组织间合作创新价值创造与分享机理研究
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摘要
随着技术生命周期的不断缩短，研发风险和成本的急剧上升，越来越多的企业开始选择合作创新来减弱或抵消技术发展的这种高不确定性和复杂性。合作创新是企业间或企业、科研机构、高等院校之间为了共同的研发目标而投入各自优势资源所形成的联合创新行为。从我国的现实情况来看，尽管一些合作项目从技术上来说前景非常好，合作各方的积极性也非常高，但是在合作过程中却经常出现各式各样的问题，合作创新项目多数也以失败而告终，而导致组织间合作创新失败的主要原因就是创新利益分享问题。组织间合作创新利益分享是合作创新的核心问题，它直接影响组织间合作创新的长期性和稳定性。目前，我国组织间合作创新中各主体间利益分享方式并不合理，合作创新利益分享存在各种矛盾，直接影响了合作各方的积极性，制约了合作创新的发展。建立一套有效合理合作创新利益分享机制是促进我国合作创新发展的关键。
因此，本文以资源基础、交易成本、公平和风险收益等理论为基础，结合国内外现有研究，以关系专用性投资为切入点，提出组织间合作创新价值创造与分享的概念模型，探究关系专用性投资、合作创新价值创造和价值分享三者之间相互影响的内在机理，然后通过对中国东北187家高技术企业的问卷调查和结构方程模型分析，对提出的假设进行检验。文章丰富了领域研究内容，提升了领域研究深度，具有很强的创新价值和理论意义。通过对合作创新价值创造与分享的实证研究，明确关系专用性投资对合作创新价值创造与分享的作用机理，找出影响合作创新价值创造与分享的关键因素，为企业参与合作创新活动以及合作创新利益分享机制的制定提供理论依据和现实指导，具有很强的实践意义。
关系专用性投资是企业为支持特定合作项目而投入的具有特殊目的的资产，当改变合作对象或合作关系结束时，该资产的价值会大幅度降低甚至消失。合作企业进行关系专用性投资是合作创新活动开始的前提和基础，也是确保合作创新成功的关键。合作创新价值创造是指合作各方共同投资参与的合作项目产生的创新净值。它是企业间或企业与高校、科研机构等组织相互合作、相互协调，作为一个合作整体共同创造的新增价值。合作创新价值分享则是指各合作成员从合作创新项目中获取的收益，它是合作各方根据一定的原则对一定时期内共同创造的价值进行分割和分配。合作创新价值创造是价值分享的基础，合作创新价值分享是价值创造的目的。
为探究组织间合作创新价值创造与分享的机理，本文又引入知识共享、合作协调性、贡献度、风险度以及依赖度等要素。知识共享是指合作双方在新产品开发过程中，提供和接受任务信息、专有技术与其他重要知识或信息的行为。合作协调性是指合作双方为完成一系列任务而有效协作的程度。贡献度是指合作成员通过投入一定的关系专用性投资以后为合作创新项目创造的新增价值，是合作成员一方相对另一方来说对合作项目的贡献程度。风险度是指合作关系失败合作者面临损失的可能性，它的大小取决于损失发生的概率和程度。依赖度是指合作关系中一方需要保持与另一方关系的程度，它的大小很大程度上由替换合作对象的难度决定。
本文在对关系专用性投资、知识共享、合作协调性、贡献度、风险度以及依赖度、合作创新价值创造以及合作创新价值分享等变量进行界定的基础上，构建组织间合作创新价值创造与分享概念模型，揭示组织间合作创新价值创造与分享的机理，并提出相关假设。接着结合国内外成熟的度量指标，设计出量表，并进行数据调研和收集，以对上述变量进行测量。然后利用软件SPSS19.0和LISREL8.70对数据进行分析，并对检验结果进行讨论。实证检验结果表明10条假设中有9条通过，1条未获得通过。最后根据实证分析结果，结合中国合作创新活动发展实践进行讨论，并提出研究的管理启示。
本研究的主要结论为：
（1）在合作创新中，关系专用性投资通过促进合作成员间的知识共享，形成合作协调优势，最终能够提升合作创新绩效，具有正向的价值创造效应。
（2）通过贡献度和风险度的中介效应，关系专用性投资对合作创新价值分享具有积极的影响。其中，贡献度的中介效应更显著，是创新价值分享的首要原则；风险度次之，是创新价值分享的次要原则。依赖度对合作创新价值分享的负向影响不显著，关系专用性投资的负面效应在中国企业合作创新中并不明显。
（3）合作创新价值创造对价值分享具有显著的正向影响，关系专用性投资通过价值创造效应，也可提升企业创新价值分享额。
本研究的主要创新点主要有以下三个方面：
（1）基于资源基础理论的“资源→行为→优势→绩效”分析框架，理清了关系专用性投资创造合作创新价值的内在机理，并运用结构方程模型对提出的假设进行检验，弥补了领域内理论研究不系统和实证研究不足的缺陷。
（2）基于公平、风险收益以及交易成本理论，结合动机-能力范式的观点，首次引入贡献度和风险度两个中介变量，分析了关系专用性投资对合作创新价值分享的影响，找出了影响合作创新价值分享的主要因素，并发现中国与西方在创新价值分享上存在一定的差异，这有助于启发东西方制度文化背景下的合作创新比较研究。
（3）在现有研究的基础上，创造性地将关系专用性投资、合作创新价值创造与价值分享三者纳入统一的分析框架，探究三者之间的相互影响关系，拓宽了领域研究思路，丰富了领域研究内容。
More and more companies tend to be engaged in cooperative innovation tocounteract or eliminate the uncertainty and complexity of technologicaldevelopment, considering the fact that it is common for curtailment of technologylife cycle and for the drastic rise of risks and costs of R&D. Cooperative innovation,is an act of associated innovation among enterprises, research institutions anduniversities by devoting respective superiority resources for a common goal.However, from the reality of our