客观情绪标注对正负性情绪的作用研究
|
摘要
狭义的情绪标注即客观情绪标注指个体用语言描述刺激物的情绪特征。目前客观情绪标注的研究中存在着三个有争议的关键问题：(1)客观情绪标注能否抑制情绪；(2)客观情绪标注对情绪的作用是否是由于言语加工造成,即非情绪标注能否抑制情绪；(3)客观情绪标注对情绪作用的时间进程。
研究从主观体验、外周神经活动以及脑机制等方面来探讨上述问题。
共包含三项研究,研究一的目的是采用主观报告的方式来探讨客观情绪标注对正负性情绪的作用以及被试对客观情绪标注的主观预期。其包含3个实验。实验1,检验负性情绪条件下,客观情绪标注是增强了情绪还是减弱了情绪,同时考察被试对客观情绪标注的主观预期情况。实验采用2(任务：观看,客观情绪标注)×2(情绪强度：高,低)×2(组别：实验组,预期组)的三因素混合设计。让被试完成任务,并对图片做成情绪评定或预期评定。结果发现,与观看相比,客观情绪标注在实验条件下对情绪刺激评定更低,而在预期条件下更高。实验2A,检验正性情绪条件下,客观情绪标注是增强了情绪还是减弱了情绪,同时考察被试对客观情绪标注的主观预期情况。实验采用2(任务：观看,客观情绪标注)×2(情绪强度：高,低)×2(组别：实验组,预期组)的三因素混合设计。让被试完成任务,并对图片做成情绪评定或预期评定。结果发现,与观看相比,客观情绪标注在实验条件下两者无差异,而在预期条件下被试评定情绪更高。实验2B采用了更高唤醒度的正性情绪图片来检验实验2A中正性情绪下客观情绪标注没有抑制情绪是否是因为情绪刺激唤醒度较低造成。研究2B采用2(情绪强度：高,低)×2(任务：观看,客观情绪标注)的两因素被试内设计,对上述问题进行了进一步检验。结果依然没有发现客观情绪标注对正性情绪的抑制作用。
研究二的目的是在研究一的基础上,采用多导生理记录仪进一步探索客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对正负性情绪的作用。其包含4个实验。实验3采用2(加工类型：情绪,性别)×2(任务类型：标注,匹配)的被试内设计,以皮电、皮温和指脉率为指标,来探讨负性面孔条件下客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对外周神经活动的影响。结果发现,客观情绪标注和性别匹配条件相比,客观情绪标注时指脉率更低,而性别标注和性别匹配相比,则没有差异。这说明客观情绪标注抑制了情绪而非情绪标注(性别标注)没有抑制负性情绪。实验4以负性情绪图片为材料,采用单因素被试内实验设计,自变量为任务类型(情绪标注,人工或自然标注,图形匹配),进一步探讨客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对负性情绪的作用。结果发现,和其他条件相比,客观情绪标注下指温更高,说明客观情绪标注抑制了情绪,而非情绪标注没有抑制情绪。实验5以正性情绪面孔为材料,采用了和实验3相同的设计来探讨客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对正性情绪的作用,结果发现各条件在各指标上均无差异。实验6以正性图片为材料,采用和实验4相同的设计来探讨客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对正性情绪的作用,结果发现,各条件在各指标上均无差异。
研究三的目的是探讨了客观情绪标注对正负性情绪的作用进程。其包含一个实验,其采用ERPs技术探讨在正负性情绪刺激下,客观情绪标注的时间进程。采用2(标注类型：情绪标注,性别标注)×2(情绪类型：正性,负性)的重复测量被试内设计,记录被试的正确率、反应时和被试执行任务过程中的脑电。结果发现,负性情绪下,客观情绪标注和性别标注在早期LPP波幅之间没有差异；正性情绪下,客观情绪标注比性别标注时LPP波幅值更大。无论是正性情绪还是负性情绪下,客观情绪标注在晚期LPP波幅值均小于性别标注。说明客观情绪标注对情绪的抑制主要发生在标注之后。
综合三项研究的结果,可以得出以下结论：
(1)客观情绪标注能够抑制被试对负性情绪的主观体验,同时被试不认为客观情绪标注可以抑制负性情绪,甚至认为会增强负性情绪。客观情绪标注未能减低被试对正性情绪的主观体验,并认为其会增强正性情绪。
(2)客观情绪标注能够降低被试对负性情绪的生理反应强度,而非情绪标注则不能。客观情绪标注和非情绪标注一样不能降低被试对正性情绪的生理反应强度。
(3)客观情绪标注对情绪的抑制主要发生在命名之后而不是判断阶段。
(4)对正性情绪的客观情绪标注存在先增强后减弱的过程。
Affect labeling refers to the simple act of using words to characterize feelings or the emotional aspects of stimuli and events.
This dissertation consists of three studies, a total of eight experiments. The purpose of the first study was to explore the role of affect labeling on positive and negative emotions form the the aspect of subjective responses of subjects and the anticipation of subjects about effect of affect labeling on emotions. The result showed that the negative emotion of subjects were lower in the watching condition but they expected the emotion of themselves would be higher in the affect labeling condition.
