枇杷文化与产业发展
摘要
在2200多年漫长的栽培、观赏、药用、食用历史中,枇杷在人类的物质和精神生活中的留下了诸多印记,国人以神话传说、诗词歌赋、史书药典等记录传承下来,形成了以枇杷为核心的文化现象和文化体系。为了更好的弘扬中国枇杷文化,发展传统枇杷产业和枇杷文化产业,提升枇杷产业价值,本研究对枇杷文化和枇杷产业发展进行了一次系统的总结和分析,并对其更好发展提出了建议。本文主要从以下几个方面进行了研究：
1、综合整理了枇杷的经济价值,包括其食用价值、药用价值以及其他利用价值
枇杷果肉富含人体所需的多种营养成分,具有止咳、润肺、利尿、健胃、清热的功效,对肝胆疾病也有一定疗效,枇杷果实熟食性和鲜食性都进行了整理。枇杷的果实、花、叶、树皮、根皆可入药,是极佳的中药材。枇杷用途广泛,除果实鲜食外,枇杷果肉可供做糖水罐头、蜜饯、果脯、果汁、果胶、果露、果酱、果膏、果酒等产品；枇杷种子可以酿酒及提炼酒精；枇杷树干木材坚韧,质硬,是名贵木材,可制作乐器、工具木梳、手杖、木榔头、木棒；枇杷花做花茶；枇杷叶可以制成茶叶,也可入药制成做枇杷露、枇杷叶膏、枇杷叶冲剂,枇杷核做果仁。枇杷树也常植于庭园、公园,作为绿化用树。
2.枇杷名称的由来、枇杷栽培、食用、药用历史追溯和枇杷文化发展记述
对于枇杷名称的由来、文化形成和发展进行了简要的论述,追溯了中国枇杷悠久的栽培历史、食用观赏、医用历史史和中国枇杷文化形成和发展历程,并进行了简要的分析。中国枇杷文化的起源和发展划分为四个阶段：萌芽阶段——西汉时期,食用和美味品尝,以及初步树和果实观赏；发展阶段——魏晋南北朝时期,除了初期的食用和观赏、品尝,主要是开始药用功能研究利用等；成熟阶段——唐宋时期,无论是枇杷书画和诗作还是药用功能开发利用都进入了空前鼎盛的时期；继承和发展阶段——明清时期至今。
3.枇杷文化主要组成部分和枇杷文化史综合整理
枇杷的传统文化主要表现在：树、叶、花、果实的颜色、大小、药用价值、历史轶事趣闻等相关的诗词歌赋、书画描述记录,其中主要以枇杷药用和外形、食用等的诗词歌赋为枇杷文化主要组成部分。
4.现今枇杷产业发展概况和存在的问题
枇杷产业化发展取得了一定进展,无论是产量和种植面积增加、品种优化、还是宣传推介都取得了一定成效,但是还存在诸多问题：科学栽培技术推广不足,投入少；品种结构不合理,周年生产技术不成熟；保鲜、加工、贮运技术和设施落后；质量标准不健全、质量监管不到位；广告宣传、品牌宣传力度不够；枇杷购销信息平台缺乏；产业结构单调,产业化进程缓慢,尚不重视枇杷资源综合开发利用。
5.中国枇杷文化产业发展有助于枇杷传统产业的发展和枇杷商品价值的提升
为了促进枇杷文化和产业的迅速健康发展,建议建立政府推动、企业主导、农业、文化宣传等相关部门积极配合,共同促进枇杷文化产业的发展壮大,进而促进中国枇杷产业。建议：稳步推进传统枇杷产业的基础上政府要转变职能,由“主抓”“主办”变“管”和“促”,确定文化企业的市场主体地位,为经营性文化事业单位转制为文化企业创造政策环境和条件；继续开展高质量的枇杷文化节和推介活动,结合当地的宗教文化、饮食文化、民俗文化等,利用民歌、民乐、民舞、民风、民俗、特色民间饮食、服饰增强枇杷文化,升华发展枇杷文化；进一步利用科技手段提升枇杷产业文化价值；同时利用传媒方式进行多种宣传。
During the cultivation of more than 2200 years, loquat was used to enjoy the view, make medicine, and eat and so on, which impact on both human material and spiritual life. Chinese people record the culture of loquat with myths and legends, poetry, history and Food and Drug books, and other records, all of which had been forming the phenomenon and cultural systems with loquat as the core.
