KIVA三维六面体网格生成算法研究
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摘要
内燃机的工作过程是一个包含有流体运动、流体传热传质、化学反应以及它们之间互相作用的复杂的物理化学过程。而采用数值模拟方法对其进行模拟,优势在于周期短,成本低,快捷方便,信息量大,适用性强,能充分反映几何和其他特性的影响,国内和国外的许多单位对它进行了深入的研究,并取得了骄人的成绩。其中,美国Los Alamos实验室的KIVA系列软件是已开发出的最具代表性的。
作为最具代表性的内燃机燃烧的KIVA仿真程序,它采用任意朗格朗日-欧拉法(ALE)进行有限差分计算,利用任意六面体网格单元对控制变量进行空间离散求解,使得程序在计算对象的几何适应方面有很强的功能。KIVA含有的自动生成网格的子程序K3prep,可以生成一定形状的活塞和任意形状燃烧室网格,但此程序的网格生成算法存在一定的缺陷,当气门与燃烧室轮廓同时存在于气缸内网格时,他们轮廓的重合点需要手动从输入文件中输入准确的物理坐标值,这就使得在网格生成过程中人为的计算量急剧增加,降低了实用性,为此本文对其网格生成算法进行了改进。
现代内燃机正快速发展,涡轮增压发动机逐步走向主流,而涡轮增压发动机的增压效果,除了良好的设计,依靠涡轮增压器,在很大程度上也取决于发动机排气系统的设计。但是,K3prep中对进排气道的网格生成子程序相对简单,当面对较复杂的排气系统时,K3prep便难以胜任,它不能够生成规则的与气缸轴线相垂直的圆柱气道网格,为此本文对其网格生成进行了适当的改进,、使之能够应用到实际。
经使用发现,改进后的网格生成过程有效的消除了四气门带凹坑燃烧室网格的畸变,从而使收敛加快,计算结果更加准确。气道网格生成算法的改进,以便它可以模拟运动气缸内的气体流动和气阀的升程规律。
The internal combustion engine work process is a fluid motion, fluid heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions and the interaction between them complex physical and chemical processes. Numerical simulation method to simulate the advantage of a short cycle, low cost, fast and convenient, informative, and applicability, can fully reflect the geometry and other characteristics of domestic and foreign many units it in-depth research, and has made remarkable achievements. Among them, the Los Alamos Laboratory KIVA family of software has been developed the most representative.
KIVA uses the arbitrary hexahedron grid units to solve control variables to space discrete model. It makes the program of the object in the calculation of the geometric settle have very strong function. It can calculate the shape of the piston and certain arbitrary shape the combustion chamber. But the program of grid generation algorithm has some shortcomings. Four valve pits of the combustion chamber of the grid are not adapted. This paper on the grid generation algorithm was improved.
With the rapid development of modern internal combustion engine development, turbocharged engines tend to the mainstream of the era. Exhaust system design on engine exhaust the use of energy has an important effect. While the KIVA grid generation program has certain blank. The exhaust duct of grid generation has some shortcomings. It can't make the exhaust main to a tube shape in the crowded gas area. This paper makes an improvement on the grid generation for the appropriate. Make it more accord with the actual.
By the use of found, the improved grid generation process effectively reduce Or Even Eliminate Four valve pits of combustion chamber with grid distortion. So the convergences speed up. The calculation results more accuracy. Improve the airway grid generation algorithm. So it can simulate the influence of airway and valve movement rules in cylinder of gas flow and the influence of combustion.
