广东省城市化与经济发展研究
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摘要
人类的二十一世纪是城市的世纪。城市是在地理空间中的一组充填式布局,是被赋予等级概念的、功能互补的、具有整体效益最大化的一组集合,形成了一个结构和谐的、流通顺畅的、交互有序的、整体高效的网络系统。城市化又称城镇化、都市化。人类生产和生活方式由农村型向城市型转化的历史过程,表现为农村人口向城市人口转化以及城市不断发展和完善的过程。我们通常以城市人口占总人口的百分比这一指标衡量城市化水平。
    现代城市发展的直接动因是工业的发展,较为系统地论述城市化的一般机制的理论,主要是法国经济学家佩鲁(F.Perroux)提出的“发展极”理论及由其所衍生的“增长极理论”。“发展极”理论认为,区域中的经济增长是一种非均衡的增长,它首先体现为区域内若干个发展极的增长,而后,通过这些“极”的发展可以带动整体区域的经济增长。增长极理论认为,城市聚集体是区域经济发展中的增长极。增长极理论的提出,较好地从经济空间和地理空间的角度解释了城市化的一般机制,同时,该理论对发展中国家也产生了很大的影响和吸引力,成为各国政府制定区域发展战略和城市化战略的基础。从城市化与工业化发展水平关系来考察,世界城市化可分成同步城市化、过度城市化、滞后城市化、逆城市化四种模式。
    城市化是伴随着工业化和经济发展而出现的一种世界性的社会经济现象。城市化与工业化是两个不同的,但其内容又紧密相连的概念。工业化对城市化具有推动效应,工业化进行时,城市化必然会得到发展,原因有:外部经济效益;聚合经济效益;大市场的吸引力。在工业化过程中,由于城市具有上述吸引力,使工业向大城市聚集,使得城市逐渐成为工业中心、贸易中心、交通运输中心、服务中心和科技中心,促进现代城市的进一步发展,由此引起大量农村人口向城市的转移,使城市化和工业化同步进行。但是,城市化与工业化存在着非协同性,即城市化的超前性与滞后性。所谓超前性,指在某些发展中国家中出现的城市化速度远高于其农业生产率和工业生产增长的现象。城市化的滞后性是指城市化发展严重滞后于工业化发展的国家。经济发展是工业化的同时城市化的过程,工业化在经济发展中起着重要的作用,带来两方面的显著变化:一是收入的迅速增长,二是经济结构的改变。城市化对经济发展有直接和间接的推动作用。据世界银行专家估计,当前城市化水平每提高1个百分点,至少能带动GDP增长1.5个百分点。经济发展能加快城市化进程。经济发展一方面为城市的发展壮大提供建设资金,配套完善的综合公共服务设施;另一方面,经济的发展,各种商品和服务增加,城市的功能不断完善,生活的舒适度得到提高,对在农村生活的农民有着巨大的吸引力,使更多的农民自愿地涌入城市,成为城市人口,从而加快了城市化进程。因此,城市化,农村人口向城市转移和集中,是经济发展不可抗拒的经济规律。
    第二次世界大战以来,广大发展中国家的城市化进程日益加快,而且具有不同于发达国家城市化进程的特点。具有起步晚、水平低,发展不平衡,过度城市化,城市首位度畸高等特点。同时,城市化问题也日渐突出,出现了城市贫困化、城市失业、城市环境污染和各种各样的城市社会问题。发展中国家应采取降低人口出生率;控制城市规模;实施城市分散化计划;改变偏重城市的倾向,努力促进农村社会的发展等措施来解决城市化问题。
    广东省作为世界上最大的发展中国家的经济大省,虽然改革开放以来,城市
    
    化水平显著提高,领先于全国近18个百分点,但也存在着城市化严重滞后于工业化发展水平、发展不均衡、重复建设造成资源浪费等城市化问题。城市化发展滞后的根本原因,在于广东省社会经济进入工业化发展时期之后,没有及时地推行有效的城市化政策,原有的相关制度和政策不利于城乡产业结构升级和经济要素集聚。主要包括:户籍制度限制了人口合理流动;土地管理制度不利于土地资源的合理利用;城市建设资金渠道不足;行政区划不合理;行政管理体制与经济发展不相适应等。城市化的基本动力是地区经济的持续发展和地区社会文化的全面进步。因此,研究广东城市化和城市现代化,不能脱离广东2010年基本实现社会主义现代化的总体战略。遵循城市化发展的客观规律,坚持以人为本和可持续发展,以率先基本实现社会主义现代化为目标,以经济发展为基础,以制度创新为动力,实行高起点规划、高标准建设、高效能管理,大力推进经济特区和珠江三角洲城市化进程,加快东西两翼和广大山区城市化步伐,走大中小城市协调发展的城市化道路。因此,必须:改革相关制度,引导要素集聚;依据省内城市化发展存在的不均衡状况,制定不同的城市化发展策略;加强区域协调,强化规划管理;完善基础设施,健全城镇功能;运用市场机制,实施“经营城市”;强化社会服务,提高生活质量。
The 21th century of human being is the century of city. City is one set of filling distribution in the geographical space, and is one set of gathering, which having concept of class, independent,having maximum total benefit, forming a network system which having co-ordinate construction,fast circulation, systematization and high efficiency. Urbanization also is named townization,metroplitanization. The historical process of human being's mode of production and life-style transferring from rural model to urban model refers to the process of transmission from country population to city population and continued developing and perfecting of the city. Usually we
    use the index of percentage of the city population in the gross population to measure the level of urbanization.
