湿热地区水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺层结构与材料研究
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摘要
由于具有充分利用旧混凝土面板，减少环境污染和节约资源，且行车舒适等一系列优点，在旧水泥混凝土路面上加铺沥青面层已成为一种旧路改造常用的技术措施。湿热地区常年潮湿多雨、气候炎热且夏季持续时间长，因此，对于湿热地区旧水泥混凝土路面，除了反射裂缝以外，实施加铺改造中将还会遇到水损坏和车辙等更多的技术难题。
本文以湿热地区水泥混凝土路面病害以及试验路和实体工程连续多年的跟踪观测为基础，围绕湿热地区旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺结构与材料展开研究，取得了较为系统的结论：
（1）对湿热地区典型路段半刚性基层水泥混凝土路面使用状况进行了调查与评价，通过分析其病害形式、产生机理和影响因素发现，板底脱空为湿热地区半刚性基层水泥混凝土路面的典型病害类型。为避免浪费及局部评价不合理情况的发生，充分考虑车辆的运行特点，推荐出旧水泥混凝土路面分车道路面性能评估方法。
（2）对湿热地区旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺层路面温度场进行了测试，通过分析测试结果发现，无论是夏季高温季节还是冬季寒冷季节，路表2cm处温度都是极端高温和极端低温区。根据一次线性回归分析结果得出路表下2cm处最高温度的预估公式，并采用灰关联度分析了该处最高温度影响因素的重要程度。
（3）分析了轴载大小、沥青层厚度与模量、抗裂结构层厚度与模量以及基础模量变化对车辆荷载、温度荷载以及两者的耦合作用下路面结构受力的影响规律。综合考虑各结构层参数对结构受力的影响后，分别推荐出基于应力吸收层和开级配大粒径沥青碎石的沥青加铺层合理厚度，以及抗裂结构层的合理厚度与模量。
（4）对设置应力吸收层和开级配大粒径沥青碎石的沥青加铺层结构反射裂缝扩展路径进行了数值模拟，分析结果发现，设置抗裂结构层后反射裂缝扩展路径从裂缝尖端开始，扩展角度增大，以“之”字形相似逐渐扩展，直到到达面层表面，但是二者的防裂机理略有差异。
（5）根据湿热地区的气候特点以及旧水泥混凝土路面的破损情况，提出了加铺结构各结构层的材料组成设计和性能要求。对于应力吸收层加铺结构，在确保集料质量的基础上，采用聚合物改性沥青结合料，依据Superpave设计理论进行混合料配合比设计，以贯入试验检验其高温抗剪性能；根据直接拉伸试验测试结果，建立了低温抗裂性能评价指标。对于开级配大粒径沥青碎石，采用大马歇尔法进行混合料配合比设计，并着重从高温稳定性、水稳定性、渗水性三方面检验其性能。为提高沥青加铺层的抗车辙功能，采用高模量沥青混合料作为沥青加铺层的中下面层，以单轴压缩连续加载试验方法测定沥青混合料动态模量，分析级配、沥青用量、温度对动态模量的影响。为了检验加铺结构的合理性，开发出基于应力吸收层或开级配大粒径沥青碎石的沥青加铺结构室内疲劳试验，分析弯拉型和剪切型疲劳试验结果发现，设置抗裂结构层可明显延缓弯拉型和剪切型反射裂缝的形成。
（6）从湿热地区旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺结构典型破坏形式的机理出发，对各结构层材料的选取进行了讨论，并推荐了合适的材料类型。通过分析旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺结构反射裂缝扩展机理提出加铺层结构设计指标，并对设计指标的详细计算方法进行了论述，推荐出详细的设计流程。
Due to the advantages of its full use of the old concrete faceplate, reducing the pollutionof environment, saving resource and driving comfortably, etc, paving asphalt overlay hasalready been one of common technological measures in the reconstruction of old concretepavement. With the climate characteristics of damp, rainy, hot and summer lasting for a longtime on humid and hot regions, therefore, paving asphalt overlay over old concrete pavementwill meet with problems of water damage, rut, and so on, besides restraining the reflectioncracks on these areas.
Based on the pavement diseases of concrete road and tracking observation data forsuccessive years about testing roads and entity engineering on hot and humid regions, thispaper made further thoroughly study of the asphalt overlay structures and materials of oldconcrete pavement on hot and humid regions, and obtained systematic conclusions.
After the investigation and evaluation into the using status of semi-rigid base cementconcrete pavement on typical sections of humid and hot regions, analyzing the disease form,forming mechanism and the influencing factors, it was found that void under road surfaceplate was the typical disease type to semi-rigid base cement concrete pavement on theseregions. In order to avoid waste and occurring of unreasonable situation to local evaluationand full consideration vehicle operation characteristics, it was recommended that different oldcement concrete pavement driveway should take different pavement performance evaluationmethods.