作为最具代表性的内燃机燃烧的KIVA仿真程序,它采用任意朗格朗日-欧拉法(ALE)进行有限差分计算,利用任意六面体网格单元对控制变量进行空间离散求解,使得程序在计算对象的几何适应方面有很强的功能。KIVA含有的自动生成网格的子程序K3prep,可以生成一定形状的活塞和任意形状燃烧室网格,但此程序的网格生成算法存在一定的缺陷,当气门与燃烧室轮廓同时存在于气缸内网格时,他们轮廓的重合点需要手动从输入文件中输入准确的物理坐标值,这就使得在网格生成过程中人为的计算量急剧增加,降低了实用性,为此本文对其网格生成算法进行了改进。
现代内燃机正快速发展,涡轮增压发动机逐步走向主流,而涡轮增压发动机的增压效果,除了良好的设计,依靠涡轮增压器,在很大程度上也取决于发动机排气系统的设计。但是,K3prep中对进排气道的网格生成子程序相对简单,当面对较复杂的排气系统时,K3prep便难以胜任,它不能够生成规则的与气缸轴线相垂直的圆柱气道网格,为此本文对其网格生成进行了适当的改进,、使之能够应用到实际。
经使用发现,改进后的网格生成过程有效的消除了四气门带凹坑燃烧室网格的畸变,从而使收敛加快,计算结果更加准确。气道网格生成算法的改进,以便它可以模拟运动气缸内的气体流动和气阀的升程规律。
The internal combustion engine work process is a fluid motion, fluid heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions and the interaction between them complex physical and chemical processes. Numerical simulation method to simulate the advantage of a short cycle, low cost, fast and convenient, informative, and applicability, can fully reflect the geometry and other characteristics of domestic and foreign many units it in-depth research, and has made remarkable achievements. Among them, the Los Alamos Laboratory KIVA family of software has been developed the most representative.
KIVA uses the arbitrary hexahedron grid units to solve control variables to space discrete model. It makes the program of the object in the calculation of the geometric settle have very strong function. It can calculate the shape of the piston and certain arbitrary shape the combustion chamber. But the program of grid generation algorithm has some shortcomings. Four valve pits of the combustion chamber of the grid are not adapted. This paper on the grid generation algorithm was improved.
With the rapid development of modern internal combustion engine development, turbocharged engines tend to the mainstream of the era. Exhaust system design on engine exhaust the use of energy has an important effect. While the KIVA grid generation program has certain blank. The exhaust duct of grid generation has some shortcomings. It can't make the exhaust main to a tube shape in the crowded gas area. This paper makes an improvement on the grid generation for the appropriate. Make it more accord with the actual.
By the use of found, the improved grid generation process effectively reduce Or Even Eliminate Four valve pits of combustion chamber with grid distortion. So the convergences speed up. The calculation results more accuracy. Improve the airway grid generation algorithm. So it can simulate the influence of airway and valve movement rules in cylinder of gas flow and the influence of combustion.
引文
[1]解茂昭.内燃机计算燃烧学[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,2005.
[2]周龙保.内燃机学[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[3]陈家瑞.汽车构造[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[4]林杰伦.内燃机工作过程数值计算[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,1986.
[5]朱访君,吴坚.内燃机工作过程数值计算及其优化[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1997.
[6]刘巽俊.内燃机燃烧模拟[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1987.
[7]李国伟,蒋德明.内燃机多维燃烧模型的研究和发展[J].兵工学报,1995,4：18-24.
[8]李德元,徐国荣等.二维非定常流体力学数值方法.北京：科学出版社,1987
[9]胡欲立,刘永长等.用ALE法数值模拟MPC排气系统的三维流动[J].中国造船,1999,11(4)
[10]A. A. Amsden. KIVA-3:A KIVA program with block-structured mesh for complex geometries[R]. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-12503-MS,1993.
[11]刘晶.内燃机缸内湍流流动的数值模拟-三种κ-ε模型的比较[D]：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连理工大学,2007.
[12]刘建国.基于KIVA-3V柴油机燃烧过程模拟研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).天津：天津大学,2006.
[13]A. A. Amsden. KIVA-3V:A block-structured KIVA program for engines with vertical or canted valves[R]. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-13313-MS,1997.
[14]顾晨CA6DL1-30柴油机喷射策略与燃烧过程研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).江苏大学,2010.
[15]倪小丹.基于K3PREP的流体动力学计算(CFD)的块和网格生成规则[J].湖南工程学院学报(自然科学版),2003,15(4)：108-112.