In order to promote Chinese loquat culture, and to develop traditional industries and cultural industries of loquat, and to enhance the value of loquat industry, this study made a summary and analysis on loquat industry and culture, and made some recommendations for its better development. Moreover, this study was conducted mainly from the following aspects:
1.Consolidation of the economic value of the loquat, including its food value, medicinal value and others
Loquat fruit is rich in many nutrients needed by human body, not only with the effectiveness of moistening lung, stopping cough, diuresis, regulating the stomach and clearing heat, but also with effectiveness of hepatobiliary diseases. The fruit, flower, leaves, roots and barks of loquat can all be used as medicines, and all of these were excellent Chinese Medicinal Materials. With wide range of uses, in addition to be eaten as fresh fruit, loquat fruit could be made into candied fruit, fruit juice, preserved fruit, pectin, smoothies, jams, fruit paste, fruit wine and other products. And loquat seeds can be used in brewing and distilled into alcohol. Furthermore, loquat wood was hard, which could be used for making musical instruments, combs, wooden combs, sticks, wooden hammer, and wooden timber. And loquat flowers were used to make tea. Loquat leaves not only could be made into tea, but also could be made into medicine "Pipa Lu", loquat leaf extract, loquat granules. Loquat nut could be processed to eat and made into medicine. Loquat tree often planted in gardens, parks as a landscape tree.
2.The origin of the loquat name, retrospect of loquat cultivation, edible and medicinal history, and account of cultural development of loquat
This paper made a brief exposition on both the origin of the name and cultural formation and development of loquat. And this paper also had a retrospect of loquat cultivation, edible, see-and-enjoy and medicinal history, and account of cultural development of loquat, which were analyzed briefly. The origin and development of Chinese loquat culture is divided into four stages:
infancy stage----the Western Han Dynasty, during which loquat was mainly for eating and enjoying delicious taste, and the initial ornamental of fruit trees and fruit; development stage----from Wei and Jin period, besides initial eating and watching and enjoying, loquat was beginning to be study the function of medicine; mature stage----in Tang and Song dynasties, the development of both paintings, poems and utilization of medicinal functions with loquat had entered an unprecedented period of great prosperity; stage of development and inheritance---ince Ming and Qing Dynasties.
3. Major components of loquat culture-poetry, painting, etc., and consolidation of cultural history of loquat
The traditional culture of loquat mainly features:related poetry, calligraphy and painting describe records related to trees, leaves, flowers, fruit color, size, medical value, history, anecdotal and others, in which the main component of loquat culture is the poetry on the loquat medicinal fuction and fruit shape, food, etc.
4. Overview and current problems of loquat industry
Some progress has been made in loquat industrial development, like yield and planting area increasing, Seed cultivation and the marketing campaign having achieved some success, but there were still many problems:lack of scientific training to promote, insufficient investment; irrational variety structure, immature technology of the annual production; preservation, backward processing, storage technology and facilities; quality standard being not perfect, quality control being not in place; insufficient advertising, brand publicity; lack of buying and selling information platform; monotonous industrial structure, slow process of industrialization, yet not attaching importance to comprehensive development and utilization of resources of loquat.
5. Loquat cultural industry will make contribution to loquat traditional industries development and enhance the value of loquat goods
In order to promote rapid and healthy development of Loquat culture and industry, it was proposed that the establishment of Industrial development model with government promotion, enterprise-led, agriculture, culture and other related departments actively serving with cooperation. Recommendations:on the basis of steadily development of traditional loquat industry, the government functions should be changed from "control" and "host" to "manage" and "promote"; determining the dominant position of cultural enterprises in the market of loquat, and create a policy environment and conditions for transformation from cultural business institutions to a cultural enterprise; conducting high-quality loquat cultural festivals and promotional activities to be continued combined with local religious culture, food culture, folk culture, the use of folk songs, folk music, people dance, folk, folk, folk characteristics of food, clothing to enhance loquat culture, and sublimate loquat culture; using of science and technology to enhance the cultural value of loquat industry; moreover using a variety of media publicity to publicize, all of which would contribute to the Chinese loquat industry.