The purpose of the second study was to explore the role of affect labeling and non-emotion labeling on positive and negative emotions form the aspect of autonomic nervous responses of subjects. This study consists of four experiments. To test the effect of objective affect-labeling and non-emotion labeling on emotions, negative faces pictures were used in the4experiment. The result showed that in the first experiment, the finger pulse rates were lower in the affect labeling condition than in the affect-matching condition, but there were no differences in finger pulse rate between the gender-labeling and the picture-matching condition. In the5experiment28female university students participated. The pictures of negative scenes were used as materials. The result showed the finger temperatures were lower in the affect-matching condition than in the affect-labeling condition, and they were also lower in the artificial vs. natural labeling condition than in the affect-labeling condition. In the experiment of6and7, we tested the effect on positive emotions used the similar design with experiment of4and5, the results showed there were no differences between all the conditons.
The third study only one experiment. In this experiment we using the ERPs technology to explore the effect of objective affect label on the positive and negative emotions. A2(label type:affect labeling, gender labeling)×2(type of emotions: positive, negative), repeated measurements were performed. The resuls showed that the waves of early LPP were higher in the affect labeling codition in the positive emotion condition but no differences in the negative condition; but the waves of late LPP in the affect labeling condition were lower whether in the positive condition or the negative condition after they compelted the tasks.
Based on the results of three studies, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) Objective affect labeling help the subjects reduce the feeling of negative emotions, but they did not think so.
(2) Objective affect labeling but not the non-emotion labeling help the subjects reduce the physiological reaction intensity of negative emotions. But whether the objective affect labeling or the non-emotion labeling can not help the subjects reduce the physiological reaction intensity of positive emotions.
(3) The inhibition of the objective affect labeling on emotions occurs arising after the subjects labeled the emotional stimulus.
(4) In the processing of affect labeling the positive emotion was enhanced and then was weakened.
研究从主观体验、外周神经活动以及脑机制等方面来探讨上述问题。
共包含三项研究,研究一的目的是采用主观报告的方式来探讨客观情绪标注对正负性情绪的作用以及被试对客观情绪标注的主观预期。其包含3个实验。实验1,检验负性情绪条件下,客观情绪标注是增强了情绪还是减弱了情绪,同时考察被试对客观情绪标注的主观预期情况。实验采用2(任务：观看,客观情绪标注)×2(情绪强度：高,低)×2(组别：实验组,预期组)的三因素混合设计。让被试完成任务,并对图片做成情绪评定或预期评定。结果发现,与观看相比,客观情绪标注在实验条件下对情绪刺激评定更低,而在预期条件下更高。实验2A,检验正性情绪条件下,客观情绪标注是增强了情绪还是减弱了情绪,同时考察被试对客观情绪标注的主观预期情况。实验采用2(任务：观看,客观情绪标注)×2(情绪强度：高,低)×2(组别：实验组,预期组)的三因素混合设计。让被试完成任务,并对图片做成情绪评定或预期评定。结果发现,与观看相比,客观情绪标注在实验条件下两者无差异,而在预期条件下被试评定情绪更高。实验2B采用了更高唤醒度的正性情绪图片来检验实验2A中正性情绪下客观情绪标注没有抑制情绪是否是因为情绪刺激唤醒度较低造成。研究2B采用2(情绪强度：高,低)×2(任务：观看,客观情绪标注)的两因素被试内设计,对上述问题进行了进一步检验。结果依然没有发现客观情绪标注对正性情绪的抑制作用。
研究二的目的是在研究一的基础上,采用多导生理记录仪进一步探索客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对正负性情绪的作用。其包含4个实验。实验3采用2(加工类型：情绪,性别)×2(任务类型：标注,匹配)的被试内设计,以皮电、皮温和指脉率为指标,来探讨负性面孔条件下客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对外周神经活动的影响。结果发现,客观情绪标注和性别匹配条件相比,客观情绪标注时指脉率更低,而性别标注和性别匹配相比,则没有差异。这说明客观情绪标注抑制了情绪而非情绪标注(性别标注)没有抑制负性情绪。实验4以负性情绪图片为材料,采用单因素被试内实验设计,自变量为任务类型(情绪标注,人工或自然标注,图形匹配),进一步探讨客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对负性情绪的作用。结果发现,和其他条件相比,客观情绪标注下指温更高,说明客观情绪标注抑制了情绪,而非情绪标注没有抑制情绪。实验5以正性情绪面孔为材料,采用了和实验3相同的设计来探讨客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对正性情绪的作用,结果发现各条件在各指标上均无差异。实验6以正性图片为材料,采用和实验4相同的设计来探讨客观情绪标注和非情绪标注对正性情绪的作用,结果发现,各条件在各指标上均无差异。
研究三的目的是探讨了客观情绪标注对正负性情绪的作用进程。其包含一个实验,其采用ERPs技术探讨在正负性情绪刺激下,客观情绪标注的时间进程。采用2(标注类型：情绪标注,性别标注)×2(情绪类型：正性,负性)的重复测量被试内设计,记录被试的正确率、反应时和被试执行任务过程中的脑电。结果发现,负性情绪下,客观情绪标注和性别标注在早期LPP波幅之间没有差异；正性情绪下,客观情绪标注比性别标注时LPP波幅值更大。无论是正性情绪还是负性情绪下,客观情绪标注在晚期LPP波幅值均小于性别标注。说明客观情绪标注对情绪的抑制主要发生在标注之后。
综合三项研究的结果,可以得出以下结论：
(1)客观情绪标注能够抑制被试对负性情绪的主观体验,同时被试不认为客观情绪标注可以抑制负性情绪,甚至认为会增强负性情绪。客观情绪标注未能减低被试对正性情绪的主观体验,并认为其会增强正性情绪。
(2)客观情绪标注能够降低被试对负性情绪的生理反应强度,而非情绪标注则不能。客观情绪标注和非情绪标注一样不能降低被试对正性情绪的生理反应强度。
(3)客观情绪标注对情绪的抑制主要发生在命名之后而不是判断阶段。
(4)对正性情绪的客观情绪标注存在先增强后减弱的过程。
Affect labeling refers to the simple act of using words to characterize feelings or the emotional aspects of stimuli and events.