    The direct motive of the development of modern city is the development of industry. The main systematic theory illustrating the common mechanism of the urbanization is the Developing Pole theory and its evolving theory of Growing Pole established by a French economist F. Perroux. His Developing Pole theory states, that the growth of regional economy is a kind of unbalanced growth which firstly represented by the growth of many developing poles in the region and then promote the economic development of the whole region through the development of the Poles. Whereas the Growing Pole theory states, the city combination is the developing pole of regional economy. The establishment of developing pole theory explains the common mechanism of urbanization from the aspects of economical space and geographical space. And in the meantime this theory had a great impact and attraction on the developing countries, thus becoming the basis of the government policies in making strategies of regional development and urbanization. From the relationship between the development level of urbanization and industrialization, the world urbanization can be classified into synchronic urbanization, over urbanization, under urbanization and counter urbanization.
    Urbanization is a kind of worldwide social economical phenomenon that occurs with the industrialization and the development of economy. Urbanization and industrialization are two different concepts yet closely related in content. Industrialization is promoting factor to urbanization. Urbanization will develop while industrialization is in process. The reasons are:outer economic benefit, integrated economic benefit, and the attraction of huge market. Due to the above said attraction of the city, industries gathered towards the big cities during the industrialization process and made the cities gradually becoming industrial center, trade center, communication and transport center, service center and technology center thus accelerating the further development of modern city. This development in return caused massive
    
    transmission of the rural population to the urban area and made urbanization and industrialization grow simultaneously. However, there are also un-collaboration between urbanization and industrialization which is the advancement and stagnation of urbanization. The advancement refers to the phenomenon that the speed of industrialization is much higher than that of the growth of agricultural productivity and industrial productivity in some of the developing countries. The stagnation of urbanization refers to the serious lack of development of urbanization compared with the development of industrialization. Economic development is the process of urbanization while industrialized. Urbanization is the important aspect and content of economic development. Economic development is the process of geographical centralization of population, market, enterprises and basic facilities, i.e. the process of urbanization. The features of urban economy are high density, specialization of commodity and service, and heavy interdependence amongst the families, enterprises and the government and inside each of the community, and high standard of technology, renovation and management. These features of urbanizatio
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