1、综合整理了枇杷的经济价值,包括其食用价值、药用价值以及其他利用价值
枇杷果肉富含人体所需的多种营养成分,具有止咳、润肺、利尿、健胃、清热的功效,对肝胆疾病也有一定疗效,枇杷果实熟食性和鲜食性都进行了整理。枇杷的果实、花、叶、树皮、根皆可入药,是极佳的中药材。枇杷用途广泛,除果实鲜食外,枇杷果肉可供做糖水罐头、蜜饯、果脯、果汁、果胶、果露、果酱、果膏、果酒等产品；枇杷种子可以酿酒及提炼酒精；枇杷树干木材坚韧,质硬,是名贵木材,可制作乐器、工具木梳、手杖、木榔头、木棒；枇杷花做花茶；枇杷叶可以制成茶叶,也可入药制成做枇杷露、枇杷叶膏、枇杷叶冲剂,枇杷核做果仁。枇杷树也常植于庭园、公园,作为绿化用树。
2.枇杷名称的由来、枇杷栽培、食用、药用历史追溯和枇杷文化发展记述
对于枇杷名称的由来、文化形成和发展进行了简要的论述,追溯了中国枇杷悠久的栽培历史、食用观赏、医用历史史和中国枇杷文化形成和发展历程,并进行了简要的分析。中国枇杷文化的起源和发展划分为四个阶段：萌芽阶段——西汉时期,食用和美味品尝,以及初步树和果实观赏；发展阶段——魏晋南北朝时期,除了初期的食用和观赏、品尝,主要是开始药用功能研究利用等；成熟阶段——唐宋时期,无论是枇杷书画和诗作还是药用功能开发利用都进入了空前鼎盛的时期；继承和发展阶段——明清时期至今。
3.枇杷文化主要组成部分和枇杷文化史综合整理
枇杷的传统文化主要表现在：树、叶、花、果实的颜色、大小、药用价值、历史轶事趣闻等相关的诗词歌赋、书画描述记录,其中主要以枇杷药用和外形、食用等的诗词歌赋为枇杷文化主要组成部分。
4.现今枇杷产业发展概况和存在的问题
枇杷产业化发展取得了一定进展,无论是产量和种植面积增加、品种优化、还是宣传推介都取得了一定成效,但是还存在诸多问题：科学栽培技术推广不足,投入少；品种结构不合理,周年生产技术不成熟；保鲜、加工、贮运技术和设施落后；质量标准不健全、质量监管不到位；广告宣传、品牌宣传力度不够；枇杷购销信息平台缺乏；产业结构单调,产业化进程缓慢,尚不重视枇杷资源综合开发利用。
5.中国枇杷文化产业发展有助于枇杷传统产业的发展和枇杷商品价值的提升
为了促进枇杷文化和产业的迅速健康发展,建议建立政府推动、企业主导、农业、文化宣传等相关部门积极配合,共同促进枇杷文化产业的发展壮大,进而促进中国枇杷产业。建议：稳步推进传统枇杷产业的基础上政府要转变职能,由“主抓”“主办”变“管”和“促”,确定文化企业的市场主体地位,为经营性文化事业单位转制为文化企业创造政策环境和条件；继续开展高质量的枇杷文化节和推介活动,结合当地的宗教文化、饮食文化、民俗文化等,利用民歌、民乐、民舞、民风、民俗、特色民间饮食、服饰增强枇杷文化,升华发展枇杷文化；进一步利用科技手段提升枇杷产业文化价值；同时利用传媒方式进行多种宣传。
During the cultivation of more than 2200 years, loquat was used to enjoy the view, make medicine, and eat and so on, which impact on both human material and spiritual life. Chinese people record the culture of loquat with myths and legends, poetry, history and Food and Drug books, and other records, all of which had been forming the phenomenon and cultural systems with loquat as the core.
In order to promote Chinese loquat culture, and to develop traditional industries and cultural industries of loquat, and to enhance the value of loquat industry, this study made a summary and analysis on loquat industry and culture, and made some recommendations for its better development. Moreover, this study was conducted mainly from the following aspects:
1.Consolidation of the economic value of the loquat, including its food value, medicinal value and others
Loquat fruit is rich in many nutrients needed by human body, not only with the effectiveness of moistening lung, stopping cough, diuresis, regulating the stomach and clearing heat, but also with effectiveness of hepatobiliary diseases. The fruit, flower, leaves, roots and barks of loquat can all be used as medicines, and all of these were excellent Chinese Medicinal Materials. With wide range of uses, in addition to be eaten as fresh fruit, loquat fruit could be made into candied fruit, fruit juice, preserved fruit, pectin, smoothies, jams, fruit paste, fruit wine and other products. And loquat seeds can be used in brewing and distilled into alcohol. Furthermore, loquat wood was hard, which could be used for making musical instruments, combs, wooden combs, sticks, wooden hammer, and wooden timber. And loquat flowers were used to make tea. Loquat leaves not only could be made into tea, but also could be made into medicine "Pipa Lu", loquat leaf extract, loquat granules. Loquat nut could be processed to eat and made into medicine. Loquat tree often planted in gardens, parks as a landscape tree.
2.The origin of the loquat name, retrospect of loquat cultivation, edible and medicinal history, and account of cultural development of loquat
This paper made a brief exposition on both the origin of the name and cultural formation and development of loquat. And this paper also had a retrospect of loquat cultivation, edible, see-and-enjoy and medicinal history, and account of cultural development of loquat, which were analyzed briefly. The origin and development of Chinese loquat culture is divided into four stages:
infancy stage----the Western Han Dynasty, during which loquat was mainly for eating and enjoying delicious taste, and the initial ornamental of fruit trees and fruit; development stage----from Wei and Jin period, besides initial eating and watching and enjoying, loquat was beginning to be study the function of medicine; mature stage----in Tang and Song dynasties, the development of both paintings, poems and utilization of medicinal functions with loquat had entered an unprecedented period of great prosperity; stage of development and inheritance---ince Ming and Qing Dynasties.