This dissertation consists of three studies, a total of eight experiments. The purpose of the first study was to explore the role of affect labeling on positive and negative emotions form the the aspect of subjective responses of subjects and the anticipation of subjects about effect of affect labeling on emotions. The result showed that the negative emotion of subjects were lower in the watching condition but they expected the emotion of themselves would be higher in the affect labeling condition.
The purpose of the second study was to explore the role of affect labeling and non-emotion labeling on positive and negative emotions form the aspect of autonomic nervous responses of subjects. This study consists of four experiments. To test the effect of objective affect-labeling and non-emotion labeling on emotions, negative faces pictures were used in the4experiment. The result showed that in the first experiment, the finger pulse rates were lower in the affect labeling condition than in the affect-matching condition, but there were no differences in finger pulse rate between the gender-labeling and the picture-matching condition. In the5experiment28female university students participated. The pictures of negative scenes were used as materials. The result showed the finger temperatures were lower in the affect-matching condition than in the affect-labeling condition, and they were also lower in the artificial vs. natural labeling condition than in the affect-labeling condition. In the experiment of6and7, we tested the effect on positive emotions used the similar design with experiment of4and5, the results showed there were no differences between all the conditons.
The third study only one experiment. In this experiment we using the ERPs technology to explore the effect of objective affect label on the positive and negative emotions. A2(label type:affect labeling, gender labeling)×2(type of emotions: positive, negative), repeated measurements were performed. The resuls showed that the waves of early LPP were higher in the affect labeling codition in the positive emotion condition but no differences in the negative condition; but the waves of late LPP in the affect labeling condition were lower whether in the positive condition or the negative condition after they compelted the tasks.
Based on the results of three studies, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) Objective affect labeling help the subjects reduce the feeling of negative emotions, but they did not think so.
(2) Objective affect labeling but not the non-emotion labeling help the subjects reduce the physiological reaction intensity of negative emotions. But whether the objective affect labeling or the non-emotion labeling can not help the subjects reduce the physiological reaction intensity of positive emotions.
(3) The inhibition of the objective affect labeling on emotions occurs arising after the subjects labeled the emotional stimulus.
(4) In the processing of affect labeling the positive emotion was enhanced and then was weakened.
引文
白学军,岳鹏飞.(2013a).情绪标注对正负性情绪的作用：来自主观报告的证据.心理与行为研究,审稿中
白学军,岳鹏飞.(2013b).情绪标注对负性情绪的抑制：来自自主神经活动的证据.心理学报,录用
白露,马慧,黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.(2005).中国情绪图片系统的编制——在46名中国大学生中的试用.中国心理卫生杂志(11),4-7.
崔芳,罗跃嘉.(2009).不同共情能力个体加工情绪面孔的ERP研究.中国临床心理学杂志(04),390-393.
程利,何媛媛,欧阳含璐,李光普,李红.(2011).对恐怖情绪的调节：认知重评和表达抑制的差异——一项ERP研究.心理科学(04),925-930.
曹蜜.(2012).分心和认知重评对中学生负性情绪调节作用的比较[D],天津：天津师范大学.
姜媛,白学军,沈德立.(2009,).中小学生情绪调节策略与生理反应的关系.心理与行为研究,·7(3),188-192.
刘海燕(2005).青少年恐惧情绪再评价调节脑机制fMRI 研究 [D],北京：首都师范大学.
刘潇楠,许翱翔,周仁来.(2009).国际情绪图片系统的本土化研究:：在中国大学生群体中的评定.中国临床心理学杂志.(06).687-689.
黄徐妹,罗跃嘉.(2010).情绪调节方法的分类和效果.中国临床心理学杂志(04),526-529.
下振宏,郭德俊.(2003)Gross情绪调节过程与策略研究述评.心理科学进展,11(6)， 629-634.
王益文,郑玉玮,沈德立,崔磊,闫国利.(2012).解读成语中的他人心理与互动心埋：来自眼动和ERP的证据.心理学报,44(1),100-111.
下敬欣,贾丽萍,白学军,罗跃嘉.(2013).返回抑制过程中情绪面孔加工优先：ERPs研究.心理学报,45(1),1-10.
下芹,白学军,郭龙健,沈德立.(2012).负性情绪抑制对社会决策行为的影响.心理学报,44(5),690-697.
张茜.(2009).表情抑制和想法抑制的情绪调节作用.[D],北京：首都师范大学.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G.T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report:The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment,11(3),191-206.
Barrett, L.F. (2005). Feeling is perceiving:Core affect and conmceptualization in the exprience of emotion. In Barrett, L., Niedenthal, P.M.,& Winkielman, P. (Eds.), Emotion:Conscious and unconscious.(pp.255-286). New York:Guilford Publications.