[16]A.A. Amsden. KIVA-3V RELEASE 2:Improvements to KIVA-3V[R]. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-13608-MS,1999.
[17]T. F. Su, M. A. Patterson, R. D. Reitz, et al. Experimental and numerical studies of high pressure multiple injection sprays. SAE Technical Paper 960861.
[18]David J. Torres, Mario F. Trujillo. KIVA-4:An unstructured ALE code for compressible gas flow with sprays[J]. Journal of Computational Physics,2006,219: 943-975.
[19]张洪梅.三维六面体网格自适应生成算法研究及应用[D]：(博士学位论文).山东大学,2007.
[20]房芳.基于多扫掠的六面体网格划分算法的研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).南京航空航天大学,2007.
[21]顾宏中.涡轮增压柴油机性能研究[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1998.
[22]孙成刚.基于KIVA-3V的车用四缸涡轮增压柴油机燃烧过程数值模拟[D]：(硕士学位论文).昆明：昆明理工大学,2007.
[23]Shiyou Yang. Notes on the numerical scheme for governing equations in KIVA.
[24]廉乐明,李力能,吴家正等.工程热力学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[25]邱伟光.涡轮增压柴油机模拟计算等压法的探讨[J].内燃机学报,2003,21(5)：324-328.
[26]王长林.进排气系统压力波模拟计算的发展[J].内燃机工程,1997,4：22-27.
[27]方志宇,王荣生.柴油机进排气系统的数值模拟[J].大连理工大学报,1994,34(2)：160-165.
[28]周俊杰,邱东,解茂昭等.柴油机工作过程数值计算[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,1990.
[29]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1998.
[30]章炜.基于KIVA-3V的柴油机缸内流动和燃烧过程的数值仿真研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).合肥：合肥工业大学,2004.
[31]Sang-Suk Lee. Investigation of two low emissions strategies for diesel engines;premixed charge compression ignition(PCCI) and stoichiometric combustion[D]:(PhD Thesis). Wisconsin:Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison,2006.
[32]Paul J. Tennison, Thierry L. Georjon, Patrick V. Farrell, et al. An experimental and numerical study of sprays from a common rail injection system for use in an HSDI diesel engine [J]. SAE Technical Paper,980810.
[33]The Garrett ball bearing turbo featuring GT wheel design. http://www.turbobygarrett. com/turbobygarrett/
[34]李国祥,顾宏中,刘云岗等.车用柴油机气-气中冷器数学模型及应用[J].内燃机学报,1997,15(3)：327-332.
[35]朱仙鼎.中国内燃机工程师手册[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2000.
[36]Tecplot, Inc. Tecplot.360 user's manual,2010.
[37]G. Bella, V. Rocco, S. Ubertini. Combustion and Spray Simulation of a DI Turbocharged Diesel Engine[J]. SAE Technical Paper,2002-01-2776.
[38]A. A. Amsden, P. J.0'Rourke, T. D. Butler. KIVA-II:A computer program for chemically reactive flows with sprays[R]. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-11560-MS,1989.
[39]乔惠强,梁桂森.增压柴油机进气温度对性能和排放的影响研究[J].长沙铁道学院学报,1997,15(4)：108-112.
[40]胡欲立,赵演生.用ALE法数值模拟MPC排气系统的三维流动[J].中国造船,1999年11月,4-147.
[41]乔惠强,梁桂森.增压柴油机进气温度对性能和排放的影响研究[J].长沙铁道学院学报,1997,15(4)：108-112.
[42]G.H. Abd-Alla, H.A. Soliman, M. F. Abd-Rabbo. The effects of diluent admissions and intake temperature in exhaust gas recirculation on the emissions of an indirect-injection dual fuel engine[J]. SAE Technical Paper,2000-01-2796.
[43]Paul C. Miles, Anders Hultqvist. The influence of fuel injection and heat release on bulk flow structures in a direct-injection, swirl-supported diesel engine[J]. Experiments in Fluids,2007,43:273-283.
[44]Manshik Kim, Rolf D. Reitz, Song-Charng Kong. Modeling early injection processes in HSDI diesel engines[J]. SAE Technical Paper,2006-01-0056.