3. Major components of loquat culture-poetry, painting, etc., and consolidation of cultural history of loquat
The traditional culture of loquat mainly features:related poetry, calligraphy and painting describe records related to trees, leaves, flowers, fruit color, size, medical value, history, anecdotal and others, in which the main component of loquat culture is the poetry on the loquat medicinal fuction and fruit shape, food, etc.
4. Overview and current problems of loquat industry
Some progress has been made in loquat industrial development, like yield and planting area increasing, Seed cultivation and the marketing campaign having achieved some success, but there were still many problems:lack of scientific training to promote, insufficient investment; irrational variety structure, immature technology of the annual production; preservation, backward processing, storage technology and facilities; quality standard being not perfect, quality control being not in place; insufficient advertising, brand publicity; lack of buying and selling information platform; monotonous industrial structure, slow process of industrialization, yet not attaching importance to comprehensive development and utilization of resources of loquat.
5. Loquat cultural industry will make contribution to loquat traditional industries development and enhance the value of loquat goods
In order to promote rapid and healthy development of Loquat culture and industry, it was proposed that the establishment of Industrial development model with government promotion, enterprise-led, agriculture, culture and other related departments actively serving with cooperation. Recommendations:on the basis of steadily development of traditional loquat industry, the government functions should be changed from "control" and "host" to "manage" and "promote"; determining the dominant position of cultural enterprises in the market of loquat, and create a policy environment and conditions for transformation from cultural business institutions to a cultural enterprise; conducting high-quality loquat cultural festivals and promotional activities to be continued combined with local religious culture, food culture, folk culture, the use of folk songs, folk music, people dance, folk, folk, folk characteristics of food, clothing to enhance loquat culture, and sublimate loquat culture; using of science and technology to enhance the cultural value of loquat industry; moreover using a variety of media publicity to publicize, all of which would contribute to the Chinese loquat industry.
引文
蔡东联.2005.实用营养学.人民卫生出版社
曹端波.2008.商品的文化价值及文化产业.经济研究导刊.(15)173-174
曹摘孜.1995.枇杷叶中熊果酸的抗肿瘤作用.生药学杂志,,49(2)：19
陈世平.2006.莆田规范枇杷行业行为.中国果业信息.23(7)：37-37
陈向平,林秀萍.2008.仙游县枇杷产业现状及可持续发展对策.福建农业科技.(1)：85-87
成丽,刘燕,陈凌亚等.2001.枇杷花三萜皂甙成分的研究.华西医科大学学报.32(2)：283-285
崔笑萍,刘权,任国华.2005西班牙枇杷良种在浙江塘栖的初步表现.中国南方果树(03)：45-46
付国栋,黄国清,丘云花,李立方,梁一梅.2008.梅县金柚产业的现状与发展对策.广西园艺.19(4)：11-12
胡又厘.林顺权.2002.世界枇杷研究与生产.世界农业.(01)：18-20
胡仔.苕溪渔隐丛话后集.苕溪渔隐丛话后集/卷第二十八.东坡三
黄爱萍,郑少泉,陈雅英.2000.台湾发展休闲农业对大陆当前农业结构调整的启示.福建农业科技.(6)：28-29
黄金松.2003.如何提高福建龙眼、枇杷的经济效益.(1)：4-6
黄艳.2005.枇杷叶三萜酸对慢性支气管炎怡疗作用的分子机制研究.安徽医科大学.硕士论文.
