结合肢体动作的双认知任务研究
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摘要
事件相关电位(Event related potential，ERP)是一种有心理因素参与的长潜时内源性诱发电位，被认为是观察人脑信息加工的一个“窗口”。它着重解决人的认知和大脑之间的有关问题，或者说是从电生理角度探讨大脑思维进行的轨迹，对它的深入研究有助于阐明人脑潜在的神经机制和不同情况下神经元是如何相互作用的等重大问题。
通常，运动和认知功能是分开来研究的。然而最新的证据显示与运动有关的大脑皮层参与了处理与运动功能相关的认知信息。所以，研究与认知相关的事件相关电位为阐明认知处理过程中任务之间在功能上如何协调以及与脑功能结构如何协调提供了有效的手段。
本论文的主要目的：是利用无创的电生理技术，记录在双认知任务时的脑电活动，从而研究潜在的神经机制，以及在不同的条件下神经元之间互相作用的变化。由于这一研究结合了动作和认知任务，从而为研究在运动神经被激活的情况下认知过程的神经机制创造了条件。
材料和方法：基于以上目的，我们设计了7种任务，包括三种单任务(听觉单任务、体感单任务1和体感单任务2)和四种混合(结合听觉与体感)双任务示例，并对14位来自健康人群的受测人进行了测试，每人重复测试20次，使用美国的电生理采集系统(Neuroscan Medical Systems)记录他(她)们的ERP，数据记录在14×7共98个文件中，每隔两毫秒为一个采样点，一次记录的时间长度为6秒，每次记录的容量为3000×27的数据矩阵。每个文件包含3000×27×20的总数据量。所有数据根据数据挖掘理论，利用Matlab6.5、SAS等统计软件平台运用主成分分析方法进行处理。
结果和结论：分析后的数据显示：当执行听觉单任务时活跃的导联点为T5、T3。当执行体感单任务时活跃的导联点为FP1且随着运动复杂性的变化
天津医科大学申请硕士学位论文
活跃的程度有所变化。当执行混合双任务时FPI和T3、TS同为活跃的导联点，
同样存在着任务复杂度变化时，活跃的导联点的活跃程度有变化。证明了当动
作执行(motor performanee)和认知事件(eognitive tasks)响应同时发生时，
脑皮层不同的神经元群被激活。且随着刺激复杂度的变化，根据思维容量有限
的原理，存在着激活点的重新分布及能量强度的变化。从而确定激活的神经元
群所在皮层的位置分布，为研究在运动神经被激活的情况下认知过程的神经机
制提供了方法。
本课题的创新点在于通过设计全新的刺激模式和全新的数据提取方法从
而改进并克服了传统的累加平均等统计分析方法分析信息丢失过多的缺陷
[20]〔35]〔46]，可快速定位针对某一刺激的最活跃导联，为进一步的医学研究(如人
体运动生理等)提供了新的方法，所以具有良好的可扩展性和实用价值。
The Event related potential (ERP) was to solve emphatically relevant problems between cognition and brain, in other words, it study brain thinking in the electrophysiology. ERP was psychological factor participate in endogenous long latency evoked potential. It was Considered that a" window" where the information of human brain was processed. Further investigation in ERP was beneficial to understand the importance in neuron interaction different situations and inside mechanism in human brain.
Traditionally, motor and cognitive functions had been studied separately. However, recent evidences show that the motor cortex was involved in processing cognitive information related to motor function123. Investigating ERPS provides a means of elucidating the (l)Cognitive processes involved. (2)The functional architecture of the brain.
Subject: This project was to use non-invasive electrophysiological techniques to record brain activity and behavioural measures during performance of a single and dual task paradigm with varying task demands. It also to study the underlying neuronal mechanisms and how neuronal interactions vary under different conditions. This investigation combines with motor and cognitive tasks in order to study the components of cognitive processing associated with motor activities.
Methods: we design 7 tasks, including 3 single tasks and 4 dual tasks. 14 participants, aged between 18 and 45 years, were selected to take part in this test. The study was a repeat measure, each participant taking part in 20 same tests. Participants responses were collected using the Neuroscan Medical Systems. Total 98 files, each of files contain 3000 X 27 X 20 data. Based on Data mining, Principal
Component Analysis was used for statistical analysis of all the data, using Matlab and SAS tool software.
Results and Conclusion: The results show that, T5 and T3 was active spot when auditory single Task was executed. When motor single task was executed the active spot was FP1, which also had the change along with the complex movement. When dual tasks were executed the FP1, T3 and T5 were actived, which had the same change similarly to motor single task. Our results suggest when the motor performance and cognitive tasks respond synchronizely, the different neuron group in brain cerebral cortex was activated. Along with stimulating the complex change, according to the thought capacity limited principle, had an activated redistribution and the change of energy intensity. Thus the location in the cerebral cortex distribution determine activated neuron group, the cognition process activated had been provided for the research in the nerve mechanism.
