中子探测的波形数字化技术的研究
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摘要
核能具有资源丰富、清洁经济的优点,是未来的主要能源。ADS嬗变系统(Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System)是以核废料为原料,通过加速器加速质子打靶后产生的散裂中子来驱动次临界堆核裂变反应,其对解决核废料安全处置和核燃料稳定供给有着重要意义。在ADS系统中,对散裂反应和裂变反应中产生的中子流强度的探测是一个关键问题,探测精度直接决定了核反应的可控性能。中子探测器需要对中子和γ光子进行甄别。n-γ甄别有两种方法：一是通过粒子飞行时间和能量测量后计算出其质量来甄别；二是通过测量粒子脉冲形状来甄别。波形数字化技术是通过对中子探测器输出的电流脉冲进行波形数字化,由软件对波形数据进行处理来获得飞行时间、电荷量和衰减时间,有着高集成度和准确的n-γ甄别能力等优点。
本课题的研究目标是高采样频率和高精度的波形数字化技术以及低延迟的触发判选技术。为此,开展了针对高速开关电容阵列芯片DRS4加高分辨率ADC的波形数字化技术的应用研究,基于该芯片设计了相应的前端插件和触发插件以及数据处理软件,建立了一套中子探测的最小读出电子学系统。该系统能实现5GSPS采样率的波形数字化,一路输入即可完成飞行时间、电荷和衰减时间三项目标的测试,有效的降低了系统的复杂度和成本。同时研究出了零随机延迟触发判选技术,使触发插件能为即时的波形采样提供小且固定的延迟的触发判选结果,以减少系统死时间。
论文详细介绍了相应的硬件开发和软件开发,并通过实验验证了读出电子学系统的n-γ甄别能力和触发判选性能。
Nuclear energy has the advantage of abundant resources and economy, and is the main energy source of the future. Accelerator Driven Sub-critical Systemcan transmutatethe nuclear waste as raw materia of nuclear energy. Soit has important significance to solve the safe disposal of nuclear waste and stable nuclear fuel supply stability. In the ADS system, detecting the intensity of the neutron which is producedby the spallation and fission reactions is a key issue. The accuracy of theneutrondetection directly determines the performance of nuclear reaction controlling. Neutron detectors need to discriminatethe neutron out ofthe y photons by measuring the time-of-flight and the pulse shape. For satisfying the physical requirements of high precision, high integration density and minimum cost, we have developed the waveform digitizing technology that acquires the data of electric charge, time-to-flight and pulse fall time in single read-out process. The waveform digitizing technology is based on high-speed switched capacitor array (SCA) chip named DRS4that allows sample an interested region of analog signal up to a rate of5GSPS. Together with the DRS4module, the front-end module and the trigger module are designed to build a waveform digitizing system. Beside, the zero-delay trigger technology is developed, which makes the trigger module can provide the trigger decision of a low and fixed latency for the instant waveform sampling.
Thispaper introduces the hardware and software development of the waveform digitizing technology in detail, and the n-ydiscrimination ability and trigger performance aretested by the experiment.
本课题的研究目标是高采样频率和高精度的波形数字化技术以及低延迟的触发判选技术。为此,开展了针对高速开关电容阵列芯片DRS4加高分辨率ADC的波形数字化技术的应用研究,基于该芯片设计了相应的前端插件和触发插件以及数据处理软件,建立了一套中子探测的最小读出电子学系统。该系统能实现5GSPS采样率的波形数字化,一路输入即可完成飞行时间、电荷和衰减时间三项目标的测试,有效的降低了系统的复杂度和成本。同时研究出了零随机延迟触发判选技术,使触发插件能为即时的波形采样提供小且固定的延迟的触发判选结果,以减少系统死时间。
论文详细介绍了相应的硬件开发和软件开发,并通过实验验证了读出电子学系统的n-γ甄别能力和触发判选性能。
Nuclear energy has the advantage of abundant resources and economy, and is the main energy source of the future. Accelerator Driven Sub-critical Systemcan transmutatethe nuclear waste as raw materia of nuclear energy. Soit has important significance to solve the safe disposal of nuclear waste and stable nuclear fuel supply stability. In the ADS system, detecting the intensity of the neutron which is producedby the spallation and fission reactions is a key issue. The accuracy of theneutrondetection directly determines the performance of nuclear reaction controlling. Neutron detectors need to discriminatethe neutron out ofthe y photons by measuring the time-of-flight and the pulse shape. For satisfying the physical requirements of high precision, high integration density and minimum cost, we have developed the waveform digitizing technology that acquires the data of electric charge, time-to-flight and pulse fall time in single read-out process. The waveform digitizing technology is based on high-speed switched capacitor array (SCA) chip named DRS4that allows sample an interested region of analog signal up to a rate of5GSPS. Together with the DRS4module, the front-end module and the trigger module are designed to build a waveform digitizing system. Beside, the zero-delay trigger technology is developed, which makes the trigger module can provide the trigger decision of a low and fixed latency for the instant waveform sampling.
Thispaper introduces the hardware and software development of the waveform digitizing technology in detail, and the n-ydiscrimination ability and trigger performance aretested by the experiment.