黄志明.2003.枇杷果实采后主要生理变化及采收与保鲜技术.福建农业科技.(1)13-14
赖钟雄,陈义挺,刘国强,蔡英卿,周纪玲,等.2006.枇杷良种及栽培关键技术.中国三峡出版社；第1版：1-10
李玉萍,方佳.2008.中国香蕉产业现状与发展对策研究.24(8)443-447
李兆祥《社会发展史》山东大学出版社,2000年3月ISBN:7560721206
梁家勉.1989.农业科学技术史稿,农业出版社
林建城.2003.莆田市枇杷果业发展现状及对策.莆田学院学报.(9)：84-89
林来金.2007.我县枇杷产业持续发展的思考与对策.福建农业.(1)：5-8
林顺权.2001.西班牙的枇杷生产与科研.中国南方果树.30(06)：69-70
林顺权.2003.世界枇杷生产与科研最新动态-第一届国际枇杷学术讨论会简介.柑桔与亚热带果树
信息.19(03)：8-10
刘成明,胡又厘,吴锦程,王帜南,罗华建,徐仕金,吴振先,黄旭明,林顺权.2007部分西班牙枇杷品种的引种表现.福建果树.(3)：13-15
刘传安,邹盛勤,陈武.2005.枇杷叶化学成分·药理作用及其应用研究进展,安徽农业科学.33(11)：2117-2118
刘彦伟,马玲.2005.陕南枇杷绿化大苗培育技术.陕西林业科技.(3)：80
宓路平,孟毅鸣.2005.传统水果枇杷的吃法有很多.杭州日报
邱武陵,章恢志主编.1996.中国果树志(龙眼、枇杷卷).北京：中国林业出版社
邱学林.2010.枇杷苗圃杂草危害与防除策略.杂草科学.(1)：39-41
沈尔安.2004.功效不凡的枇杷叶.药膳食疗.(9)：16-17
王震红.2008.龙眼荔枝文化和产业发展.福建农林大学.硕士论文.
吴兑,吴晓京,李菲,谭浩波,陈静,曹治强,孙弦.2008.中国大陆1951-2005年霾的长期变化.第十
五届全国云降水与人工影响天气科学会议暨中国人工影响天气事业50周年纪念大会会议论文
吴锦程.2004.枇杷的生产与科研.莆田学院学报.11(03)31-37
吴志丹.2003.发展枇杷特色产业,实现出口增收.中国农业信息.(6)：12
伍福国.打造特色强产业做大做强“黄金”枇杷.四川农业科技.2008.(8)：20-21
辛树帜.(伊钦恒增订).1983.中国果树史研究.农业出版社
邢全,石雷,刘保东,崔洪霞,张金政.枇杷叶荚蒾叶片解剖结构及其生态学意义.园艺学报.200431(4)：526-528
余世春,1999 Ⅰ常用中药枇杷叶生物活性成分研究Ⅱ鞭柱唐松草与长柄唐松草化学成分及毛蓖科次生代谢产物的化学系统学意义.博士论文.中国协和医科大学
张根芳.2009.中小学生农村教育知识文库：水果.沈阳出版社.(ISBN:7-5441-0934-8):1-2
章恢志,彭抒昂,蔡礼鸿,等.1990.中国枇杷属种质资源及普通枇杷起源研究.园艺学报.(1)：5-11.
中国农业百科全书总编辑委员会果树卷编辑委员会·中国农业百科全书编辑部编1993.中国农业百科全书·果树卷.中国农业出版社(ISBN:710902516)
中国枇杷产业概况.2008.世界热带农业信息.(5)：12-14.
“2010“情满果园”第五届雷甸枇杷文化节活动介绍”,www.dqnews.com.cn (2010-05-24)
“初夏枇杷——甜似蜜”,http://www.sport.gov.cn/n16/n1107/n1818/n39800/146773.html(国家体育总局网站),(2006/07/04)
“德清杨墩休闲农庄举行的2010“情满果园”第五届雷甸枇杷文化节”,浙江山水旅游网,http://www.zjssw.com/news/2010/05796.html(2010/05/30)
“国家地理标志农产品---文宫枇杷”-四川资阳-资阳大众网http://www.my0832.com/1442/blog-56966.html(2009/12/08)
“枇杷茶生产工艺配方技术”光盘编号：1001256,51技术资料网,http://www.jishu51.com/shbk /200909/1001256.html(2009/9/10)
“莆田5万多吨枇杷是如何卖掉的”,中国经济林信息网http://jjlxx. forestry.gov.cn(2003/06/10)
“仁寿县第十届枇杷节盛大开幕,水果产业初具规模显成效”,四川省林业厅网站,http://www. scly.gov.cn/article362746.html,(2010/05/14)
“苏州东山白沙枇杷”,(央视网)http://tv.zs.cctv.com/suzhou/news_4072.html(2010/08/31)
“朱屺瞻：事要顾人艺术要从己”,http://www.sina.com.cn新民晚报(2010/01/25)
江伟民.2010.受春寒影响.歙县三潭枇杷减产五成,黄山新闻网.(黄山市政府新闻办主办)http://www.newshs.com/html/201003/14/20100314144038.htm
林剑冰.“莆田连续11年省外办枇杷节”,福建日报电子版http://fjrb.fjsen.com/fjrb/html/2010-05/25/ content 167285.htm (2010/5/25)
天天美食网http://www.ttmeishi.com/s/CaiPu-YuanLiao/1077/
肖朝德,王书琴.成都市双流枇杷节邀你感受乡村之旅.西南商报社主办的西部经济网.2007/4/27
晏浩.“新形势下标准化作用的研究”《大众标准化》标准网http://www.standardcn.com/ article/show.asp?id=2041(2005/4/5)
以上食疗方来源：爱农卡网站,2008,网址http://www.incards.cn/gift/show_1835.htm
浙江省杭州市余杭区风景旅游局市场科.塘栖枇杷节在喝彩声中落幕http://www.zjyhtour.com/ class/class 2/articles/10909.html(2010/07/05)
重庆大足第三届枇杷旅游文化节在大足天醉园隆重开幕http://www.cqagri.gov.cn/detail.asp?pubID= 416858.2010/05/21
Caballere P., Fernandez M A. Loquat,production and marketing 2003
Duke, I. and E.S. Ayensu.1985. Medicinal plants of China. Vol.2. Reference Publ, Algonae, MI.,544 pp.