situation, although technical prospects of somecooperation projects are very good, the enthusiasm of all cooperators are also veryhigh, they often suffer a wide range of issues in the process of cooperation, and mostinnovative projects are ended in failure. Innovation benefit sharing is the core issuein inter-organizational cooperation, which directly affects the long-term stability ofinter-organizational cooperation innovation cooperation and innovation. Currently,benefit sharing way is unreasonable in our inter-organizational cooperation, there area variety of contradictions in innovation benefit-sharing, which directly impacts onthe enthusiasm of the cooperation of all parties, and it will restrict the developmentof cooperation and innovation. It is critical to establish an effective and reasonablecooperation innovative mechanism for benefit sharing to promote the developmentof our innovation cooperation.
Therefore, this paper puts forward hypothesis as well as a conceptual model ofthe influence of RSI on value creation and value appropriation in cooperativeinnovation, with reference to resource-based view, transaction cost theory, equitytheory and risk-revenue theory. In order to explore the interactional mechanismamong relationship-specific investment, value creation and value appropriation, weexamine hypothesis through questionnaire and structural equation model (SEM) analysis on187high-tech enterprises in Northeast China. This paper investigates therole of RSI playing in cooperative innovation, by probing the links between RSI andinnovation performance, and unveiling the key force of value appropriation to giveimplications and advice for cooperative innovation participants.
Relationship-specific investment (RSI) is special-purposed asset for a specificcooperative project, however, when the relationship terminated, the value of the assetwould drastically diminish or even disappear. RSI made by cooperator is essential fora successful cooperative innovation project. Value creation in cooperative innovationentails the total value created in a collaborative effort among cooperative partners,such as research institutions, universities, and especially enterprises. Valueappropriation in cooperative innovation depicts the value that a focal firm claimssuccessfully from the projects. From a conceptual perspective, value creation andvalue appropriation represent two sides of a coin. Value creation entails the total valuecreated in a collaborative effort among innovation partners. Value appropriationdepicts the value that a focal partner claims successfully. Value creation is aprerequisite for appropriation, and value creation enhances relationship partners' valueappropriation.