Berkman. E. T., Burklund, L., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009). Inhibitory spillover:Intentional motor inhibition produces incidental limbic inhibition via right inferior frontal cortex. Neurolmage,47(2),705-712.
Berkman, E. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009). Using neuroscience to broaden emotion regulation: Theoretical and methodological considerations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,3(4),475-493.
Bishop, S. J. (2009). Trait anxiety and impoverished prefrontal control of attention. [10.1038/nn.2242].Nat Neurosci,12(1),92-98.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present:Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84(4),822-848.
Camras, L. A., Grow, J. G., & Ribordy, S. C. (1983). Recognition of emotional expression by abused children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,12(3),325-328.
Cohen, J. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (2010). The common neural basis of exerting self-control in multiple domains. Self Control in Society, Mind, and Brain,1(9),141-162.
Critchley, H., Daly, E., Phillips, M., Brammer, M., Bullmore, E., Williams, S., et al. (2000). Explicit and implicit neural mechanisms for processing of social information from facial expressions:a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Human brain mapping, 9(2),93-105.
Cunningham, W. A., Espinet, S. D., DeYoung, C. G., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Attitudes to the right-and left:frontal ERP asymmetries associated with stimulus valence and processing goals. Neurolmage,28(4),827-834.
Cunningham, W. A., Johnson, M. K., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Neural components of social evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85(4),639-649.
Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L., & Johnson, M. K. (2004). Implicit and explicit evaluation: fMRI correlates of valence, emotional intensity, and control in the processing of attitudes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,16(10),1717-1729.
Decety, J., Yang, C.-Y., & Cheng, Y. (2010). Physicians down-regulate their pain empathy response:An event-related brain potential study. Neurolmage,50(4),1676-1682.
Denham, S. A. (1986). Social cognition, prosocial behavior, and emotion in preschoolers: Contextual validation. Child Development,57,194-201.
Denham, S. A.,& Burton, R. (1996). A social-emotional intervention for at-risk 4-year-olds. Journal of School psychology,34(3),225-245.
Edwards, R., Manstead, A., & Macdonald, C. J. (1984). The relationship between children's sociometric status and ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion. European Journal of Social Psychology,14(2),235-238.
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Hanish, L. D., & Spinrad, T. L. (2001). Preschoolers' spontaneous emotion vocabulary:Relations to likability. Early Education and Development,12(1),11-27.
Feltman, R., Robinson, M. D., & Ode, S. (2009). Mindfulness as a moderator of neuroticism-outcome relations:A self-regulation perspective. Journal of Research in Personality,43(6),953-961.
Foland-Ross, L. C., Altshuler, L. L., Bookheimer, S. Y., Lieberman, M. D., Townsend, J., Penfold, C., et al. (2010). Amygdala Reactivity in Healthy Adults Is Correlated with Prefrontal Cortical Thickness. The Journal of Neuroscience,30(49),16673-16678.
Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its moderators:a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 132(6),823-865.
Fujiki, M., Brinton, B., & Clarke, D. (2002). Emotion regulation in children with specific language impairment. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools,33(2), 102-111.
Gee, D. G., Karlsgodt, K. H., Bearden, C. E., Lieberman, M. D., Belger, A., Perkins, D. O., et al. (2011). Altered age-related trajectories of amygdala-prefrontal circuitry in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis:A preliminary study. Schizophrenia Research.
Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion,10(1),83-91.
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation:Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology,39(3),281-291.
Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation:A dual-process framework. Cognition & Emotion,25(3),400-412.
Hajcak, G., Dunning, J. P., & Foti, D. (2009). Motivated and controlled attention to emotion: Time-course of the late positive potential. Clinical Neurophysiology,120(3),505-510.
Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2006). Attending to affect:Appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures. Emotion,6(3),517-522.
Hajcak, G., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2006). Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant pictures. Cognitive, Affective,& Behavioral Neuroscience,6(4), 291-297.
Halberstadt, J. B., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2001). Effects of emotion concepts on perceptual memory for emotional expressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(4),587-598.
Hare, T. A., Tottenham, N., Davidson, M. C., Glover, G. H., & Casey, B. (2005). Contributions of amygdala and striatal activity in emotion regulation. Biological Psychiatry,57(6),624-632.
Hariri, A. R., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2000). Modulating emotional responses:effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. NeuroReport,11(1),43-48.
Hariri, A. R., Mattay, V.S., Tessitore, A., Fera, F., & Weinberger, D. R. (2003). Neocortical modulation of the amygdala response to fearful stimuli. Biological Psychiatry, 53(6),494-501.
Herwig, U., Kaffenberger, T., Jancke, L., & Bruhl, A. B. (2010). Self-related awareness and emotion regulation. Neurolmage,50(2),734-741.
Izard, C., Fine, S., Schultz, D., Mostow, A., Ackerman, B., & Youngstrom, E. (2001). Emotion knowledge as a predictor of social behavior and academic competence in children at risk. Psychological Science,12(1),18-23.
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology:New York:Dover Publications.
Joormann, J.,& Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression:Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion,24(2),281-298.
Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005). When Asking "Why" Does Not Hurt Distinguishing Rumination From Reflective Processing of Negative Emotions. Psychological Science,16(9),709-715.