El Cultivo del Nispero y el Valle del Algar-Guadalest. Soc. Coop. de Credito de Callosa d'Ensarria, Alicante.
Crane, J.H. and M. L. Caldeira.2006. Loquat Growing in the Florida Home Landscape. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. (searched on 24-08-2006).
Hamada, A., S. Yoshioka, D. Takuma, J. Yokota, T. Cui, M. Kusunose, M. Miyamura, S. Kyotani and Y.
Nishioka.2004. The effect of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract on oxidative stress in adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,27(12):1961-1964.
Hamauzu, Y.2006. Role and evolution of fruit phenolic compounds during ripening and storage. Stewart Postharvest Review, p.2-5.
Huang, G.X., J.C. Pan, X.L. He, X.H. Yang and S.Q. Lin.2007. A preliminary report of Investigation on
Genus Eriobotrya Plants in Guangxi and Their Characteristics. Acta Horticulturae,2007,750:101-106
Hueso J J.Cuevas J Deficit irrigation effects on flowering of Loquat 2004
Karadeniz, T.2003. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) growing in Turkey. In:Proc. First Int. Loquat
Symp. Options Mediterraneennes, (Ed.):G. Llacer.58:27-28.
Lin S Q Plant materials in Asian Countries 2003
Lin S Q.Sharpe R H.Janick J Loquat:Botany and horticulture 1999
Lin, S., X. Huang, J. Cuevas and J. Janick.2007. Loquat:An ancient fruit crop with a promising future. Chronica Hort.,47 (2):12-15.
Loquat, production and market:I:International Symposium on Loquat,2002 April 11-13; Valencia. Spain 2003;58:11-20. Back to cited text no.
Morton J.1987. Mandarin Orange. In:Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton,. Miami, FL p 142-145. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0.
Nishioka, Y., S. Yoshioka, M. Kusunose, T.L. Cui, A. Hamada, M. Ono, M. Miyamura, S. Kyotani and T.L. Cui.2002. Effects of extract derived from Eriobotrya japonica on liver function improvement in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,25(8):1053-1057.
P. Caballero and M.A. Fernandez. Loquat, production and market. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Apartado Oficial,46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain Rodriguez, A. (1983).
Sakuramata, Y. H. Oe, S. Kusano, and O. Aki.2004. Effects of combination of CaiapoReg. with other plant-derived substance on anti-diabetic efficacy in KK-Ay mice. Bio Factors,22(1/4):149-152.
Wee, Y.C. and K. Hsuan.1992. An illustrated dictionary of Chinese Medicinal Herbs. GRC5 Pub. Box 1460, Sebastopol, CA.Tierra, M.2005. Loquat Leaf, fruit and seed.w.ww.planetherbs.com/articles/loquat._leaf.htm. searched on 17-06-05.
曹端波.2008.商品的文化价值及文化产业.经济研究导刊.(15)173-174
曹摘孜.1995.枇杷叶中熊果酸的抗肿瘤作用.生药学杂志,,49(2)：19
陈世平.2006.莆田规范枇杷行业行为.中国果业信息.23(7)：37-37
陈向平,林秀萍.2008.仙游县枇杷产业现状及可持续发展对策.福建农业科技.(1)：85-87
成丽,刘燕,陈凌亚等.2001.枇杷花三萜皂甙成分的研究.华西医科大学学报.32(2)：283-285
崔笑萍,刘权,任国华.2005西班牙枇杷良种在浙江塘栖的初步表现.中国南方果树(03)：45-46
付国栋,黄国清,丘云花,李立方,梁一梅.2008.梅县金柚产业的现状与发展对策.广西园艺.19(4)：11-12
胡又厘.林顺权.2002.世界枇杷研究与生产.世界农业.(01)：18-20
胡仔.苕溪渔隐丛话后集.苕溪渔隐丛话后集/卷第二十八.东坡三
黄爱萍,郑少泉,陈雅英.2000.台湾发展休闲农业对大陆当前农业结构调整的启示.福建农业科技.(6)：28-29
黄金松.2003.如何提高福建龙眼、枇杷的经济效益.(1)：4-6
黄艳.2005.枇杷叶三萜酸对慢性支气管炎怡疗作用的分子机制研究.安徽医科大学.硕士论文.