To probe the mechanism of innovative value creation and appropriation in inter-organizational cooperation, this paper also introduces other variables, such asknowledge sharing, coordination effectiveness, investor contribution, investor risk andinvestor dependence. Knowledge sharing refers to two partners effectively exchangethe critical task information, know-how and other issues during the new productsdevelopment process in cooperative innovation. Coordination effectiveness is theextent which two partners effectively work together in order to accomplish acollective set of tasks during the cooperative innovation process. Investor contributionrefers to the extent that investment side contributes to the project, and it depends onthe asymmetric resource devoted. Investor risk refers to the extent that investmentside suffers from the project while failed, the amount of risk depends on theprobability and significance of the loss. Investor dependence refers to the extent thatinvestment side needs to keep the relationship with the receiver.
Firstly, this paper puts forward hypothesis as well as a conceptual model of theinfluence of RSI on value creation and value appropriation in cooperative innovationon the basis of defining all the variables. Secondly, we design scale andquestionnaire to measure the above variables, combining with mature metrics.Thirdly, we analyze the data by use of SPSS19.0and LISREL8.70, and discuss thetest results. The empirical results show that9of the10hypotheses have passed,while1has not.
The conclusions of this paper shows that relationship-specific investment willpromote cooperative innovation performance through knowledge sharing betweencooperators to forge an advantage of coordination effectiveness; relationship-specific investment has a positive effect on value appropriation mediated byinvestor’s contribution and risk in cooperative innovation; it is not significant fornegative effect that investor’s dependence is to value appropriation in cooperativeinnovation, and relationship-specific investment doesn't have a negative effect in theprocess of cooperative innovation in China; furthermore value creation has apositive impact on value appropriation in cooperative innovation, relationship-specific investment will enhance the amount of value appropriation throughperformance-promotion effect in cooperative innovation. The conclusions are ofgreat significance for the development of cooperative innovation in China.
This study contributes to a better understanding of the role of RSI playing incooperative innovation relationship.
First, this study disentangles the internal mechanism of RSI creating valuebased on the analytical framework of “strategic resources→strategic action→competitive advantage→performance”, and inspects the hypothesized modelrelationships by means of structural equation modeling methodology. This researchpartially remedies some flaws of this field, e.g. theoretical research is superficial andempirical study is insufficient.
Second, this study first introduces investor contribution, risk and dependence asmediators to analyze the effect of RSI on value appropriation to probe majorinfluencing factors of value appropriation. As a discovery, there exits some differences in innovation value appropriation between China and the West, which ishelp to conduct an exhaustive comparative study on cooperation innovation againstdiscrepant cultural background between the East and the West.