Lange, K., Williams, L. M., Young, A. W., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., et al. (2003). Task instructions modulate neural responses to fearful facial expressions. Biological Psychiatry,53(3),226-232.
Lee, K. H., & Siegle, G. J. (2009). Common and distinct brain networks underlying explicit emotional evaluation:a meta-analytic study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
Lee, T. W., Dolan, R. J., & Critchley, H. D. (2008). Controlling emotional expression: behavioral and neural correlates of nonimitative emotional responses. Cerebral Cortex, 18(1),104.
Lieberman, M. D. (2003a). Reflexive and reflective judgment processes:A social cognitive neuroscience approach. Social judgments:Implicit and explicit processes,44-67.
Lieberman, M. D. (2003b). A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach. Social judgments:Implicit and explicit processes,5,44.
Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience:a review of core processes. Annu. Rev. Psychol.,58,259-289.
Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H.,& Way, B. M. (2007). Putting Feelings Into Words. Psychological Science,18(5),421-428.
Lieberman, M. D., Gaunt, R., Gilbert, D. T., & Trope, Y. (2002). Reflexion and reflection:A social cognitive neuroscience approach to attributional inference. Advances in experimental social psychology,34,199-249.
Lieberman, M. D., Hariri, A., Jarcho, J. M., Eisenberger, N. I.,& Bookheimer, S. Y. (2005). An fMRI investigation of race-related amygdala activity in African-American and Caucasian-American individuals. Nature Neuroscience,8(6),720-722.
Lieberman, M. D., Inagaki, T. K., Tabibnia, G., & Crockett, M. J. (2011). Subjective responses to emotional stimuli during labeling, reappraisal, and distraction. Emotion, 11(3),468.
Lieberman, M. D., Jarcho, J. M., Berman, S., Naliboff, B. D., Suyenobu, B. Y., Mandelkern, M., et al. (2004). The neural correlates of placebo effects:a disruption account. Neuroimage,22(1),447-455.
Leventhal, H. (1984). A perceptual motor theory of emotion. In Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol.17,pp.117-182). Orlando, FL:Academic Press.
Ma, S. H., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,72(1),31-40.
MacNamara, A., Ferri, J., & Hajcak, G (2011). Working memory load reduces the late positive potential and this effect is attenuated with increasing anxiety. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience,11(3),321-331.
MacNamara, A., Ochsner, K. N., & Hajcak, G. (2011). Previously reappraised:the lasting effect of description type on picture-elicited electrocortical activity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6(3),348-358.
McRae, K., Hughes, B., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2009). The Neural Bases of Distraction and Reappraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,22(2),248-262.
McRae, K., Taitano, E. K., & Lane, R. D. (2010). The effects of verbal labelling on psychophysiology: Objective but not subjective emotion labelling reduces skin-conductance responses to briefly presented pictures. Cognition and Emotion,24(5),829-839.
Meyer, M. L., Berkman, E. T., Karremans, J. C., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011). Incidental regulation of attraction:The neural basis of the derogation of attractive alternatives in romantic relationships. Cognition and Emotion,25(3),490-505.
Mocaiber, I., Pereira, M. G., Erthal, F. S., Machado-Pinheiro, W., David, I. A., Cagy, M., et al. (2010). Fact or fiction? An event-related potential study of implicit emotion regulation. Neuroscience Letters,476(2),84-88.
Moser, J., Most, S.,& Simons, R. (2010). Increasing negative emotions by reappraisal enhances subsequent cognitive control:A combined behavioral and electrophysiological study. Cognitive, Affective,& Behavioral Neuroscience,10(2),195-207.
Moser, J. S., Hajcak, G., Bukay, E., & Simons, R. F. (2006). Intentional modulation of emotional responding to unpleasant pictures:An ERP study. Psychophysiology,43(3), 292-296.
Mostow, A. J., Izard, C. E., Fine, S., & Trentacosta, C. J. (2002). Modeling emotional, cognitive, and behavioral predictors of peer acceptance. Child Development,73(6), 1775-1787.
Nielsen, L., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2007). Conceptual, theoretical, and methodological issues in inferring subjective emotion experience. Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment, 361-375.
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., et al. (2004). For better or for worse:neural systems supporting the cognitive down-and up-regulation of negative emotion. Neurolmage,23(2),483-499.
Passarotti, A. M., Sweeney, J. A., & Pavuluri, M. N. (2009). Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion processing in adolescents and adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,4(4),387-398.
Payer, D. E., Lieberman, M. D., & London, E. D. (2011). Neural Correlates of Affect Processing and Aggression in Methamphetamine Dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68(3),271-282.
Payer, D. E., Lieberman, M. D., Monterosso, J. R., Xu, J., Fong, T. W., & London, E. D. (2008). Differences in cortical activity between methamphetamine-dependent and healthy individuals performing a facial affect matching task. Drug and alcohol dependence, 93(1-2),93-102.
Ramirez, G., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom. Science,331(6014),211-213.
Rellecke, J., Sommer, W., & Schacht, A. (2012). Does processing of emotional facial expressions depend on intention? Time-resolved evidence from event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology,23-32.
Swinkels, A.,& Giuliano, T. A. (1995). The measurement and conceptualization of mood awareness: Monitoring and labeling one's mood states. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 21(9),934-949.