黄志明.2003.枇杷果实采后主要生理变化及采收与保鲜技术.福建农业科技.(1)13-14
赖钟雄,陈义挺,刘国强,蔡英卿,周纪玲,等.2006.枇杷良种及栽培关键技术.中国三峡出版社；第1版：1-10
李玉萍,方佳.2008.中国香蕉产业现状与发展对策研究.24(8)443-447
李兆祥《社会发展史》山东大学出版社,2000年3月ISBN:7560721206
梁家勉.1989.农业科学技术史稿,农业出版社
林建城.2003.莆田市枇杷果业发展现状及对策.莆田学院学报.(9)：84-89
林来金.2007.我县枇杷产业持续发展的思考与对策.福建农业.(1)：5-8
林顺权.2001.西班牙的枇杷生产与科研.中国南方果树.30(06)：69-70
林顺权.2003.世界枇杷生产与科研最新动态-第一届国际枇杷学术讨论会简介.柑桔与亚热带果树
信息.19(03)：8-10
刘成明,胡又厘,吴锦程,王帜南,罗华建,徐仕金,吴振先,黄旭明,林顺权.2007部分西班牙枇杷品种的引种表现.福建果树.(3)：13-15
刘传安,邹盛勤,陈武.2005.枇杷叶化学成分·药理作用及其应用研究进展,安徽农业科学.33(11)：2117-2118
刘彦伟,马玲.2005.陕南枇杷绿化大苗培育技术.陕西林业科技.(3)：80
宓路平,孟毅鸣.2005.传统水果枇杷的吃法有很多.杭州日报
邱武陵,章恢志主编.1996.中国果树志(龙眼、枇杷卷).北京：中国林业出版社
邱学林.2010.枇杷苗圃杂草危害与防除策略.杂草科学.(1)：39-41
沈尔安.2004.功效不凡的枇杷叶.药膳食疗.(9)：16-17
王震红.2008.龙眼荔枝文化和产业发展.福建农林大学.硕士论文.
吴兑,吴晓京,李菲,谭浩波,陈静,曹治强,孙弦.2008.中国大陆1951-2005年霾的长期变化.第十
五届全国云降水与人工影响天气科学会议暨中国人工影响天气事业50周年纪念大会会议论文
吴锦程.2004.枇杷的生产与科研.莆田学院学报.11(03)31-37
吴志丹.2003.发展枇杷特色产业,实现出口增收.中国农业信息.(6)：12
伍福国.打造特色强产业做大做强“黄金”枇杷.四川农业科技.2008.(8)：20-21
辛树帜.(伊钦恒增订).1983.中国果树史研究.农业出版社
邢全,石雷,刘保东,崔洪霞,张金政.枇杷叶荚蒾叶片解剖结构及其生态学意义.园艺学报.200431(4)：526-528
余世春,1999 Ⅰ常用中药枇杷叶生物活性成分研究Ⅱ鞭柱唐松草与长柄唐松草化学成分及毛蓖科次生代谢产物的化学系统学意义.博士论文.中国协和医科大学
张根芳.2009.中小学生农村教育知识文库：水果.沈阳出版社.(ISBN:7-5441-0934-8):1-2
章恢志,彭抒昂,蔡礼鸿,等.1990.中国枇杷属种质资源及普通枇杷起源研究.园艺学报.(1)：5-11.
中国农业百科全书总编辑委员会果树卷编辑委员会·中国农业百科全书编辑部编1993.中国农业百科全书·果树卷.中国农业出版社(ISBN:710902516)
中国枇杷产业概况.2008.世界热带农业信息.(5)：12-14.