[45]F. Piscaglia, A. Onorati, S. Marelli, et al. Unsteady behavior in turbocharger turbines:experimental Analysis and numerical simulation [J]. SAE Technical Paper, 2007-24-0081.
[46]Oldrich Vitek, Jan Macek, Milos Polasek. New approach to turbocharger optimization using 1-D simulation Tools[J]. SAE Technical Paper,2006-01-0438.
[47]C.D. Rakopoulos, A.M. Dimaratos, E.G. Giakoumis, et al. Exhaust emissions estimation during transient turbocharged diesel engine operation using a two-zone combustion model[J]. International Journal of Vehicle Design,2009,49:125-148.
[48]Jonathan R. Hagena, Zoran S. Filipi, Dennis N. Assanis. Transient diesel emissions:analysis of Engine operation during a Tip-In[J]. SAE Technical Paper, 2006-01-1151.
[49]陈科FORTRAN完全自学手册[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2008.
[50]徐士良FORTRAN常用算法程序集[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1995.
[51]蔡增基,龙天渝.流体力学泵与风机[M].北京：中国建筑工业版社,1999.
[52]莫春兰.车用发动机管带式散热器性能的研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).南宁：广西大学,2001.
[53]殷红敏.汽车冷却系统计算方法研究[J].合肥工业大学学报,2009,32：128-130.
[2]周龙保.内燃机学[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[3]陈家瑞.汽车构造[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[4]林杰伦.内燃机工作过程数值计算[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,1986.
[5]朱访君,吴坚.内燃机工作过程数值计算及其优化[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1997.
[6]刘巽俊.内燃机燃烧模拟[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1987.
[7]李国伟,蒋德明.内燃机多维燃烧模型的研究和发展[J].兵工学报,1995,4：18-24.
[8]李德元,徐国荣等.二维非定常流体力学数值方法.北京：科学出版社,1987
[9]胡欲立,刘永长等.用ALE法数值模拟MPC排气系统的三维流动[J].中国造船,1999,11(4)
[10]A. A. Amsden. KIVA-3:A KIVA program with block-structured mesh for complex geometries[R]. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-12503-MS,1993.
[11]刘晶.内燃机缸内湍流流动的数值模拟-三种κ-ε模型的比较[D]：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连理工大学,2007.
[12]刘建国.基于KIVA-3V柴油机燃烧过程模拟研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).天津：天津大学,2006.
[13]A. A. Amsden. KIVA-3V:A block-structured KIVA program for engines with vertical or canted valves[R]. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-13313-MS,1997.
[14]顾晨CA6DL1-30柴油机喷射策略与燃烧过程研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).江苏大学,2010.
[15]倪小丹.基于K3PREP的流体动力学计算(CFD)的块和网格生成规则[J].湖南工程学院学报(自然科学版),2003,15(4)：108-112.
[16]A.A. Amsden. KIVA-3V RELEASE 2:Improvements to KIVA-3V[R]. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-13608-MS,1999.
[17]T. F. Su, M. A. Patterson, R. D. Reitz, et al. Experimental and numerical studies of high pressure multiple injection sprays. SAE Technical Paper 960861.
[18]David J. Torres, Mario F. Trujillo. KIVA-4:An unstructured ALE code for compressible gas flow with sprays[J]. Journal of Computational Physics,2006,219: 943-975.
[19]张洪梅.三维六面体网格自适应生成算法研究及应用[D]：(博士学位论文).山东大学,2007.
[20]房芳.基于多扫掠的六面体网格划分算法的研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).南京航空航天大学,2007.
[21]顾宏中.涡轮增压柴油机性能研究[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1998.
[22]孙成刚.基于KIVA-3V的车用四缸涡轮增压柴油机燃烧过程数值模拟[D]：(硕士学位论文).昆明：昆明理工大学,2007.
[23]Shiyou Yang. Notes on the numerical scheme for governing equations in KIVA.