引文
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[2]J.W. Xia et al., The heavy ion cooler-storage-ring project (HIRFL-CSR) at Lanzhou, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A,488 (2002),11-25
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[5]CSR实验探测装置改造项目—申请书
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[8]R Soule, W Assal, P Chaussonnet, et al. Neutronic studies in support of accelerator-driven systems:The MUSE experiments in the MASURCA facility, Nuclear Science and Engineering 148(2004) 124-152
[9]I Pazsit, Y Yamane,et al. Theory of neutron fluctuations in source-driven subcritical systems, I Pazsit, Y Yamane, Volume 403, Issues 2-3,1998, Pages 431-441
[10]CD Bowman, Accelerator-driven systems for nuclear waste transmutation, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science,1998
[11]杨帆,中子探测用闪烁体的研究进展,核电子学与探测技术,2009年第4期
[12]唐孝威,杨保忠.粒子物理实验方法,1982年,P131
[13]刘建立,中子和γ射线的脉冲形状甄别,IMP & HIRFL Annual Report,2011年00期
[14]罗晓亮,刘国福,杨俊,林存宝.液体闪烁体探测器n/γ甄别方法的现状与发展,核电子学与探测技术,2010年第6期
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[1]Pegna R, Barcelo M, Bitossi M, et al. A GHz sampling DAQ system for the MAGIC-II telescope[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,2007,572(1):382-384.
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[4]V. Bocharov et al., HIRFL-CSR electron cooler commissioning, Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section a-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment,2004,532(1-2):144-149.
[5]CSR实验探测装置改造项目—申请书
[6]詹文龙,徐瑚珊,未来先进核裂变能——ADS嬗变系统,中国科学院院刊,2012年03期
[7]HA Abderrahim, P Kupschus, et al. A multipurpose accelerator driven system for research & development, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, Volume 463, Issue 3,2001, Pages 487-494
[8]R Soule, W Assal, P Chaussonnet, et al. Neutronic studies in support of accelerator-driven systems:The MUSE experiments in the MASURCA facility, Nuclear Science and Engineering 148(2004) 124-152
[9]I Pazsit, Y Yamane,et al. Theory of neutron fluctuations in source-driven subcritical systems, I Pazsit, Y Yamane, Volume 403, Issues 2-3,1998, Pages 431-441
[10]CD Bowman, Accelerator-driven systems for nuclear waste transmutation, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science,1998
[11]杨帆,中子探测用闪烁体的研究进展,核电子学与探测技术,2009年第4期
[12]唐孝威,杨保忠.粒子物理实验方法,1982年,P131
[13]刘建立,中子和γ射线的脉冲形状甄别,IMP & HIRFL Annual Report,2011年00期
[14]罗晓亮,刘国福,杨俊,林存宝.液体闪烁体探测器n/γ甄别方法的现状与发展,核电子学与探测技术,2010年第6期
[1]谢一冈等,粒子探测器与数据获取,科学出版社,2003
[2]虞孝麒,核电子学方法,中国科学技术大学教材
[3]赵雷,刘树彬,周家稳,等.BESⅢ TOF前端读出电子学模块测试控制及分析软件系统的设计[J].核电子学与探测技术,2009,29(1)：143-146.
[4]C Biino, C Combaret, M Dejardin. The CMS ECAL Very Front end Electronics:production and tests,10th workshop on electronics for LHC and future experiments,2004, pp.107-111
[5]Giomataris, Yannis, et al. "MICROMEGAS:a high-granularity position-sensitive gaseous detector for high particle-flux environments." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 376.1 (1996):29-35.
[6]Dudek P, Szczepanski S, Hatfield J V. A high-resolution CMOS time-to-digital converter utilizing a Vernier delay line[J]. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of,2000,35(2):240-247.
[7]Traxler M, Gil D, Kajetanowicz M, et al.128 channel high resolution TDC with integrated DAQ-system[J]. GSI Scientific Report,2005,281.
[8]Chen C, Jones M, Kononenko W, et al. Front-end electronics for the CDF-Ⅱ time-of-flight system[J]. Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on,2003,50(6):2486-2490.
[9]Liu S, Feng C, An Q, et al. BES Ⅲ time-of-flight readout system[J]. Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on,2010,57(2):419-427.
[10 Van Valburg J, Van De Plassche R J. An 8-b 650-MHz folding ADC[J]. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of,1992,27(12):1662-1666.
[11]Calvetti M, Cennini P, Centro S, et al. First Operation of the CERN UA1 Central Detector[J]. Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on,1983,30(1):71-75.
[12]Bourgeois F, Carboni G, Del Prete T, et al. Results of a 100 MHz FADC system built in fastbus used by the UA2 vertex detector[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,1986, 252(2):590-595.
[13]Towrie M, Drysdale S L T, Jennings R, et al. Trace analysis using a commercial resonant ionisation mass spectrometer[J]. International journal of mass spectrometry and ion processes, 1990,96(3):309-320.
[14]Biery K A, Quimette D A, Ritchie J L. A fast integrating eight-bit bilinear ADC[J]. Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on,1989,36(1):650-652.
[15]Ahlen S, Ambrosio M, Antolini R, et al. First supermodule of the MACRO detector at Gran Sasso[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,1993,324(1):337-362.
[16]Atiya M, Chi C Y, Cunitz H, et al. A large system of Flash ADCs for a neutrino detector[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,1991,300(3):542-551.
[17]Lucarelli F, Barrio J A, Antoranz P, et al. The central pixel of the MAGIC telescope for optical observations [J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,2008,589(3):415-424.
[18]王进红,基于开关电容矩阵的波形数字化技术研究,中国科学技术大学博士论文
[19]Grassi M. The MEG experiment at PSI:status and prospect[J]. Nuclear Physics B-Proceedings Supplements,2005,149:369-371.
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