Tabibnia, G., Lieberman, M. D.,& Craske, M. G. (2008). The lasting effect of words on feelings: Words may facilitate exposure effects to threatening images. Emotion,8(3),307-317.
Taylor, S. E., Burklund, L. J., Eisenberger, N. I., Lehman, B. J., Hilmert, C. J.,& Lieberman, M. D. (2008). Neural bases of moderation of cortisol stress responses by psychosocial resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,95(1),197-211.
Taylor, S. E., Eisenberger, N. I., Saxbe, D., Lehman, B. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2006). Neural Responses to Emotional Stimuli Are Associated with Childhood Family Stress. Biological Psychiatry,60(3),296-301.
Thera, N. (1972). The heart of Buddhist meditation:London:Rider and Comp.
Thielscher, A., & Pessoa, L. (2007). Neural correlates of perceptual choice and decision making during fear-disgust discrimination. The Journal of Neuroscience,27(11),2908-2917.
van Reekum, C.M., Johnstone, T., Urry, H. L., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S., Alexander, A. L., et al. (2007). Gaze fixations predict brain activation during the voluntary regulation of picture-induced negative affect. Neurolmage,36(3),1041-1055.
Van Strien, J. W., De Sonneville, L. M. J., & Franken, I. H. A. (2010). The late positive potential and explicit versus implicit processing of facial valence. NeuroReport,21(9),656-661.
Wang, A. T., Dapretto, M., Hariri, A. R., Sigman, M., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2004). Neural Correlates of Facial Affect Processing in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,43(4),481-490.
白学军,岳鹏飞.(2013b).情绪标注对负性情绪的抑制：来自自主神经活动的证据.心理学报,录用
白露,马慧,黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.(2005).中国情绪图片系统的编制——在46名中国大学生中的试用.中国心理卫生杂志(11),4-7.
崔芳,罗跃嘉.(2009).不同共情能力个体加工情绪面孔的ERP研究.中国临床心理学杂志(04),390-393.
程利,何媛媛,欧阳含璐,李光普,李红.(2011).对恐怖情绪的调节：认知重评和表达抑制的差异——一项ERP研究.心理科学(04),925-930.
曹蜜.(2012).分心和认知重评对中学生负性情绪调节作用的比较[D],天津：天津师范大学.
姜媛,白学军,沈德立.(2009,).中小学生情绪调节策略与生理反应的关系.心理与行为研究,·7(3),188-192.
刘海燕(2005).青少年恐惧情绪再评价调节脑机制fMRI 研究 [D],北京：首都师范大学.
刘潇楠,许翱翔,周仁来.(2009).国际情绪图片系统的本土化研究:：在中国大学生群体中的评定.中国临床心理学杂志.(06).687-689.
黄徐妹,罗跃嘉.(2010).情绪调节方法的分类和效果.中国临床心理学杂志(04),526-529.
下振宏,郭德俊.(2003)Gross情绪调节过程与策略研究述评.心理科学进展,11(6)， 629-634.
王益文,郑玉玮,沈德立,崔磊,闫国利.(2012).解读成语中的他人心理与互动心埋：来自眼动和ERP的证据.心理学报,44(1),100-111.
下敬欣,贾丽萍,白学军,罗跃嘉.(2013).返回抑制过程中情绪面孔加工优先：ERPs研究.心理学报,45(1),1-10.
下芹,白学军,郭龙健,沈德立.(2012).负性情绪抑制对社会决策行为的影响.心理学报,44(5),690-697.
张茜.(2009).表情抑制和想法抑制的情绪调节作用.[D],北京：首都师范大学.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G.T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report:The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment,11(3),191-206.
Barrett, L.F. (2005). Feeling is perceiving:Core affect and conmceptualization in the exprience of emotion. In Barrett, L., Niedenthal, P.M.,& Winkielman, P. (Eds.), Emotion:Conscious and unconscious.(pp.255-286). New York:Guilford Publications.
Berkman. E. T., Burklund, L., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009). Inhibitory spillover:Intentional motor inhibition produces incidental limbic inhibition via right inferior frontal cortex. Neurolmage,47(2),705-712.
Berkman, E. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009). Using neuroscience to broaden emotion regulation: Theoretical and methodological considerations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,3(4),475-493.
Bishop, S. J. (2009). Trait anxiety and impoverished prefrontal control of attention. [10.1038/nn.2242].Nat Neurosci,12(1),92-98.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present:Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84(4),822-848.
Camras, L. A., Grow, J. G., & Ribordy, S. C. (1983). Recognition of emotional expression by abused children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,12(3),325-328.
Cohen, J. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (2010). The common neural basis of exerting self-control in multiple domains. Self Control in Society, Mind, and Brain,1(9),141-162.
Critchley, H., Daly, E., Phillips, M., Brammer, M., Bullmore, E., Williams, S., et al. (2000). Explicit and implicit neural mechanisms for processing of social information from facial expressions:a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Human brain mapping, 9(2),93-105.
Cunningham, W. A., Espinet, S. D., DeYoung, C. G., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Attitudes to the right-and left:frontal ERP asymmetries associated with stimulus valence and processing goals. Neurolmage,28(4),827-834.
Cunningham, W. A., Johnson, M. K., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Neural components of social evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85(4),639-649.
Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L., & Johnson, M. K. (2004). Implicit and explicit evaluation: fMRI correlates of valence, emotional intensity, and control in the processing of attitudes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,16(10),1717-1729.
Decety, J., Yang, C.-Y., & Cheng, Y. (2010). Physicians down-regulate their pain empathy response:An event-related brain potential study. Neurolmage,50(4),1676-1682.
Denham, S. A. (1986). Social cognition, prosocial behavior, and emotion in preschoolers: Contextual validation. Child Development,57,194-201.
Denham, S. A.,& Burton, R. (1996). A social-emotional intervention for at-risk 4-year-olds. Journal of School psychology,34(3),225-245.
Edwards, R., Manstead, A., & Macdonald, C. J. (1984). The relationship between children's sociometric status and ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion. European Journal of Social Psychology,14(2),235-238.
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Hanish, L. D., & Spinrad, T. L. (2001). Preschoolers' spontaneous emotion vocabulary:Relations to likability. Early Education and Development,12(1),11-27.
Feltman, R., Robinson, M. D., & Ode, S. (2009). Mindfulness as a moderator of neuroticism-outcome relations:A self-regulation perspective. Journal of Research in Personality,43(6),953-961.
Foland-Ross, L. C., Altshuler, L. L., Bookheimer, S. Y., Lieberman, M. D., Townsend, J., Penfold, C., et al. (2010). Amygdala Reactivity in Healthy Adults Is Correlated with Prefrontal Cortical Thickness. The Journal of Neuroscience,30(49),16673-16678.
Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its moderators:a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 132(6),823-865.
Fujiki, M., Brinton, B., & Clarke, D. (2002). Emotion regulation in children with specific language impairment. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools,33(2), 102-111.
Gee, D. G., Karlsgodt, K. H., Bearden, C. E., Lieberman, M. D., Belger, A., Perkins, D. O., et al. (2011). Altered age-related trajectories of amygdala-prefrontal circuitry in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis:A preliminary study. Schizophrenia Research.
Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion,10(1),83-91.
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation:Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology,39(3),281-291.
Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation:A dual-process framework. Cognition & Emotion,25(3),400-412.
Hajcak, G., Dunning, J. P., & Foti, D. (2009). Motivated and controlled attention to emotion: Time-course of the late positive potential. Clinical Neurophysiology,120(3),505-510.
Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2006). Attending to affect:Appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures. Emotion,6(3),517-522.
Hajcak, G., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2006). Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant pictures. Cognitive, Affective,& Behavioral Neuroscience,6(4), 291-297.
Halberstadt, J. B., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2001). Effects of emotion concepts on perceptual memory for emotional expressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(4),587-598.
Hare, T. A., Tottenham, N., Davidson, M. C., Glover, G. H., & Casey, B. (2005). Contributions of amygdala and striatal activity in emotion regulation. Biological Psychiatry,57(6),624-632.
Hariri, A. R., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2000). Modulating emotional responses:effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. NeuroReport,11(1),43-48.
Hariri, A. R., Mattay, V.S., Tessitore, A., Fera, F., & Weinberger, D. R. (2003). Neocortical modulation of the amygdala response to fearful stimuli. Biological Psychiatry, 53(6),494-501.
Herwig, U., Kaffenberger, T., Jancke, L., & Bruhl, A. B. (2010). Self-related awareness and emotion regulation. Neurolmage,50(2),734-741.
Izard, C., Fine, S., Schultz, D., Mostow, A., Ackerman, B., & Youngstrom, E. (2001). Emotion knowledge as a predictor of social behavior and academic competence in children at risk. Psychological Science,12(1),18-23.
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology:New York:Dover Publications.
Joormann, J.,& Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression:Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion,24(2),281-298.
Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005). When Asking "Why" Does Not Hurt Distinguishing Rumination From Reflective Processing of Negative Emotions. Psychological Science,16(9),709-715.
Lange, K., Williams, L. M., Young, A. W., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., et al. (2003). Task instructions modulate neural responses to fearful facial expressions. Biological Psychiatry,53(3),226-232.
Lee, K. H., & Siegle, G. J. (2009). Common and distinct brain networks underlying explicit emotional evaluation:a meta-analytic study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
Lee, T. W., Dolan, R. J., & Critchley, H. D. (2008). Controlling emotional expression: behavioral and neural correlates of nonimitative emotional responses. Cerebral Cortex, 18(1),104.
Lieberman, M. D. (2003a). Reflexive and reflective judgment processes:A social cognitive neuroscience approach. Social judgments:Implicit and explicit processes,44-67.
Lieberman, M. D. (2003b). A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach. Social judgments:Implicit and explicit processes,5,44.
Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience:a review of core processes. Annu. Rev. Psychol.,58,259-289.
Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H.,& Way, B. M. (2007). Putting Feelings Into Words. Psychological Science,18(5),421-428.
Lieberman, M. D., Gaunt, R., Gilbert, D. T., & Trope, Y. (2002). Reflexion and reflection:A social cognitive neuroscience approach to attributional inference. Advances in experimental social psychology,34,199-249.
Lieberman, M. D., Hariri, A., Jarcho, J. M., Eisenberger, N. I.,& Bookheimer, S. Y. (2005). An fMRI investigation of race-related amygdala activity in African-American and Caucasian-American individuals. Nature Neuroscience,8(6),720-722.
