Fe基二元、三元合金性能及其电沉积行为研究
|
摘要
铬镀层作为防护性和装饰性镀层在工业和生活中有着广泛的应用,但是金属铬的对人体和环境的危害性也早已经引起了人们的关注,作为代铬镀层而开发的钨合金镀层以其各方面优异的性能吸引了研究者广泛关注,如装饰性外观、高硬度、高耐磨性、高热稳定性、良好的耐蚀性。钨合金排除了有毒有害元素铬,并且采用绿色的柠檬酸做为络合剂,在生产过程中不会产生对环境有危害的废气和废水,属于绿色环保电镀工艺。钨合金在石油机械工业中已经取得了重要广泛的应用,随着钨合金技术的进一步完善,其将会在工业和生活中发挥越来越重要的作用。
本文研究了不同钨含量Fe-Ni-W合金的耐腐蚀性能,并且在调整不同镍铁比的过程中发现,在钨合会中Fe、Ni呈现正常共沉积行为,鉴于此发现,详细研究了在碱性条件下电沉积Fe-Ni合金,并讨论了其可能的电沉积机理。
本论文在以下几个方面开展了研究工作：
(1)通过调整镀液组分得到了不同钨含量的Fe-Ni-W合金,并对其结构、表观形貌进行了表征,并通过动电位阳极极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱技术在3.5％NaCl溶液中对其耐腐蚀性能进行了详细的研究。
(2)在碱性条件下,研究了分别采用氨水和氢氧化钠调节pH值的电解液中Fe-Ni合金电沉积行为,发现了铁镍合金的正常共沉积行为,并对其电化学特性进行了研究。
(3)利用所得的实验数据及已有的电镀理论,提出了铁镍正常共沉积的反应机理。
Chromium plating is used widely in industry and life as protective and decorative coating,however the toxicity of hexavalent chromium for human body and entironment had drew the attention of pepole.Tungsten alloy empoldered as the substitute of chromium plating had drew wide interest of researchers for decades by the excelent properties,i.e.decorative appearance,high rigidity,high wear Resistance,high thermal Stability and good corrosion resistence.Tungsten alloy get rid of the deleterious element Cr and use citric acid as complex agent.There are no harmful rejectamenta in the production process,so ti is Green Manufacturing Process. Tungsten alloy had already obtained very successful application in heavy machinery industry of petroleum.Tungsten alloy will play a more and more important role in industry and life in future along with the maturity of the technology.
In this paper corrosion resistence of Fe-Ni-W alloy with different tungsten content in 3.5wt% NaCl solution was studied.We found that Fe and Ni element codeposition don't obey the anomalous codeposition rule of iron groups metals.For this interesting discovery. We studied the codeposition of Fe-Ni alloy in detail under alkaline condition and discussed the possible mechanism.
(1) We obtained Fe-Ni-W alloy coating by changing the content of electrolyte and technical parameters and characterized the surface morphology, structure. Corrosion behavior was investigated by electrochemical and gravimetric tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 25℃
(2) Under alkaline condition,the codeposition of Fe-Ni alloy was studied in electrolytes adjusted pH by NH3H2O or NaOH respectively.The regular codeposition of Fe-Ni alloy was discoved and studied the electrochemical characteristic.
(3)The codeposition mechanism of Fe-Ni alloy was proposed according to the experiment datas and theoretics of electroplating.
本文研究了不同钨含量Fe-Ni-W合金的耐腐蚀性能,并且在调整不同镍铁比的过程中发现,在钨合会中Fe、Ni呈现正常共沉积行为,鉴于此发现,详细研究了在碱性条件下电沉积Fe-Ni合金,并讨论了其可能的电沉积机理。
本论文在以下几个方面开展了研究工作：
(1)通过调整镀液组分得到了不同钨含量的Fe-Ni-W合金,并对其结构、表观形貌进行了表征,并通过动电位阳极极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱技术在3.5％NaCl溶液中对其耐腐蚀性能进行了详细的研究。
(2)在碱性条件下,研究了分别采用氨水和氢氧化钠调节pH值的电解液中Fe-Ni合金电沉积行为,发现了铁镍合金的正常共沉积行为,并对其电化学特性进行了研究。
(3)利用所得的实验数据及已有的电镀理论,提出了铁镍正常共沉积的反应机理。
Chromium plating is used widely in industry and life as protective and decorative coating,however the toxicity of hexavalent chromium for human body and entironment had drew the attention of pepole.Tungsten alloy empoldered as the substitute of chromium plating had drew wide interest of researchers for decades by the excelent properties,i.e.decorative appearance,high rigidity,high wear Resistance,high thermal Stability and good corrosion resistence.Tungsten alloy get rid of the deleterious element Cr and use citric acid as complex agent.There are no harmful rejectamenta in the production process,so ti is Green Manufacturing Process. Tungsten alloy had already obtained very successful application in heavy machinery industry of petroleum.Tungsten alloy will play a more and more important role in industry and life in future along with the maturity of the technology.
In this paper corrosion resistence of Fe-Ni-W alloy with different tungsten content in 3.5wt% NaCl solution was studied.We found that Fe and Ni element codeposition don't obey the anomalous codeposition rule of iron groups metals.For this interesting discovery. We studied the codeposition of Fe-Ni alloy in detail under alkaline condition and discussed the possible mechanism.
(1) We obtained Fe-Ni-W alloy coating by changing the content of electrolyte and technical parameters and characterized the surface morphology, structure. Corrosion behavior was investigated by electrochemical and gravimetric tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 25℃
(2) Under alkaline condition,the codeposition of Fe-Ni alloy was studied in electrolytes adjusted pH by NH3H2O or NaOH respectively.The regular codeposition of Fe-Ni alloy was discoved and studied the electrochemical characteristic.
