,2007,27(5):27-28
[46]杨明,曲大义,王炜.城市土地利用与交通需求相关关系模型研究[J].公路交通科技,2002,19(1):72-75
[47]何佳玮,赵强.基于出行生成约束模型的交通需求预测方法研究[J].交通与计算机,2005,23(5):26-29
[48]李霞,邵春福,贾洪飞.土地利用与居民出行生成模型及其参数标定[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2007,37(6):1301-1303
[49]林艳.城市综合客运交通体系中停车换乘系统研究[D].东南大学,2006
[50]何保红.城市停车换乘设施规划方法研究[D].东南大学,2006
[51]仇亮.城市交通影响评价的理论与方法[J].科技情报开发与经济,2003,13(11):130-131
[52]易昆南,于菲菲.城市交通网络中的停车—换乘行为[J].系统工程,2006,24(3): 35-39
[53]沈党云,关宏志.停车产业化政策研究[J].城市交通,2005,3(3):41-44
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