With the test of temperature field of asphalt overlay on old cement concrete pavement onhumid and hot areas, through the analysis of test results, it was found that the temperature ofthe place under road surface2cm was extremely high and extreme low both high-temperatureseason in summer and cold season in winter. According to a linear regression analysis ofresults, the estimate formula of highest temperature in the place under the surface2cm wasobtained, and the importance of factors affecting the highest temperature was analyzed byusing the gray relational analysis.
The3-D finite element model was adopted to analyze the influence of axle load size,asphalt layer thickness and modulus, anti-cracking structure layer thickness and modulus and basic modulus on pavement structure stress rule under vehicle loading, temperature loadingand the coupling effects. After comprehensive account of the structure stress on the influenceof various structural layer parameters, the reasonable thickness of asphalt overlay and thereasonable thickness and modulus of anti-cracking structure layer were recommended basedon stress absorption interlayer and open-graded large stone asphalt mixes respectively,.
The propagation path of reflection cracks on the asphalt overlay setting stress absorptioninterlayer and open-graded large stone asphalt mixes were simulated numerically. The resultsshowed that the extending path of reflection cracks began from the original cracks tips with alarger angle and extended gradually similar as the Chinese character “Zhi” until it reached thesurface layer, but the mechanism of anti-cracking was different.
According to the hot and humid climate characteristic and the damage situation of oldcement concrete pavement, material composition and design methods and performanceinspection technology standards of the each layer of adding structure were proposed. Forstress absorption layer of adding structure, ensuring good quality of aggregates, polymermodified asphalt should be used, combining Superpave design theory with the mix proportiondesign, penetration test should be applied to test its high-temperature shear performance of themixture. According to the test results of direct tensile test, the low temperature anti-crackingperformance evaluation index was established. For open-graded large stone asphalt mixes, bigMarshall method on mixture proportion design should be adopted, and emphatically from thewater stability, the high temperature stability, water seeping three aspects to test itsperformance. In order to improve the asphalt overlay anti-rutting function, high modulus asasphalt mixture asphalt overlay below the surface should be adopted, uniaxial compressiontest method was used to test dynamic modulus of asphalt mixture, the influence of gradation,asphalt content, temperature on dynamic modulus was analyzed.In order to test the rationalityof adding structure, basing on stress absorption layer or open-graded large stone asphalt mixes,the fatigue test was developed. Through analyzing flexural-tensile and shear fatigue testresults, it was found that setting anti-cracking structure layer could obviously delayflexural-tensile and shear reflection crack formation.
From the mechanism of typical failure modes of the hot and humid regions old asphaltcement concrete pavement structure, the material selection of each layer was discussed, and the right type of material was recommend. Through the analysis of extending mechanism ofthe old cement concrete pavement structure adding a anti-cracking layer, design index ofadding structure was raised, the detailed calculation method was discussed, and a detaileddesign process was recommend.
本文以湿热地区水泥混凝土路面病害以及试验路和实体工程连续多年的跟踪观测为基础，围绕湿热地区旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺结构与材料展开研究，取得了较为系统的结论：
（1）对湿热地区典型路段半刚性基层水泥混凝土路面使用状况进行了调查与评价，通过分析其病害形式、产生机理和影响因素发现，板底脱空为湿热地区半刚性基层水泥混凝土路面的典型病害类型。为避免浪费及局部评价不合理情况的发生，充分考虑车辆的运行特点，推荐出旧水泥混凝土路面分车道路面性能评估方法。
（2）对湿热地区旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺层路面温度场进行了测试，通过分析测试结果发现，无论是夏季高温季节还是冬季寒冷季节，路表2cm处温度都是极端高温和极端低温区。根据一次线性回归分析结果得出路表下2cm处最高温度的预估公式，并采用灰关联度分析了该处最高温度影响因素的重要程度。
（3）分析了轴载大小、沥青层厚度与模量、抗裂结构层厚度与模量以及基础模量变化对车辆荷载、温度荷载以及两者的耦合作用下路面结构受力的影响规律。综合考虑各结构层参数对结构受力的影响后，分别推荐出基于应力吸收层和开级配大粒径沥青碎石的沥青加铺层合理厚度，以及抗裂结构层的合理厚度与模量。
（4）对设置应力吸收层和开级配大粒径沥青碎石的沥青加铺层结构反射裂缝扩展路径进行了数值模拟，分析结果发现，设置抗裂结构层后反射裂缝扩展路径从裂缝尖端开始，扩展角度增大，以“之”字形相似逐渐扩展，直到到达面层表面，但是二者的防裂机理略有差异。
（5）根据湿热地区的气候特点以及旧水泥混凝土路面的破损情况，提出了加铺结构各结构层的材料组成设计和性能要求。对于应力吸收层加铺结构，在确保集料质量的基础上，采用聚合物改性沥青结合料，依据Superpave设计理论进行混合料配合比设计，以贯入试验检验其高温抗剪性能；根据直接拉伸试验测试结果，建立了低温抗裂性能评价指标。对于开级配大粒径沥青碎石，采用大马歇尔法进行混合料配合比设计，并着重从高温稳定性、水稳定性、渗水性三方面检验其性能。为提高沥青加铺层的抗车辙功能，采用高模量沥青混合料作为沥青加铺层的中下面层，以单轴压缩连续加载试验方法测定沥青混合料动态模量，分析级配、沥青用量、温度对动态模量的影响。为了检验加铺结构的合理性，开发出基于应力吸收层或开级配大粒径沥青碎石的沥青加铺结构室内疲劳试验，分析弯拉型和剪切型疲劳试验结果发现，设置抗裂结构层可明显延缓弯拉型和剪切型反射裂缝的形成。
（6）从湿热地区旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺结构典型破坏形式的机理出发，对各结构层材料的选取进行了讨论，并推荐了合适的材料类型。通过分析旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺结构反射裂缝扩展机理提出加铺层结构设计指标，并对设计指标的详细计算方法进行了论述，推荐出详细的设计流程。
Due to the advantages of its full use of the old concrete faceplate, reducing the pollutionof environment, saving resource and driving comfortably, etc, paving asphalt overlay hasalready been one of common technological measures in the reconstruction of old concretepavement. With the climate characteristics of damp, rainy, hot and summer lasting for a longtime on humid and hot regions, therefore, paving asphalt overlay over old concrete pavementwill meet with problems of water damage, rut, and so on, besides restraining the reflectioncracks on these areas.