(3)The codeposition mechanism of Fe-Ni alloy was proposed according to the experiment datas and theoretics of electroplating.
引文
[1]Schwarzacher W. Electrodeposition:A Technology for the Future. The electrochemical Society Interface Spring,2006:32-35
[2]黄子勋,昊纯素.电镀理论.北京：中国农业机械出版社,1981：54-55
[3]陈亚.现代实用电镀技术.北京：国防工业出版社,2003：17-19
[4]林文修,陈登意,张经童等.镍钨合金电镀的研究.化学世界,1991,8(7)：294-297
[5]杨防祖,曹刚敏,郑雪等.镀液组成对Ni-W合金电沉积的影响.材料保护,1999,32(8)：1-3
[6]周婉秋.Ni-W镀层非晶化机制.电镀与涂饰,1997,10(1)：22-26
[7]Yamasaki T, SchloBmacher P, Ehrlich K, et al. Formation of amorphous electrodeposited Ni-W alloys and their nanocrystallization. Nanostructured Materials,1998,10(3):375-388
[8]王保玉.钨含量对Ni-W合金镀层结构的影响.应用化学,1999,16(5)：103-105
[9]Wu Y Y, Chang D, Kim D, et al. Influence of boric acid on the electrodepositing process and structures of Ni-W alloy coating. Surface and Coatings Technology.2003,173(2):259-264
[10]舒霞,吴玉程,邓玉春等.工艺条件对电沉积Ni-W合金纳米晶的影响.稀有金属材料与工程,2005,34(3)：413-416
[11]舒霞,吴玉程,史成等.电沉积Ni-W合金纳米晶的组织与性能.有色金属,2006,58(3)：31-35
[12]万小波,张林,周兰等.镍钨合金镀层的结构研究.材料保护,2005,38(5)：8-10
[13]万小波,张林,周兰等.电镀非晶念钨合金工艺研究.材料保护,2006,39(12)：23-25
[14]杨中东.Ni-W合金电镀层内应力的研究.表面技术,1995,24(6)：13-15
[15]Mizushima I, Tang P T, Hansen H N, et al. Residual stress in Ni-W electrodeposits. Electrochimica Acta,2006,51(27):6128-6134
[16]周婉秋,郭鹤桐,姚素薇.电沉积镍-钨非晶态合金及其耐蚀性.材料保护,1996,29(11)：6-8
[17]姚素薇.镍-钨-磷非晶态合金的电沉积方法及耐蚀性能的研究.材料保护, 1994,27(3)：9
[18]杨文,王晓东.非晶态Ni-W合金镀层电沉积影响因素和特性的研究.腐蚀科学与防护技术,1998,10(3)：160-162
[19]Sriraman K R, Sundara-Raman S G, Seshadri S K. Corrosion behaviour of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-W and Ni-Fe-W alloys. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2007,460-461(15):39-45
[20]Alimadadi H, Ahmadi M, Aliofkhazraei M, et al. Corrosion properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline and amorphous patterned Ni-W alloy. Materials and Design,2009,30(4):1356-1361
[21]姚素薇,郭鹤桐,王存等.电沉积Fe-W非晶态合金的研究.材料保护,1992,25(5)：9-12
[22]王峰,伊藤清,渡边澈.Fe-W非晶态合金镀膜技术及其最佳制备条件的研究.化工进展,1999,18(6)：47-50
[23]Tharamani C N, Beera P, Jayaram V, et al. Studies on electrodeposition of Fe-W alloys for fuel cell applications. Applied Surface Science,2006,253(4): 2031-2037
[24]屠振密.电镀合金原理与工艺.北京：国防工业出版社,1993：146-151
[25]Maruthi B N, Ramesh L, Landalt D. Electrodeposition and characterization of Co-W alloys. Plating and Surface Finishing,1999,86(3):85
[26]Itakura I, Homma T, Osaka T. A survey of electrodeposited hard magnetic thin films with film compositions and their magntic peoperties. Electrochimica Acta,1999,44(21-22):3707-3711
[27]Hamid Z A. Electrodeposition of cobalt-tungsten alloys from acidic bath containing cationic surfactants. Materials Letters,2003,57(16-17):2558-2564
[28]Shobba T, Mayanna S M, Sequeira C A C. Preparation and characterization of Co-W alloys as anode materials for methanol fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources,2002,108(1-2):261-264
[29]Ramesh L, Sheshadri B S, Mayanna S M. Development of Fe-Co-W alloys as cathode materials for fuel cell application. Transactions of the institute of metal finishing,1998,76(3):101-104
[30]Capel H, Shipway P H, Harris S J. Sliding wear behavior of electrodeposited cobalt-tungsten and cobalt-tungsten-iron alloys. Wear,2003,255(20):917-923
[31]He F J, Lei J T, Lu X, et al. Friction and wear behavior of electrodeposited amorphous Fe-Co-W alloy deposits. Trancactions of nonferrous metals society of China,2004,14(5):901-906
[32]Hoglund P F, Holt M L. The electrodeposition of nickel-cobalt-tungsten alloys from an acid plating bath. Transactions of electrochemistry society,1945, 88(5):3389-3396
[33]Singh V B, Singh L C, Tikoo P K. Studies on electrodeposition of nickel-eobalt-tungsten alloys. Journal of the electroehemieal soeiety,1980, 127 (3):590-596
[34]邹勇进,肖作安,费锡明.电沉积Co-Ni-W合金电极在碱性溶液中的析氢电催化活性.稀有金属,2004,28(5)：954-957
[35]郭跃萍.电沉积制备Ni-W、Ni-Co-W合金及其性能研究：[兰州大学硕士学位论文].兰州：兰州大学化学化工学院,2007：31-36
[36]董允,林晓娉.Ni-Co-W/SiC微粒复合材料的磨损规律和机理.机械工程学报,2000,36(7)：86-89
[37]邵光杰,秦秀娟,李慧等.电沉积Ni-P合金镀层耐蚀性的研究.电镀与精饰,2001,23(3)：5-7
[38]邵光杰,秦秀娟,于升学等.电沉积Ni-P合金镀层在酸性介质中耐蚀性能的研究表面技术,2001,30(5)：32-35
[39]徐瑞东,郭忠诚,朱晓云等.高磷非晶态镍磷合金镀层的研究.电镀与环保,2002,22(3)：18-20