This study improves a new stimulates and a new data takeoff method and overcomes the traditional accumulation even equal statistical analysis method lack in analysis information, and located spot. Our study provide the new method for the further medical research like human motor physiology, therefore has a good practical value.
通常，运动和认知功能是分开来研究的。然而最新的证据显示与运动有关的大脑皮层参与了处理与运动功能相关的认知信息。所以，研究与认知相关的事件相关电位为阐明认知处理过程中任务之间在功能上如何协调以及与脑功能结构如何协调提供了有效的手段。
本论文的主要目的：是利用无创的电生理技术，记录在双认知任务时的脑电活动，从而研究潜在的神经机制，以及在不同的条件下神经元之间互相作用的变化。由于这一研究结合了动作和认知任务，从而为研究在运动神经被激活的情况下认知过程的神经机制创造了条件。
材料和方法：基于以上目的，我们设计了7种任务，包括三种单任务(听觉单任务、体感单任务1和体感单任务2)和四种混合(结合听觉与体感)双任务示例，并对14位来自健康人群的受测人进行了测试，每人重复测试20次，使用美国的电生理采集系统(Neuroscan Medical Systems)记录他(她)们的ERP，数据记录在14×7共98个文件中，每隔两毫秒为一个采样点，一次记录的时间长度为6秒，每次记录的容量为3000×27的数据矩阵。每个文件包含3000×27×20的总数据量。所有数据根据数据挖掘理论，利用Matlab6.5、SAS等统计软件平台运用主成分分析方法进行处理。
结果和结论：分析后的数据显示：当执行听觉单任务时活跃的导联点为T5、T3。当执行体感单任务时活跃的导联点为FP1且随着运动复杂性的变化
天津医科大学申请硕士学位论文
活跃的程度有所变化。当执行混合双任务时FPI和T3、TS同为活跃的导联点，
同样存在着任务复杂度变化时，活跃的导联点的活跃程度有变化。证明了当动
作执行(motor performanee)和认知事件(eognitive tasks)响应同时发生时，
脑皮层不同的神经元群被激活。且随着刺激复杂度的变化，根据思维容量有限
的原理，存在着激活点的重新分布及能量强度的变化。从而确定激活的神经元
群所在皮层的位置分布，为研究在运动神经被激活的情况下认知过程的神经机
制提供了方法。
本课题的创新点在于通过设计全新的刺激模式和全新的数据提取方法从
而改进并克服了传统的累加平均等统计分析方法分析信息丢失过多的缺陷
[20]〔35]〔46]，可快速定位针对某一刺激的最活跃导联，为进一步的医学研究(如人
体运动生理等)提供了新的方法，所以具有良好的可扩展性和实用价值。
The Event related potential (ERP) was to solve emphatically relevant problems between cognition and brain, in other words, it study brain thinking in the electrophysiology. ERP was psychological factor participate in endogenous long latency evoked potential. It was Considered that a" window" where the information of human brain was processed. Further investigation in ERP was beneficial to understand the importance in neuron interaction different situations and inside mechanism in human brain.
Traditionally, motor and cognitive functions had been studied separately. However, recent evidences show that the motor cortex was involved in processing cognitive information related to motor function123. Investigating ERPS provides a means of elucidating the (l)Cognitive processes involved. (2)The functional architecture of the brain.
Subject: This project was to use non-invasive electrophysiological techniques to record brain activity and behavioural measures during performance of a single and dual task paradigm with varying task demands. It also to study the underlying neuronal mechanisms and how neuronal interactions vary under different conditions. This investigation combines with motor and cognitive tasks in order to study the components of cognitive processing associated with motor activities.
Methods: we design 7 tasks, including 3 single tasks and 4 dual tasks. 14 participants, aged between 18 and 45 years, were selected to take part in this test. The study was a repeat measure, each participant taking part in 20 same tests. Participants responses were collected using the Neuroscan Medical Systems. Total 98 files, each of files contain 3000 X 27 X 20 data. Based on Data mining, Principal
Component Analysis was used for statistical analysis of all the data, using Matlab and SAS tool software.