Based on the pavement diseases of concrete road and tracking observation data forsuccessive years about testing roads and entity engineering on hot and humid regions, thispaper made further thoroughly study of the asphalt overlay structures and materials of oldconcrete pavement on hot and humid regions, and obtained systematic conclusions.
After the investigation and evaluation into the using status of semi-rigid base cementconcrete pavement on typical sections of humid and hot regions, analyzing the disease form,forming mechanism and the influencing factors, it was found that void under road surfaceplate was the typical disease type to semi-rigid base cement concrete pavement on theseregions. In order to avoid waste and occurring of unreasonable situation to local evaluationand full consideration vehicle operation characteristics, it was recommended that different oldcement concrete pavement driveway should take different pavement performance evaluationmethods.
With the test of temperature field of asphalt overlay on old cement concrete pavement onhumid and hot areas, through the analysis of test results, it was found that the temperature ofthe place under road surface2cm was extremely high and extreme low both high-temperatureseason in summer and cold season in winter. According to a linear regression analysis ofresults, the estimate formula of highest temperature in the place under the surface2cm wasobtained, and the importance of factors affecting the highest temperature was analyzed byusing the gray relational analysis.
The3-D finite element model was adopted to analyze the influence of axle load size,asphalt layer thickness and modulus, anti-cracking structure layer thickness and modulus and basic modulus on pavement structure stress rule under vehicle loading, temperature loadingand the coupling effects. After comprehensive account of the structure stress on the influenceof various structural layer parameters, the reasonable thickness of asphalt overlay and thereasonable thickness and modulus of anti-cracking structure layer were recommended basedon stress absorption interlayer and open-graded large stone asphalt mixes respectively,.
The propagation path of reflection cracks on the asphalt overlay setting stress absorptioninterlayer and open-graded large stone asphalt mixes were simulated numerically. The resultsshowed that the extending path of reflection cracks began from the original cracks tips with alarger angle and extended gradually similar as the Chinese character “Zhi” until it reached thesurface layer, but the mechanism of anti-cracking was different.
According to the hot and humid climate characteristic and the damage situation of oldcement concrete pavement, material composition and design methods and performanceinspection technology standards of the each layer of adding structure were proposed. Forstress absorption layer of adding structure, ensuring good quality of aggregates, polymermodified asphalt should be used, combining Superpave design theory with the mix proportiondesign, penetration test should be applied to test its high-temperature shear performance of themixture. According to the test results of direct tensile test, the low temperature anti-crackingperformance evaluation index was established. For open-graded large stone asphalt mixes, bigMarshall method on mixture proportion design should be adopted, and emphatically from thewater stability, the high temperature stability, water seeping three aspects to test itsperformance. In order to improve the asphalt overlay anti-rutting function, high modulus asasphalt mixture asphalt overlay below the surface should be adopted, uniaxial compressiontest method was used to test dynamic modulus of asphalt mixture, the influence of gradation,asphalt content, temperature on dynamic modulus was analyzed.In order to test the rationalityof adding structure, basing on stress absorption layer or open-graded large stone asphalt mixes,the fatigue test was developed. Through analyzing flexural-tensile and shear fatigue testresults, it was found that setting anti-cracking structure layer could obviously delayflexural-tensile and shear reflection crack formation.
From the mechanism of typical failure modes of the hot and humid regions old asphaltcement concrete pavement structure, the material selection of each layer was discussed, and the right type of material was recommend. Through the analysis of extending mechanism ofthe old cement concrete pavement structure adding a anti-cracking layer, design index ofadding structure was raised, the detailed calculation method was discussed, and a detaileddesign process was recommend.
引文
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