[40]韩文政,遇元宏,时小军.化学镀Ni-P工艺对镀层结构和性能的影响.材料保护,2002,35(5)：51-52
[41]孙榆芳,杨德钓,孙冬柏等.络合剂对Ni-P化学镀层耐蚀性的影响.北京科技大学学报,1994,16(3)：37-41
[42]李吉学,国珍秀.化学镀Ni-P合金镀层相结构与硬度的研究.表面技术,2001,30(1)：26-27
[43]税毅.Ni-P镀层研究现状及发展趋势.表面技术,2002,31(2)：1-5
[44]李吉学,国秀珍.化学镀Ni-P合金镀层相结构与硬度的研究.表面技术,2001,30(1)：6-9
[45]张启富,涂抚洲.非晶态镍磷合金电沉积机理的研究.电镀与涂饰,2001,20(1)：1-6
[46]Lu G J, Zangari G. Corrosion resistance of ternary Ni-P based alloys in sulfuric acid solutions. Electrochimica Acta,2002,47(18):2969-2979
[47]Berrlos J A, Staia M H, Hemandez E C, et al. Effect of the thickness of all electroless Ni-P deposit on the mechanical properties of an AISI 1045 plain carbon steel. Surface and Coatings Technology,1998,108-109(1-3):466-472
[48]Staiaa M H, Puchia E S, Castro G, et al. Effect of thermal history on the microhardness ofelectroless Ni-P. Thin Solid Films,1999,355-356(1): 472-479
[49]Krolikowski A, Wieeko A. Impedance studies of hydrogen evolution on Ni-P alloys Electrochimica Acta,2002,47(13-14):2065-2069
[50]Paseka I. Influence of hydrogen absorption in amorphous Ni-P electrodes on double layer capacitance and charge transfercoefficiant of hydrogen evolutionreaction. Electrochimica Acta,1999,44(25):4551-4558
[51]Kurowski A, Schultze J W, Staikov G. Initial stages of Ni-P electrodeposition: growthmorphology and compsition of deposits. Electrochemistry Communications,2002,4(7):565-569
[52]Tache D, Georgieva J, Armyanov S. Magnetothermal study of nanocrystalline particle formation in amorphous electroless Ni-P and Ni-Me-P alloys. Electrochimica Acta,2001,47(1-2):359-369
[53]Nink T, Mao Z L, Bostanjogle O. Melt instability and crystallization in thin amorphous Ni-P films. Applied Surface Science,2000,154-155(1-4):140-145
[54]Okado J, Shims M, McColl I R, et al. Ni-P and Mo:an excellent fretting wear resistant combination. Wear,1999,225(2):749-757
[55]Burchardt T. The effect of deposition temperature on the catalytic activity of Ni-P alloys toward the hydrogen reaction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2002,27(3):323-328
[56]Humbert E, Tosser A J. Variations in the Curie temperature of elcctrodeposited Ni-P layers. Journal of Materials Science Letters,1997,17(2):167-168
[57]陈克明,陈钰秋,乔学亮等.化学镀Ni-W-P合金镀层耐磨耐蚀性研究.热加工工艺,1996,2(8)：45-47
[58]赵晴,杜楠,熊友泉等.化学镀Ni-W-P合金工艺的研究.材料保护,2001,34(5)：28-29
[59]宗云,郭荣新,何冰清等.不同镀液组分对化学沉积Ni-W-P合金层组织和性能的影响.表面技术,2009,38(6)：9-12
[60]郑志军,高岩.钨对化学镀Ni-W-P合金镀层结构及性能的影响.电镀与环保,2005,25(3)：19-22
[61]曲彦平,胡燕.热处理温度对Ni-W-P化学镀层结构和性能的影响.材料保护,2009,42(8)：43-45
[62]周迎东.Ni-W-P合金的电沉积工艺探讨及镀层结构分析：[山东大学硕士学位论文].济南：山东大学图书馆,2004：33-59
[63]牛立斌.电沉积Ni-W-P合金镀层的研究：[西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论 文].西安：西安建筑科技大学图书馆,2006：26-48
[64]梁琨,于嫒,牛立斌.Ni-W-P合金镀层性能研究.电镀与涂饰,2006,26(3)：5-8
[65]王晓强,何凤姣,鞠辉等.Ni-Fe/Ni-P-W双层合金镀层的制备及性能.电镀与涂饰,2008,10(9)：5-7
[66]周俊,王秀敏,何凤姣等.电镀钨合金抽油杆耐硫化氢腐蚀研究.电镀与涂饰,2009,28(10)：4-8
[67]Pedro de L N, Gecilio P S, Adriana N C. A comparative study of the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of Cr and Ni-W-P amorphous electrocoatings. Electrochimica Acta,2006,51(23):4928-4933
[68]王龙彪,吴俊,黄清安等.电沉积Ni-W-P合金上析氢行为的研究.材料保护,2000,33(2)：1-2
[69]张卫国,刘洋,李贺等.热处理对电沉积Ni-W-P合金催化析氢性能的影响,2006,27(11)：967-970
[70]Vasu K L, Rama Char T L. Eleetrodeposition of tungsten alloys niekel-iron-tungsten from pyrophosphate baths. Metal finishing,1962,60(9): 44-52
[71]CamPbell F, Von Fraunhoefr J A. Some uses of pyrophsophates in metal finishing:partⅢ.niekel and niecel alloys.Surafce technology,1977,5(5): 345-36
[72]Singh V B. Studies on the eleetrodeposition of ternary nickel-iron-tungsten alloys. Surafeeteehnology,1978,7(6):443-45
[73]刘宜汉,苑洁明.镍铁钨三元合金的电镀研究.材料保护,1998,31(5)：19-21
[74]Donten M, Cesiulis H, Stojek Z. Eleetrodeposition and Properties of Ni-W, Fe-W and Fe-Ni-W amorphous alloys:A comparative study. Eleetrochimica Acta,2000,45(20):3389-3396
[75]杨娟.电沉积Fe-Ni-W合金代铬工艺及性能研究：[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙：湖南大学化学化工学院,2007：19-48
[76]He F J, Wang M, Lu X. Properties of electrodeposited amorphous Fe-Ni-W alloy deposits,2006,16(6):1289-1294
[77]He F J, Yang J, Lei T X. Structure and properties of electrodeposited Fe-Ni-W alloys with different levels of tungsten content:A comparative study. Applied Surface Science,2007,253(18):7591-7598