Third, we put RSI, value creation and value appropriation into a uniformconceptual model to probe interrelation among three of them for the first time, whichbreaks the new ground in this research field.
因此，本文以资源基础、交易成本、公平和风险收益等理论为基础，结合国内外现有研究，以关系专用性投资为切入点，提出组织间合作创新价值创造与分享的概念模型，探究关系专用性投资、合作创新价值创造和价值分享三者之间相互影响的内在机理，然后通过对中国东北187家高技术企业的问卷调查和结构方程模型分析，对提出的假设进行检验。文章丰富了领域研究内容，提升了领域研究深度，具有很强的创新价值和理论意义。通过对合作创新价值创造与分享的实证研究，明确关系专用性投资对合作创新价值创造与分享的作用机理，找出影响合作创新价值创造与分享的关键因素，为企业参与合作创新活动以及合作创新利益分享机制的制定提供理论依据和现实指导，具有很强的实践意义。
关系专用性投资是企业为支持特定合作项目而投入的具有特殊目的的资产，当改变合作对象或合作关系结束时，该资产的价值会大幅度降低甚至消失。合作企业进行关系专用性投资是合作创新活动开始的前提和基础，也是确保合作创新成功的关键。合作创新价值创造是指合作各方共同投资参与的合作项目产生的创新净值。它是企业间或企业与高校、科研机构等组织相互合作、相互协调，作为一个合作整体共同创造的新增价值。合作创新价值分享则是指各合作成员从合作创新项目中获取的收益，它是合作各方根据一定的原则对一定时期内共同创造的价值进行分割和分配。合作创新价值创造是价值分享的基础，合作创新价值分享是价值创造的目的。
为探究组织间合作创新价值创造与分享的机理，本文又引入知识共享、合作协调性、贡献度、风险度以及依赖度等要素。知识共享是指合作双方在新产品开发过程中，提供和接受任务信息、专有技术与其他重要知识或信息的行为。合作协调性是指合作双方为完成一系列任务而有效协作的程度。贡献度是指合作成员通过投入一定的关系专用性投资以后为合作创新项目创造的新增价值，是合作成员一方相对另一方来说对合作项目的贡献程度。风险度是指合作关系失败合作者面临损失的可能性，它的大小取决于损失发生的概率和程度。依赖度是指合作关系中一方需要保持与另一方关系的程度，它的大小很大程度上由替换合作对象的难度决定。
本文在对关系专用性投资、知识共享、合作协调性、贡献度、风险度以及依赖度、合作创新价值创造以及合作创新价值分享等变量进行界定的基础上，构建组织间合作创新价值创造与分享概念模型，揭示组织间合作创新价值创造与分享的机理，并提出相关假设。接着结合国内外成熟的度量指标，设计出量表，并进行数据调研和收集，以对上述变量进行测量。然后利用软件SPSS19.0和LISREL8.70对数据进行分析，并对检验结果进行讨论。实证检验结果表明10条假设中有9条通过，1条未获得通过。最后根据实证分析结果，结合中国合作创新活动发展实践进行讨论，并提出研究的管理启示。
本研究的主要结论为：
（1）在合作创新中，关系专用性投资通过促进合作成员间的知识共享，形成合作协调优势，最终能够提升合作创新绩效，具有正向的价值创造效应。
（2）通过贡献度和风险度的中介效应，关系专用性投资对合作创新价值分享具有积极的影响。其中，贡献度的中介效应更显著，是创新价值分享的首要原则；风险度次之，是创新价值分享的次要原则。依赖度对合作创新价值分享的负向影响不显著，关系专用性投资的负面效应在中国企业合作创新中并不明显。
（3）合作创新价值创造对价值分享具有显著的正向影响，关系专用性投资通过价值创造效应，也可提升企业创新价值分享额。
本研究的主要创新点主要有以下三个方面：
（1）基于资源基础理论的“资源→行为→优势→绩效”分析框架，理清了关系专用性投资创造合作创新价值的内在机理，并运用结构方程模型对提出的假设进行检验，弥补了领域内理论研究不系统和实证研究不足的缺陷。
（2）基于公平、风险收益以及交易成本理论，结合动机-能力范式的观点，首次引入贡献度和风险度两个中介变量，分析了关系专用性投资对合作创新价值分享的影响，找出了影响合作创新价值分享的主要因素，并发现中国与西方在创新价值分享上存在一定的差异，这有助于启发东西方制度文化背景下的合作创新比较研究。
（3）在现有研究的基础上，创造性地将关系专用性投资、合作创新价值创造与价值分享三者纳入统一的分析框架，探究三者之间的相互影响关系，拓宽了领域研究思路，丰富了领域研究内容。
More and more companies tend to be engaged in cooperative innovation tocounteract or eliminate the uncertainty and complexity of technologicaldevelopment, considering the fact that it is common for curtailment of technologylife cycle and for the drastic rise of risks and costs of R&D. Cooperative innovation,is an act of associated innovation among enterprises, research institutions anduniversities by devoting respective superiority resources for a common goal.However, from the reality of our situation, although technical prospects of somecooperation projects are very good, the enthusiasm of all cooperators are also veryhigh, they often suffer a wide range of issues in the process of cooperation, and mostinnovative projects are ended in failure. Innovation benefit sharing is the core issuein inter-organizational cooperation, which directly affects the long-term stability ofinter-organizational cooperation innovation cooperation and innovation. Currently,benefit sharing way is unreasonable in our inter-organizational cooperation, there area variety of contradictions in innovation benefit-sharing, which directly impacts onthe enthusiasm of the cooperation of all parties, and it will restrict the developmentof cooperation and innovation. It is critical to establish an effective and reasonablecooperation innovative mechanism for benefit sharing to promote the developmentof our innovation cooperation.