[24]廉乐明,李力能,吴家正等.工程热力学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[25]邱伟光.涡轮增压柴油机模拟计算等压法的探讨[J].内燃机学报,2003,21(5)：324-328.
[26]王长林.进排气系统压力波模拟计算的发展[J].内燃机工程,1997,4：22-27.
[27]方志宇,王荣生.柴油机进排气系统的数值模拟[J].大连理工大学报,1994,34(2)：160-165.
[28]周俊杰,邱东,解茂昭等.柴油机工作过程数值计算[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,1990.
[29]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1998.
[30]章炜.基于KIVA-3V的柴油机缸内流动和燃烧过程的数值仿真研究[D]：(硕士学位论文).合肥：合肥工业大学,2004.
[31]Sang-Suk Lee. Investigation of two low emissions strategies for diesel engines;premixed charge compression ignition(PCCI) and stoichiometric combustion[D]:(PhD Thesis). Wisconsin:Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison,2006.
[32]Paul J. Tennison, Thierry L. Georjon, Patrick V. Farrell, et al. An experimental and numerical study of sprays from a common rail injection system for use in an HSDI diesel engine [J]. SAE Technical Paper,980810.
[33]The Garrett ball bearing turbo featuring GT wheel design. http://www.turbobygarrett. com/turbobygarrett/
[34]李国祥,顾宏中,刘云岗等.车用柴油机气-气中冷器数学模型及应用[J].内燃机学报,1997,15(3)：327-332.
[35]朱仙鼎.中国内燃机工程师手册[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2000.
[36]Tecplot, Inc. Tecplot.360 user's manual,2010.
[37]G. Bella, V. Rocco, S. Ubertini. Combustion and Spray Simulation of a DI Turbocharged Diesel Engine[J]. SAE Technical Paper,2002-01-2776.
[38]A. A. Amsden, P. J.0'Rourke, T. D. Butler. KIVA-II:A computer program for chemically reactive flows with sprays[R]. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-11560-MS,1989.
[39]乔惠强,梁桂森.增压柴油机进气温度对性能和排放的影响研究[J].长沙铁道学院学报,1997,15(4)：108-112.
[40]胡欲立,赵演生.用ALE法数值模拟MPC排气系统的三维流动[J].中国造船,1999年11月,4-147.
[41]乔惠强,梁桂森.增压柴油机进气温度对性能和排放的影响研究[J].长沙铁道学院学报,1997,15(4)：108-112.
[42]G.H. Abd-Alla, H.A. Soliman, M. F. Abd-Rabbo. The effects of diluent admissions and intake temperature in exhaust gas recirculation on the emissions of an indirect-injection dual fuel engine[J]. SAE Technical Paper,2000-01-2796.
[43]Paul C. Miles, Anders Hultqvist. The influence of fuel injection and heat release on bulk flow structures in a direct-injection, swirl-supported diesel engine[J]. Experiments in Fluids,2007,43:273-283.
[44]Manshik Kim, Rolf D. Reitz, Song-Charng Kong. Modeling early injection processes in HSDI diesel engines[J]. SAE Technical Paper,2006-01-0056.
[45]F. Piscaglia, A. Onorati, S. Marelli, et al. Unsteady behavior in turbocharger turbines:experimental Analysis and numerical simulation [J]. SAE Technical Paper, 2007-24-0081.
[46]Oldrich Vitek, Jan Macek, Milos Polasek. New approach to turbocharger optimization using 1-D simulation Tools[J]. SAE Technical Paper,2006-01-0438.
[47]C.D. Rakopoulos, A.M. Dimaratos, E.G. Giakoumis, et al. Exhaust emissions estimation during transient turbocharged diesel engine operation using a two-zone combustion model[J]. International Journal of Vehicle Design,2009,49:125-148.
[48]Jonathan R. Hagena, Zoran S. Filipi, Dennis N. Assanis. Transient diesel emissions:analysis of Engine operation during a Tip-In[J]. SAE Technical Paper, 2006-01-1151.
[49]陈科FORTRAN完全自学手册[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2008.
[50]徐士良FORTRAN常用算法程序集[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1995.
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