[78]张鹏,赵永武.Ni-Fe-W合金镀层的结构形貌及摩擦学性能研究.润滑与密 封,2007,32(2)：88-91
[79]张鹏,赵永武,陈广.脉冲电沉积Ni-W合金的微观结构及摩擦学性能.江南大学学报,2008,7(1)：68-72
[80]詹厚芹,何凤姣,鞠辉等.电沉积镍铁钨纳米晶合金及其表征.电镀与涂饰,2009,28(1)：1-3
[81]Sriraman K R, Ganesh Sundara Raman S, Seshadri S K. Corrosion behaviour of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-W and Ni-Fe-W alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A,2007,460-461(8):39-45
[82]Li Y, Jiang H, Huang W, et al. Effects of peak current density on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Ni-Co alloys produced by pulse electrodeposition. Applied Surface Science,2008,254(21):6865-6869
[83]Tury B, Lakatos-Varsanyi M, Roy S. Ni-Co alloys plated by pulse currents. Surface and coatings Technology,2006,200(24):6713-6717
[84]Gomez E, Pane S, Valles E. Electrodeposition of Co-Ni and Co-Ni-Cu systems in sulphate-citrate medium. Electrochimica Acta,2005,51(1):146-153
[85]Golodnitsky D, Rosenberg Y, Ulus A. The role of anion additives in the electrodeposition of nickel-cobalt alloys from sulfamate electrolyte. Electrochimica Acta,2002,47(17):2707-2714
[86]Marikkannu K R, Kalaignan G P, Wasudevan T. The role of additives in the electrodeposition of nickel-cobalt alloy from acetate electrolyte. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2007,438(1-2):332-336
[87]Li Y, Jiang H, Wang D, et al. Effects of saccharin and cobalt concentration in electrolytic solution on microhardness of nanocrystalline Ni-Co alloys. Surface and Coatings Technology,2008,202(20):4952-4956
[88]Pane S, Gomez E, Garcia-Amoros J, et al. Modulation of the magneitc properties of CoNi coatings by electrodeposition in the presence of a redox cationic surfactant. Applied Surface Science,2006,253(5):2964-2968
[89]Gomez E, Pane S, Alcobe X, et al. Influence of a cationic surfactant in the properties of cobalt-nickel electrodeposits. Electrochimica Acta,2006,51(26): 5703-5709
[90]朱龙章,张庆元,陈宇飞.镍钴合金镀层的电沉积及其耐蚀性的研究.材料保护,1997,30(5)：4-6
[91]Brenner A. Electrodeposition of alloys:Principles and practice.New York: Academic Press,1963:56-64
[92]Brankovic S R, Yang X M, Klemmer T J, et al. Pulse electrodeposition of 2.4 T alloys at nanoscale for magnetic recording application. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2006,42 (2):132-139
[93]Myung N V, Park D Y, Urgiles D E, et al. Electroformed iron and FeCo alloy. Electrochimca Acta,2004,49(25):4397-4404
[94]Zhang Y, Ivey D G. Characterization of Co-Fe and Co-Fe-Ni soft magnetic films electrodeposited from citrate-stabilized sulfate baths. Materials Science and Engineering B,2007,140(1-2):15-22
[95]Brankovic S R, Bae S E, Litvinow D. The effect of Fe3+ on magnetic moment of electrodeposited CoFe alloys-Experimental study and analytical model. Electrochimica Acta,2008,53(20):5934-5940
[96]Koza J A, Uhlemann M, Gebert A, et al. The effect of a magnetic field on the pH value in front of the electrode surface during the electrodeposition of Co, Fe and CoFe alloys. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2008,617(2): 194-202
[97]Koza J A, Uhlemann M, Gebert A, et al. The effect of magnetic fields on the electrodeposition of CoFe alloys. Electrochimica Acta,2008,53(16): 5344-5353
[98]王二立.氟硼酸盐体系电沉积铁镍合金薄膜：[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙：湖南大学化学化工学院,2008：27-34
[99]杨余芳,龚竹青,邓丽元等.Ni-Fe合金电镀的研究进展.电镀与涂饰,2004,24(5)：23-27
[100]陈彩虹,贺泽全,沈裕军等.电沉积镍铁合金工艺研究.矿冶工程,2000,20(2)：31-33
[101]韩勇,王萍,王保玉等.镍铁合金电沉积工艺研究.电镀与精饰,1997,19(5)：8-10
[102]戴洪斌.电沉积铁镍合金织构现象的研究.电镀与环保,1994,14(6)：5-7
[103]戴洪斌.氨基磺酸盐镀铁镍合金组织结构的研究.表面技术,1996,25(1)：9-12
[104]Czerwinski F. The microstructure and internal stress of Fe-Ni nanocrystalline alloys electrodeposited without a stress-reliever. Electrochimica Acta,1988, 44(1):667-675
[105]Hongqi L, Fereshteh E. Synthesis and characterization of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel-iron alloys. Materials Science and Engineering,2003, 347(1-2):93-101
[106]Afshar A, Dolati A G, Ghorbani M. Electrochemical characterization of the Ni-Fe alloy electrodeposition from chloride-citrate-glycolic acid solutions. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2003,77(2):352-358