Therefore, this paper puts forward hypothesis as well as a conceptual model ofthe influence of RSI on value creation and value appropriation in cooperativeinnovation, with reference to resource-based view, transaction cost theory, equitytheory and risk-revenue theory. In order to explore the interactional mechanismamong relationship-specific investment, value creation and value appropriation, weexamine hypothesis through questionnaire and structural equation model (SEM) analysis on187high-tech enterprises in Northeast China. This paper investigates therole of RSI playing in cooperative innovation, by probing the links between RSI andinnovation performance, and unveiling the key force of value appropriation to giveimplications and advice for cooperative innovation participants.
Relationship-specific investment (RSI) is special-purposed asset for a specificcooperative project, however, when the relationship terminated, the value of the assetwould drastically diminish or even disappear. RSI made by cooperator is essential fora successful cooperative innovation project. Value creation in cooperative innovationentails the total value created in a collaborative effort among cooperative partners,such as research institutions, universities, and especially enterprises. Valueappropriation in cooperative innovation depicts the value that a focal firm claimssuccessfully from the projects. From a conceptual perspective, value creation andvalue appropriation represent two sides of a coin. Value creation entails the total valuecreated in a collaborative effort among innovation partners. Value appropriationdepicts the value that a focal partner claims successfully. Value creation is aprerequisite for appropriation, and value creation enhances relationship partners' valueappropriation.
To probe the mechanism of innovative value creation and appropriation in inter-organizational cooperation, this paper also introduces other variables, such asknowledge sharing, coordination effectiveness, investor contribution, investor risk andinvestor dependence. Knowledge sharing refers to two partners effectively exchangethe critical task information, know-how and other issues during the new productsdevelopment process in cooperative innovation. Coordination effectiveness is theextent which two partners effectively work together in order to accomplish acollective set of tasks during the cooperative innovation process. Investor contributionrefers to the extent that investment side contributes to the project, and it depends onthe asymmetric resource devoted. Investor risk refers to the extent that investmentside suffers from the project while failed, the amount of risk depends on theprobability and significance of the loss. Investor dependence refers to the extent thatinvestment side needs to keep the relationship with the receiver.
Firstly, this paper puts forward hypothesis as well as a conceptual model of theinfluence of RSI on value creation and value appropriation in cooperative innovationon the basis of defining all the variables. Secondly, we design scale andquestionnaire to measure the above variables, combining with mature metrics.Thirdly, we analyze the data by use of SPSS19.0and LISREL8.70, and discuss thetest results. The empirical results show that9of the10hypotheses have passed,while1has not.
The conclusions of this paper shows that relationship-specific investment willpromote cooperative innovation performance through knowledge sharing betweencooperators to forge an advantage of coordination effectiveness; relationship-specific investment has a positive effect on value appropriation mediated byinvestor’s contribution and risk in cooperative innovation; it is not significant fornegative effect that investor’s dependence is to value appropriation in cooperativeinnovation, and relationship-specific investment doesn't have a negative effect in theprocess of cooperative innovation in China; furthermore value creation has apositive impact on value appropriation in cooperative innovation, relationship-specific investment will enhance the amount of value appropriation throughperformance-promotion effect in cooperative innovation. The conclusions are ofgreat significance for the development of cooperative innovation in China.
This study contributes to a better understanding of the role of RSI playing incooperative innovation relationship.
First, this study disentangles the internal mechanism of RSI creating valuebased on the analytical framework of “strategic resources→strategic action→competitive advantage→performance”, and inspects the hypothesized modelrelationships by means of structural equation modeling methodology. This researchpartially remedies some flaws of this field, e.g. theoretical research is superficial andempirical study is insufficient.
Second, this study first introduces investor contribution, risk and dependence asmediators to analyze the effect of RSI on value appropriation to probe majorinfluencing factors of value appropriation. As a discovery, there exits some differences in innovation value appropriation between China and the West, which ishelp to conduct an exhaustive comparative study on cooperation innovation againstdiscrepant cultural background between the East and the West.
Third, we put RSI, value creation and value appropriation into a uniformconceptual model to probe interrelation among three of them for the first time, whichbreaks the new ground in this research field.
引文
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