“2010“情满果园”第五届雷甸枇杷文化节活动介绍”,www.dqnews.com.cn (2010-05-24)
“初夏枇杷——甜似蜜”,http://www.sport.gov.cn/n16/n1107/n1818/n39800/146773.html(国家体育总局网站),(2006/07/04)
“德清杨墩休闲农庄举行的2010“情满果园”第五届雷甸枇杷文化节”,浙江山水旅游网,http://www.zjssw.com/news/2010/05796.html(2010/05/30)
“国家地理标志农产品---文宫枇杷”-四川资阳-资阳大众网http://www.my0832.com/1442/blog-56966.html(2009/12/08)
“枇杷茶生产工艺配方技术”光盘编号：1001256,51技术资料网,http://www.jishu51.com/shbk /200909/1001256.html(2009/9/10)
“莆田5万多吨枇杷是如何卖掉的”,中国经济林信息网http://jjlxx. forestry.gov.cn(2003/06/10)
“仁寿县第十届枇杷节盛大开幕,水果产业初具规模显成效”,四川省林业厅网站,http://www. scly.gov.cn/article362746.html,(2010/05/14)
“苏州东山白沙枇杷”,(央视网)http://tv.zs.cctv.com/suzhou/news_4072.html(2010/08/31)
“朱屺瞻：事要顾人艺术要从己”,http://www.sina.com.cn新民晚报(2010/01/25)
江伟民.2010.受春寒影响.歙县三潭枇杷减产五成,黄山新闻网.(黄山市政府新闻办主办)http://www.newshs.com/html/201003/14/20100314144038.htm
林剑冰.“莆田连续11年省外办枇杷节”,福建日报电子版http://fjrb.fjsen.com/fjrb/html/2010-05/25/ content 167285.htm (2010/5/25)
天天美食网http://www.ttmeishi.com/s/CaiPu-YuanLiao/1077/
肖朝德,王书琴.成都市双流枇杷节邀你感受乡村之旅.西南商报社主办的西部经济网.2007/4/27
晏浩.“新形势下标准化作用的研究”《大众标准化》标准网http://www.standardcn.com/ article/show.asp?id=2041(2005/4/5)
以上食疗方来源：爱农卡网站,2008,网址http://www.incards.cn/gift/show_1835.htm
浙江省杭州市余杭区风景旅游局市场科.塘栖枇杷节在喝彩声中落幕http://www.zjyhtour.com/ class/class 2/articles/10909.html(2010/07/05)
重庆大足第三届枇杷旅游文化节在大足天醉园隆重开幕http://www.cqagri.gov.cn/detail.asp?pubID= 416858.2010/05/21
Caballere P., Fernandez M A. Loquat,production and marketing 2003
Duke, I. and E.S. Ayensu.1985. Medicinal plants of China. Vol.2. Reference Publ, Algonae, MI.,544 pp.
El Cultivo del Nispero y el Valle del Algar-Guadalest. Soc. Coop. de Credito de Callosa d'Ensarria, Alicante.
Crane, J.H. and M. L. Caldeira.2006. Loquat Growing in the Florida Home Landscape. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. (searched on 24-08-2006).
Hamada, A., S. Yoshioka, D. Takuma, J. Yokota, T. Cui, M. Kusunose, M. Miyamura, S. Kyotani and Y.
Nishioka.2004. The effect of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract on oxidative stress in adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,27(12):1961-1964.
Hamauzu, Y.2006. Role and evolution of fruit phenolic compounds during ripening and storage. Stewart Postharvest Review, p.2-5.
Huang, G.X., J.C. Pan, X.L. He, X.H. Yang and S.Q. Lin.2007. A preliminary report of Investigation on
Genus Eriobotrya Plants in Guangxi and Their Characteristics. Acta Horticulturae,2007,750:101-106
Hueso J J.Cuevas J Deficit irrigation effects on flowering of Loquat 2004
Karadeniz, T.2003. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) growing in Turkey. In:Proc. First Int. Loquat
Symp. Options Mediterraneennes, (Ed.):G. Llacer.58:27-28.
Lin S Q Plant materials in Asian Countries 2003
Lin S Q.Sharpe R H.Janick J Loquat:Botany and horticulture 1999
Lin, S., X. Huang, J. Cuevas and J. Janick.2007. Loquat:An ancient fruit crop with a promising future. Chronica Hort.,47 (2):12-15.
Loquat, production and market:I:International Symposium on Loquat,2002 April 11-13; Valencia. Spain 2003;58:11-20. Back to cited text no.
Morton J.1987. Mandarin Orange. In:Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton,. Miami, FL p 142-145. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0.
Nishioka, Y., S. Yoshioka, M. Kusunose, T.L. Cui, A. Hamada, M. Ono, M. Miyamura, S. Kyotani and T.L. Cui.2002. Effects of extract derived from Eriobotrya japonica on liver function improvement in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,25(8):1053-1057.
P. Caballero and M.A. Fernandez. Loquat, production and market. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Apartado Oficial,46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain Rodriguez, A. (1983).
Sakuramata, Y. H. Oe, S. Kusano, and O. Aki.2004. Effects of combination of CaiapoReg. with other plant-derived substance on anti-diabetic efficacy in KK-Ay mice. Bio Factors,22(1/4):149-152.
Wee, Y.C. and K. Hsuan.1992. An illustrated dictionary of Chinese Medicinal Herbs. GRC5 Pub. Box 1460, Sebastopol, CA.Tierra, M.2005. Loquat Leaf, fruit and seed.w.ww.planetherbs.com/articles/loquat._leaf.htm. searched on 17-06-05.