[107]Thomas C F. A possible role of electrode filming in abnormal deposition of alloys. Surface and Coatings Technology,1996,82(1):65-69
[108]Dahms H, Croll I M. The anomalous codeposition of iron-nickel alloys. Journal of Electrochemistry Sociedy,1965,112(8):771-775
[109]Dahms H, Croll I M. The Anomalous codeposition of iron-nickel alloys. Journal of Electrochemical Society,1965,112(8):771-775
[110]Yu J K, Wang M Z, Li Q. Effects of saccharin on microstructure and property of electro-deposited Ni-Fe alloys. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2009,19(4):805-809
[111]Lu Z J, Zhang L. Effects of laser shock processing on mechanical properties of Fe-Ni alloy. Materials & Design,2009,30(9):3673-3678
[112]Gangasingh D, Talbot B. Anomalous electrodeposition of nickel-rion. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1991,138(12):3605-3611
[113]Matlosz M. Competitive adsorption effects in the electrodeposition of iron-nickel alloys. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1993,140(8): 2272-2279
[114]Baker B C, West A. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of nickel-iron deposition II. Theoretical interpretation. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1997,144(1):169-175
[115]Zech N, Podlaha E J, Landolt D. Anomalous codeposition of iron group metal, I. Experimental results. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1999,146(8): 2886-2891
[116]Zech N, Podlaha E J, Landolt D. Anomalous codeposition of iron group metal, II. Mathematical model. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1999,146(8): 2892-2900
[117]Hessami S and Tobias C W. A Mathematical Model for Anomalous Codeposition of Nickel-Iron on a Rotating Disk Electrode. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1989,136(12):3611-3615
[118]Lupi C, Pasquali M, Dell'Era A. Studies concerning nickel electrowinning from acidic and alkaline electrolytes. Minerals Engineering,2006,19(12): 1246-1250
[119]Lacnjevac U, Jovic B M, Jovic V D. Morphology and composition of the Fe-Ni powders electrodepositedfrom citrate containing electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta,2009,55(8):535-543
[2]黄子勋,昊纯素.电镀理论.北京：中国农业机械出版社,1981：54-55
[3]陈亚.现代实用电镀技术.北京：国防工业出版社,2003：17-19
[4]林文修,陈登意,张经童等.镍钨合金电镀的研究.化学世界,1991,8(7)：294-297
[5]杨防祖,曹刚敏,郑雪等.镀液组成对Ni-W合金电沉积的影响.材料保护,1999,32(8)：1-3
[6]周婉秋.Ni-W镀层非晶化机制.电镀与涂饰,1997,10(1)：22-26
[7]Yamasaki T, SchloBmacher P, Ehrlich K, et al. Formation of amorphous electrodeposited Ni-W alloys and their nanocrystallization. Nanostructured Materials,1998,10(3):375-388
[8]王保玉.钨含量对Ni-W合金镀层结构的影响.应用化学,1999,16(5)：103-105
[9]Wu Y Y, Chang D, Kim D, et al. Influence of boric acid on the electrodepositing process and structures of Ni-W alloy coating. Surface and Coatings Technology.2003,173(2):259-264
[10]舒霞,吴玉程,邓玉春等.工艺条件对电沉积Ni-W合金纳米晶的影响.稀有金属材料与工程,2005,34(3)：413-416
[11]舒霞,吴玉程,史成等.电沉积Ni-W合金纳米晶的组织与性能.有色金属,2006,58(3)：31-35
[12]万小波,张林,周兰等.镍钨合金镀层的结构研究.材料保护,2005,38(5)：8-10
[13]万小波,张林,周兰等.电镀非晶念钨合金工艺研究.材料保护,2006,39(12)：23-25
[14]杨中东.Ni-W合金电镀层内应力的研究.表面技术,1995,24(6)：13-15
[15]Mizushima I, Tang P T, Hansen H N, et al. Residual stress in Ni-W electrodeposits. Electrochimica Acta,2006,51(27):6128-6134
[16]周婉秋,郭鹤桐,姚素薇.电沉积镍-钨非晶态合金及其耐蚀性.材料保护,1996,29(11)：6-8
[17]姚素薇.镍-钨-磷非晶态合金的电沉积方法及耐蚀性能的研究.材料保护, 1994,27(3)：9
[18]杨文,王晓东.非晶态Ni-W合金镀层电沉积影响因素和特性的研究.腐蚀科学与防护技术,1998,10(3)：160-162
[19]Sriraman K R, Sundara-Raman S G, Seshadri S K. Corrosion behaviour of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-W and Ni-Fe-W alloys. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2007,460-461(15):39-45
[20]Alimadadi H, Ahmadi M, Aliofkhazraei M, et al. Corrosion properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline and amorphous patterned Ni-W alloy. Materials and Design,2009,30(4):1356-1361
[21]姚素薇,郭鹤桐,王存等.电沉积Fe-W非晶态合金的研究.材料保护,1992,25(5)：9-12
[22]王峰,伊藤清,渡边澈.Fe-W非晶态合金镀膜技术及其最佳制备条件的研究.化工进展,1999,18(6)：47-50
[23]Tharamani C N, Beera P, Jayaram V, et al. Studies on electrodeposition of Fe-W alloys for fuel cell applications. Applied Surface Science,2006,253(4): 2031-2037
[24]屠振密.电镀合金原理与工艺.北京：国防工业出版社,1993：146-151