Lieberman, M. D., Inagaki, T. K., Tabibnia, G., & Crockett, M. J. (2011). Subjective responses to emotional stimuli during labeling, reappraisal, and distraction. Emotion, 11(3),468.
Lieberman, M. D., Jarcho, J. M., Berman, S., Naliboff, B. D., Suyenobu, B. Y., Mandelkern, M., et al. (2004). The neural correlates of placebo effects:a disruption account. Neuroimage,22(1),447-455.
Leventhal, H. (1984). A perceptual motor theory of emotion. In Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol.17,pp.117-182). Orlando, FL:Academic Press.
Ma, S. H., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,72(1),31-40.
MacNamara, A., Ferri, J., & Hajcak, G (2011). Working memory load reduces the late positive potential and this effect is attenuated with increasing anxiety. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience,11(3),321-331.
MacNamara, A., Ochsner, K. N., & Hajcak, G. (2011). Previously reappraised:the lasting effect of description type on picture-elicited electrocortical activity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6(3),348-358.
McRae, K., Hughes, B., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2009). The Neural Bases of Distraction and Reappraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,22(2),248-262.
McRae, K., Taitano, E. K., & Lane, R. D. (2010). The effects of verbal labelling on psychophysiology: Objective but not subjective emotion labelling reduces skin-conductance responses to briefly presented pictures. Cognition and Emotion,24(5),829-839.
Meyer, M. L., Berkman, E. T., Karremans, J. C., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011). Incidental regulation of attraction:The neural basis of the derogation of attractive alternatives in romantic relationships. Cognition and Emotion,25(3),490-505.
Mocaiber, I., Pereira, M. G., Erthal, F. S., Machado-Pinheiro, W., David, I. A., Cagy, M., et al. (2010). Fact or fiction? An event-related potential study of implicit emotion regulation. Neuroscience Letters,476(2),84-88.
Moser, J., Most, S.,& Simons, R. (2010). Increasing negative emotions by reappraisal enhances subsequent cognitive control:A combined behavioral and electrophysiological study. Cognitive, Affective,& Behavioral Neuroscience,10(2),195-207.
Moser, J. S., Hajcak, G., Bukay, E., & Simons, R. F. (2006). Intentional modulation of emotional responding to unpleasant pictures:An ERP study. Psychophysiology,43(3), 292-296.
Mostow, A. J., Izard, C. E., Fine, S., & Trentacosta, C. J. (2002). Modeling emotional, cognitive, and behavioral predictors of peer acceptance. Child Development,73(6), 1775-1787.
Nielsen, L., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2007). Conceptual, theoretical, and methodological issues in inferring subjective emotion experience. Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment, 361-375.
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., et al. (2004). For better or for worse:neural systems supporting the cognitive down-and up-regulation of negative emotion. Neurolmage,23(2),483-499.
Passarotti, A. M., Sweeney, J. A., & Pavuluri, M. N. (2009). Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion processing in adolescents and adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,4(4),387-398.
Payer, D. E., Lieberman, M. D., & London, E. D. (2011). Neural Correlates of Affect Processing and Aggression in Methamphetamine Dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68(3),271-282.
Payer, D. E., Lieberman, M. D., Monterosso, J. R., Xu, J., Fong, T. W., & London, E. D. (2008). Differences in cortical activity between methamphetamine-dependent and healthy individuals performing a facial affect matching task. Drug and alcohol dependence, 93(1-2),93-102.
Ramirez, G., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom. Science,331(6014),211-213.
Rellecke, J., Sommer, W., & Schacht, A. (2012). Does processing of emotional facial expressions depend on intention? Time-resolved evidence from event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology,23-32.
Swinkels, A.,& Giuliano, T. A. (1995). The measurement and conceptualization of mood awareness: Monitoring and labeling one's mood states. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 21(9),934-949.
Tabibnia, G., Lieberman, M. D.,& Craske, M. G. (2008). The lasting effect of words on feelings: Words may facilitate exposure effects to threatening images. Emotion,8(3),307-317.
Taylor, S. E., Burklund, L. J., Eisenberger, N. I., Lehman, B. J., Hilmert, C. J.,& Lieberman, M. D. (2008). Neural bases of moderation of cortisol stress responses by psychosocial resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,95(1),197-211.
Taylor, S. E., Eisenberger, N. I., Saxbe, D., Lehman, B. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2006). Neural Responses to Emotional Stimuli Are Associated with Childhood Family Stress. Biological Psychiatry,60(3),296-301.
Thera, N. (1972). The heart of Buddhist meditation:London:Rider and Comp.
Thielscher, A., & Pessoa, L. (2007). Neural correlates of perceptual choice and decision making during fear-disgust discrimination. The Journal of Neuroscience,27(11),2908-2917.
van Reekum, C.M., Johnstone, T., Urry, H. L., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S., Alexander, A. L., et al. (2007). Gaze fixations predict brain activation during the voluntary regulation of picture-induced negative affect. Neurolmage,36(3),1041-1055.
Van Strien, J. W., De Sonneville, L. M. J., & Franken, I. H. A. (2010). The late positive potential and explicit versus implicit processing of facial valence. NeuroReport,21(9),656-661.
Wang, A. T., Dapretto, M., Hariri, A. R., Sigman, M., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2004). Neural Correlates of Facial Affect Processing in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,43(4),481-490.