Results and Conclusion: The results show that, T5 and T3 was active spot when auditory single Task was executed. When motor single task was executed the active spot was FP1, which also had the change along with the complex movement. When dual tasks were executed the FP1, T3 and T5 were actived, which had the same change similarly to motor single task. Our results suggest when the motor performance and cognitive tasks respond synchronizely, the different neuron group in brain cerebral cortex was activated. Along with stimulating the complex change, according to the thought capacity limited principle, had an activated redistribution and the change of energy intensity. Thus the location in the cerebral cortex distribution determine activated neuron group, the cognition process activated had been provided for the research in the nerve mechanism.
This study improves a new stimulates and a new data takeoff method and overcomes the traditional accumulation even equal statistical analysis method lack in analysis information, and located spot. Our study provide the new method for the further medical research like human motor physiology, therefore has a good practical value.
引文
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[3] Farmer, S. E (1998). Rhythmicity, synchronization and binding in human and primatemotor system. Journal of Physiology 509 (1):3-14.
[4] Courchesne, R. Y. & Polich, J. (1998). P3a, perceptual distinctiveness, and stimulus modality. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 7, 41-48.
[5] Wolpert, D. M. & Kawato, M. (1998). Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control. Neural Networks, 11, 1317-1329.
[6] Manganotti, P., Gerloff, C., Katsuta, N., Sadato, P., Zhuang, P., Leocani, L., & Hallett, M.(1998). Task related coherence and task related spectral power changes during sequential finger movements. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 109, 50-62.
[7] Klingberg, T. & Roland, P.E. (1997). Interference between two concurrent tasks is associated with activation of overlapping fields in the cortex. Cognitive Brain Research, 6, 1-8.
[8] Nash, A. J. & Fernández, M. (1996). P300 and allocation of attention in dual-tasks, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 23, 171- 180.
[9] Pashler, H. (1994). Dual-Task Interference in Simple Tasks: Data and Theory. Psychological Bulletin, 116 (2), 220-244.
[10] Kanda, M. (1994). Standard antennas for electromagnetic interference measurements and methods to calibrate them. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 36, No 4, 261 - 273.
[11] Kutas, M., Iragui, V. J. & Hillyard, S. A. (1994). Effects of ageing on event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in a visual detection task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 92, 126-139.
[12] Iragui, V. J., Kutas, M., Mitchiner, M. R. & Hillyard, S. A. (1993). Effects of ageing on event-related brain potentials and reaction times in an auditory oddball task. Psychophysiology, 30, 10-22.
[13] Piction, T. W. (1992). The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 9, 456-479.
[14] Carrier, M. &-Pashler, H. (1992). The attention demands of memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology." Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
[15] Picton, T. & Scherg, M. (1991). Auditory Evoked Potentials. In C. Barber & M. J. Taylor (Eds), Evoked Potential Review No4. IEPS Publications.
[16] Pashler, H. (1990). Do response modality effects support multiprocessor models of divided attention? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 16, 826-840.
[17] Strayer, D. L. & Kramer, D. S. (1990). Attentional requirements of automatic and controlled processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 16, 67-82.
[18] Donchin, E (1979). Event-related potentials: A tool in the study of human information processing. In H. Begleiter, (Ed), Evoked Brain Potentials and Behaviour. New York: Plenum Press.
[19] Jasper, H. H. (1958). The ten twenty electrode system of the International Federation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophyiology, 10, 371-375.
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[21] 夏幼明，解敏，周雯。数据挖掘方法分析与评价。云南师范大学学报，
2003，23(2)：7-16
[22] 张佳华，张仲乐。采用加权平均算法提取事件相关电位。医疗卫生装备，2003，11：5-6
[23] 姚静，孙学礼，刘寿生，王洪明，舒放。健康成人事件相关电位与神经心理学测试的相关性研究。中华神经科杂志，2003，36(3)：167-171
[24] 南云，罗跃嘉。数字加工的认知神经基础。心理科学进展，2003，11(3)：289-295
[25] 翟义然等。参考电极与视觉空间选择性注意ERP的研究。生物物理学报，2003，19(1)：30-34
[26] 张志涌。精通MATLAB 6.5版(第一版)。北京航空航天大学出版社，2003
[27] 陈怀琛，吴大正，高西全。MATLAB在电子信息课程中的应用。第二版。电子工业出版社，2003
[28] 阮桂海．SAS统计分析实用大全(第一版)．清华大学出版社，2003
[29] 余辉，吕扬升。数据挖掘技术在生物医学领域的应用。国外医学生物医学工程分册，2003，2(26)：54-59
[30] 黄解军，潘和平，万幼川。数据挖掘的体系框架研究。计算机应用研究，2003，5：1-3
[31] 杨静，王玉平，王维平。空间位置冲突信息诱发的事件相关电位。中国临床康复，2002，6(5)：671-672
[32] 白红莉，赵芳，侯妍。数据挖掘在科研试验中的应用研究。装备指挥技术学院学报。2002，13(5)：47-50
[33] 马江洪，张文修，徐宗本。数据挖掘和数据库知识发现。统计学的观点。工程数学学报。2002，19(1)：1-13
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[2] Wolfe, J. M. & Cave, K. R. (1999). The psychophysical evidence for a binding problem in human vision. Neuron, 24, 11-17.