[25]Maruthi B N, Ramesh L, Landalt D. Electrodeposition and characterization of Co-W alloys. Plating and Surface Finishing,1999,86(3):85
[26]Itakura I, Homma T, Osaka T. A survey of electrodeposited hard magnetic thin films with film compositions and their magntic peoperties. Electrochimica Acta,1999,44(21-22):3707-3711
[27]Hamid Z A. Electrodeposition of cobalt-tungsten alloys from acidic bath containing cationic surfactants. Materials Letters,2003,57(16-17):2558-2564
[28]Shobba T, Mayanna S M, Sequeira C A C. Preparation and characterization of Co-W alloys as anode materials for methanol fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources,2002,108(1-2):261-264
[29]Ramesh L, Sheshadri B S, Mayanna S M. Development of Fe-Co-W alloys as cathode materials for fuel cell application. Transactions of the institute of metal finishing,1998,76(3):101-104
[30]Capel H, Shipway P H, Harris S J. Sliding wear behavior of electrodeposited cobalt-tungsten and cobalt-tungsten-iron alloys. Wear,2003,255(20):917-923
[31]He F J, Lei J T, Lu X, et al. Friction and wear behavior of electrodeposited amorphous Fe-Co-W alloy deposits. Trancactions of nonferrous metals society of China,2004,14(5):901-906
[32]Hoglund P F, Holt M L. The electrodeposition of nickel-cobalt-tungsten alloys from an acid plating bath. Transactions of electrochemistry society,1945, 88(5):3389-3396
[33]Singh V B, Singh L C, Tikoo P K. Studies on electrodeposition of nickel-eobalt-tungsten alloys. Journal of the electroehemieal soeiety,1980, 127 (3):590-596
[34]邹勇进,肖作安,费锡明.电沉积Co-Ni-W合金电极在碱性溶液中的析氢电催化活性.稀有金属,2004,28(5)：954-957
[35]郭跃萍.电沉积制备Ni-W、Ni-Co-W合金及其性能研究：[兰州大学硕士学位论文].兰州：兰州大学化学化工学院,2007：31-36
[36]董允,林晓娉.Ni-Co-W/SiC微粒复合材料的磨损规律和机理.机械工程学报,2000,36(7)：86-89
[37]邵光杰,秦秀娟,李慧等.电沉积Ni-P合金镀层耐蚀性的研究.电镀与精饰,2001,23(3)：5-7
[38]邵光杰,秦秀娟,于升学等.电沉积Ni-P合金镀层在酸性介质中耐蚀性能的研究表面技术,2001,30(5)：32-35
[39]徐瑞东,郭忠诚,朱晓云等.高磷非晶态镍磷合金镀层的研究.电镀与环保,2002,22(3)：18-20
[40]韩文政,遇元宏,时小军.化学镀Ni-P工艺对镀层结构和性能的影响.材料保护,2002,35(5)：51-52
[41]孙榆芳,杨德钓,孙冬柏等.络合剂对Ni-P化学镀层耐蚀性的影响.北京科技大学学报,1994,16(3)：37-41
[42]李吉学,国珍秀.化学镀Ni-P合金镀层相结构与硬度的研究.表面技术,2001,30(1)：26-27
[43]税毅.Ni-P镀层研究现状及发展趋势.表面技术,2002,31(2)：1-5
[44]李吉学,国秀珍.化学镀Ni-P合金镀层相结构与硬度的研究.表面技术,2001,30(1)：6-9
[45]张启富,涂抚洲.非晶态镍磷合金电沉积机理的研究.电镀与涂饰,2001,20(1)：1-6
[46]Lu G J, Zangari G. Corrosion resistance of ternary Ni-P based alloys in sulfuric acid solutions. Electrochimica Acta,2002,47(18):2969-2979
[47]Berrlos J A, Staia M H, Hemandez E C, et al. Effect of the thickness of all electroless Ni-P deposit on the mechanical properties of an AISI 1045 plain carbon steel. Surface and Coatings Technology,1998,108-109(1-3):466-472
[48]Staiaa M H, Puchia E S, Castro G, et al. Effect of thermal history on the microhardness ofelectroless Ni-P. Thin Solid Films,1999,355-356(1): 472-479
[49]Krolikowski A, Wieeko A. Impedance studies of hydrogen evolution on Ni-P alloys Electrochimica Acta,2002,47(13-14):2065-2069
[50]Paseka I. Influence of hydrogen absorption in amorphous Ni-P electrodes on double layer capacitance and charge transfercoefficiant of hydrogen evolutionreaction. Electrochimica Acta,1999,44(25):4551-4558
[51]Kurowski A, Schultze J W, Staikov G. Initial stages of Ni-P electrodeposition: growthmorphology and compsition of deposits. Electrochemistry Communications,2002,4(7):565-569
[52]Tache D, Georgieva J, Armyanov S. Magnetothermal study of nanocrystalline particle formation in amorphous electroless Ni-P and Ni-Me-P alloys. Electrochimica Acta,2001,47(1-2):359-369
[53]Nink T, Mao Z L, Bostanjogle O. Melt instability and crystallization in thin amorphous Ni-P films. Applied Surface Science,2000,154-155(1-4):140-145
[54]Okado J, Shims M, McColl I R, et al. Ni-P and Mo:an excellent fretting wear resistant combination. Wear,1999,225(2):749-757
[55]Burchardt T. The effect of deposition temperature on the catalytic activity of Ni-P alloys toward the hydrogen reaction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2002,27(3):323-328
[56]Humbert E, Tosser A J. Variations in the Curie temperature of elcctrodeposited Ni-P layers. Journal of Materials Science Letters,1997,17(2):167-168
[57]陈克明,陈钰秋,乔学亮等.化学镀Ni-W-P合金镀层耐磨耐蚀性研究.热加工工艺,1996,2(8)：45-47
[58]赵晴,杜楠,熊友泉等.化学镀Ni-W-P合金工艺的研究.材料保护,2001,34(5)：28-29
[59]宗云,郭荣新,何冰清等.不同镀液组分对化学沉积Ni-W-P合金层组织和性能的影响.表面技术,2009,38(6)：9-12
[60]郑志军,高岩.钨对化学镀Ni-W-P合金镀层结构及性能的影响.电镀与环保,2005,25(3)：19-22
[61]曲彦平,胡燕.热处理温度对Ni-W-P化学镀层结构和性能的影响.材料保护,2009,42(8)：43-45
[62]周迎东.Ni-W-P合金的电沉积工艺探讨及镀层结构分析：[山东大学硕士学位论文].济南：山东大学图书馆,2004：33-59
[63]牛立斌.电沉积Ni-W-P合金镀层的研究：[西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论 文].西安：西安建筑科技大学图书馆,2006：26-48
[64]梁琨,于嫒,牛立斌.Ni-W-P合金镀层性能研究.电镀与涂饰,2006,26(3)：5-8
[65]王晓强,何凤姣,鞠辉等.Ni-Fe/Ni-P-W双层合金镀层的制备及性能.电镀与涂饰,2008,10(9)：5-7
[66]周俊,王秀敏,何凤姣等.电镀钨合金抽油杆耐硫化氢腐蚀研究.电镀与涂饰,2009,28(10)：4-8
[67]Pedro de L N, Gecilio P S, Adriana N C. A comparative study of the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of Cr and Ni-W-P amorphous electrocoatings. Electrochimica Acta,2006,51(23):4928-4933
[68]王龙彪,吴俊,黄清安等.电沉积Ni-W-P合金上析氢行为的研究.材料保护,2000,33(2)：1-2
[69]张卫国,刘洋,李贺等.热处理对电沉积Ni-W-P合金催化析氢性能的影响,2006,27(11)：967-970
[70]Vasu K L, Rama Char T L. Eleetrodeposition of tungsten alloys niekel-iron-tungsten from pyrophosphate baths. Metal finishing,1962,60(9): 44-52
[71]CamPbell F, Von Fraunhoefr J A. Some uses of pyrophsophates in metal finishing:partⅢ.niekel and niecel alloys.Surafce technology,1977,5(5): 345-36
[72]Singh V B. Studies on the eleetrodeposition of ternary nickel-iron-tungsten alloys. Surafeeteehnology,1978,7(6):443-45
[73]刘宜汉,苑洁明.镍铁钨三元合金的电镀研究.材料保护,1998,31(5)：19-21
[74]Donten M, Cesiulis H, Stojek Z. Eleetrodeposition and Properties of Ni-W, Fe-W and Fe-Ni-W amorphous alloys:A comparative study. Eleetrochimica Acta,2000,45(20):3389-3396
[75]杨娟.电沉积Fe-Ni-W合金代铬工艺及性能研究：[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙：湖南大学化学化工学院,2007：19-48
[76]He F J, Wang M, Lu X. Properties of electrodeposited amorphous Fe-Ni-W alloy deposits,2006,16(6):1289-1294
[77]He F J, Yang J, Lei T X. Structure and properties of electrodeposited Fe-Ni-W alloys with different levels of tungsten content:A comparative study. Applied Surface Science,2007,253(18):7591-7598
[78]张鹏,赵永武.Ni-Fe-W合金镀层的结构形貌及摩擦学性能研究.润滑与密 封,2007,32(2)：88-91
[79]张鹏,赵永武,陈广.脉冲电沉积Ni-W合金的微观结构及摩擦学性能.江南大学学报,2008,7(1)：68-72
[80]詹厚芹,何凤姣,鞠辉等.电沉积镍铁钨纳米晶合金及其表征.电镀与涂饰,2009,28(1)：1-3
[81]Sriraman K R, Ganesh Sundara Raman S, Seshadri S K. Corrosion behaviour of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-W and Ni-Fe-W alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A,2007,460-461(8):39-45
[82]Li Y, Jiang H, Huang W, et al. Effects of peak current density on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Ni-Co alloys produced by pulse electrodeposition. Applied Surface Science,2008,254(21):6865-6869
[83]Tury B, Lakatos-Varsanyi M, Roy S. Ni-Co alloys plated by pulse currents. Surface and coatings Technology,2006,200(24):6713-6717
[84]Gomez E, Pane S, Valles E. Electrodeposition of Co-Ni and Co-Ni-Cu systems in sulphate-citrate medium. Electrochimica Acta,2005,51(1):146-153
[85]Golodnitsky D, Rosenberg Y, Ulus A. The role of anion additives in the electrodeposition of nickel-cobalt alloys from sulfamate electrolyte. Electrochimica Acta,2002,47(17):2707-2714
[86]Marikkannu K R, Kalaignan G P, Wasudevan T. The role of additives in the electrodeposition of nickel-cobalt alloy from acetate electrolyte. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2007,438(1-2):332-336
[87]Li Y, Jiang H, Wang D, et al. Effects of saccharin and cobalt concentration in electrolytic solution on microhardness of nanocrystalline Ni-Co alloys. Surface and Coatings Technology,2008,202(20):4952-4956
[88]Pane S, Gomez E, Garcia-Amoros J, et al. Modulation of the magneitc properties of CoNi coatings by electrodeposition in the presence of a redox cationic surfactant. Applied Surface Science,2006,253(5):2964-2968
[89]Gomez E, Pane S, Alcobe X, et al. Influence of a cationic surfactant in the properties of cobalt-nickel electrodeposits. Electrochimica Acta,2006,51(26): 5703-5709
[90]朱龙章,张庆元,陈宇飞.镍钴合金镀层的电沉积及其耐蚀性的研究.材料保护,1997,30(5)：4-6
[91]Brenner A. Electrodeposition of alloys:Principles and practice.New York: Academic Press,1963:56-64