[3] Farmer, S. E (1998). Rhythmicity, synchronization and binding in human and primatemotor system. Journal of Physiology 509 (1):3-14.
[4] Courchesne, R. Y. & Polich, J. (1998). P3a, perceptual distinctiveness, and stimulus modality. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 7, 41-48.
[5] Wolpert, D. M. & Kawato, M. (1998). Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control. Neural Networks, 11, 1317-1329.
[6] Manganotti, P., Gerloff, C., Katsuta, N., Sadato, P., Zhuang, P., Leocani, L., & Hallett, M.(1998). Task related coherence and task related spectral power changes during sequential finger movements. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 109, 50-62.
[7] Klingberg, T. & Roland, P.E. (1997). Interference between two concurrent tasks is associated with activation of overlapping fields in the cortex. Cognitive Brain Research, 6, 1-8.
[8] Nash, A. J. & Fernández, M. (1996). P300 and allocation of attention in dual-tasks, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 23, 171- 180.
[9] Pashler, H. (1994). Dual-Task Interference in Simple Tasks: Data and Theory. Psychological Bulletin, 116 (2), 220-244.
[10] Kanda, M. (1994). Standard antennas for electromagnetic interference measurements and methods to calibrate them. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 36, No 4, 261 - 273.
[11] Kutas, M., Iragui, V. J. & Hillyard, S. A. (1994). Effects of ageing on event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in a visual detection task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 92, 126-139.
[12] Iragui, V. J., Kutas, M., Mitchiner, M. R. & Hillyard, S. A. (1993). Effects of ageing on event-related brain potentials and reaction times in an auditory oddball task. Psychophysiology, 30, 10-22.
[13] Piction, T. W. (1992). The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 9, 456-479.
[14] Carrier, M. &-Pashler, H. (1992). The attention demands of memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology." Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
[15] Picton, T. & Scherg, M. (1991). Auditory Evoked Potentials. In C. Barber & M. J. Taylor (Eds), Evoked Potential Review No4. IEPS Publications.
[16] Pashler, H. (1990). Do response modality effects support multiprocessor models of divided attention? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 16, 826-840.
[17] Strayer, D. L. & Kramer, D. S. (1990). Attentional requirements of automatic and controlled processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 16, 67-82.
[18] Donchin, E (1979). Event-related potentials: A tool in the study of human information processing. In H. Begleiter, (Ed), Evoked Brain Potentials and Behaviour. New York: Plenum Press.
[19] Jasper, H. H. (1958). The ten twenty electrode system of the International Federation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophyiology, 10, 371-375.
[20] 王明时，刘瑾，李岳峙。事件相关电位的刺激方式及最新进展。天津大学学报，2003，36(6)：697-702
[21] 夏幼明，解敏，周雯。数据挖掘方法分析与评价。云南师范大学学报，
2003，23(2)：7-16
[22] 张佳华，张仲乐。采用加权平均算法提取事件相关电位。医疗卫生装备，2003，11：5-6
[23] 姚静，孙学礼，刘寿生，王洪明，舒放。健康成人事件相关电位与神经心理学测试的相关性研究。中华神经科杂志，2003，36(3)：167-171
[24] 南云，罗跃嘉。数字加工的认知神经基础。心理科学进展，2003，11(3)：289-295
[25] 翟义然等。参考电极与视觉空间选择性注意ERP的研究。生物物理学报，2003，19(1)：30-34
[26] 张志涌。精通MATLAB 6.5版(第一版)。北京航空航天大学出版社，2003
[27] 陈怀琛，吴大正，高西全。MATLAB在电子信息课程中的应用。第二版。电子工业出版社，2003
[28] 阮桂海．SAS统计分析实用大全(第一版)．清华大学出版社，2003
[29] 余辉，吕扬升。数据挖掘技术在生物医学领域的应用。国外医学生物医学工程分册，2003，2(26)：54-59
[30] 黄解军，潘和平，万幼川。数据挖掘的体系框架研究。计算机应用研究，2003，5：1-3
[31] 杨静，王玉平，王维平。空间位置冲突信息诱发的事件相关电位。中国临床康复，2002，6(5)：671-672
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