[92]Brankovic S R, Yang X M, Klemmer T J, et al. Pulse electrodeposition of 2.4 T alloys at nanoscale for magnetic recording application. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2006,42 (2):132-139
[93]Myung N V, Park D Y, Urgiles D E, et al. Electroformed iron and FeCo alloy. Electrochimca Acta,2004,49(25):4397-4404
[94]Zhang Y, Ivey D G. Characterization of Co-Fe and Co-Fe-Ni soft magnetic films electrodeposited from citrate-stabilized sulfate baths. Materials Science and Engineering B,2007,140(1-2):15-22
[95]Brankovic S R, Bae S E, Litvinow D. The effect of Fe3+ on magnetic moment of electrodeposited CoFe alloys-Experimental study and analytical model. Electrochimica Acta,2008,53(20):5934-5940
[96]Koza J A, Uhlemann M, Gebert A, et al. The effect of a magnetic field on the pH value in front of the electrode surface during the electrodeposition of Co, Fe and CoFe alloys. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2008,617(2): 194-202
[97]Koza J A, Uhlemann M, Gebert A, et al. The effect of magnetic fields on the electrodeposition of CoFe alloys. Electrochimica Acta,2008,53(16): 5344-5353
[98]王二立.氟硼酸盐体系电沉积铁镍合金薄膜：[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙：湖南大学化学化工学院,2008：27-34
[99]杨余芳,龚竹青,邓丽元等.Ni-Fe合金电镀的研究进展.电镀与涂饰,2004,24(5)：23-27
[100]陈彩虹,贺泽全,沈裕军等.电沉积镍铁合金工艺研究.矿冶工程,2000,20(2)：31-33
[101]韩勇,王萍,王保玉等.镍铁合金电沉积工艺研究.电镀与精饰,1997,19(5)：8-10
[102]戴洪斌.电沉积铁镍合金织构现象的研究.电镀与环保,1994,14(6)：5-7
[103]戴洪斌.氨基磺酸盐镀铁镍合金组织结构的研究.表面技术,1996,25(1)：9-12
[104]Czerwinski F. The microstructure and internal stress of Fe-Ni nanocrystalline alloys electrodeposited without a stress-reliever. Electrochimica Acta,1988, 44(1):667-675
[105]Hongqi L, Fereshteh E. Synthesis and characterization of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel-iron alloys. Materials Science and Engineering,2003, 347(1-2):93-101
[106]Afshar A, Dolati A G, Ghorbani M. Electrochemical characterization of the Ni-Fe alloy electrodeposition from chloride-citrate-glycolic acid solutions. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2003,77(2):352-358
[107]Thomas C F. A possible role of electrode filming in abnormal deposition of alloys. Surface and Coatings Technology,1996,82(1):65-69
[108]Dahms H, Croll I M. The anomalous codeposition of iron-nickel alloys. Journal of Electrochemistry Sociedy,1965,112(8):771-775
[109]Dahms H, Croll I M. The Anomalous codeposition of iron-nickel alloys. Journal of Electrochemical Society,1965,112(8):771-775
[110]Yu J K, Wang M Z, Li Q. Effects of saccharin on microstructure and property of electro-deposited Ni-Fe alloys. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2009,19(4):805-809
[111]Lu Z J, Zhang L. Effects of laser shock processing on mechanical properties of Fe-Ni alloy. Materials & Design,2009,30(9):3673-3678
[112]Gangasingh D, Talbot B. Anomalous electrodeposition of nickel-rion. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1991,138(12):3605-3611
[113]Matlosz M. Competitive adsorption effects in the electrodeposition of iron-nickel alloys. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1993,140(8): 2272-2279
[114]Baker B C, West A. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of nickel-iron deposition II. Theoretical interpretation. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1997,144(1):169-175
[115]Zech N, Podlaha E J, Landolt D. Anomalous codeposition of iron group metal, I. Experimental results. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1999,146(8): 2886-2891
[116]Zech N, Podlaha E J, Landolt D. Anomalous codeposition of iron group metal, II. Mathematical model. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1999,146(8): 2892-2900
[117]Hessami S and Tobias C W. A Mathematical Model for Anomalous Codeposition of Nickel-Iron on a Rotating Disk Electrode. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1989,136(12):3611-3615
[118]Lupi C, Pasquali M, Dell'Era A. Studies concerning nickel electrowinning from acidic and alkaline electrolytes. Minerals Engineering,2006,19(12): 1246-1250
[119]Lacnjevac U, Jovic B M, Jovic V D. Morphology and composition of the Fe-Ni powders electrodepositedfrom citrate containing electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta,2009,55(8):535-543