上海市环境变化对鸟类的影响
|
摘要
上海市有着丰富的鸟类多样性。作为我国东部人口密集的国际化大都市,经济的高速发展给上海的自然环境和生物多样性带来了巨大压力。大量研究表明,在最近二十多年,人类活动所带来的土地利用改变、外来生物入侵等造成上海市鸟类栖息环境发生了剧烈变化,气候变化也可能给上海市的鸟类群落带来影响。本研究通过大量的野外调查,结合历史整理资料和标本查阅,研究了从上世纪八十代到本世纪初上海市鸟类种类的变化情况及气候变化可能对其产生的影响,分析了上海市主要水鸟类群数量变化的原因,并以白头鹤(Grus monacha)为例,探讨了环境变化对鸟类栖息地利用的影响,以期为制定长期的上海市鸟类保护对策提供科学依据。
本研究的主要结论如下：
1.从二十世纪初至今,上海市有记录的鸟类共计20目70科436种,其中上海在二十世纪二十年代至九十年代初共记录到鸟类386种。2000年至今在上海市记录到的鸟类有370种。与二十世纪九十年代初的鸟类记录相比,上海新增鸟类新记录52种,但67种在历史上有记录的鸟类在近年没有记录到。对上海市气温和鸟类多样性变化情况分析,结果发现过去30年间上海市年均温和冬季气温增温现象明显。在上海市近年来的鸟类新记录中,尽管有大量鸟类可能是历史调查遗漏的种类,但从南方地区扩散而来的鸟类种类数显著多于从北方地区扩散而来的鸟类种类数。这表明气候变暖影响着上海市的鸟类组成,一些南方分布的种类更容易扩散到上海。因此,气候变化可能是造成上海记录到的鸟类种类发生变化的原因。另外,观鸟活动的开展也大大提高了发现鸟类新记录的机会。
2.对上海市近二十年来数量有明显变化的53种水鸟的数量变化趋势与水鸟居留型、栖息地特征以及所属的生态类群之间关系的分析表明,包含水鸟的栖息地类型和水鸟的留居型两个自变量的模型(把雁鸭类当作自然湿地和人工湿地均为其主要栖息地的水鸟类群)或者包含栖息地类型一个自变量的模型(把雁鸭类的当作仅依赖自然湿地的水鸟类群)是解释水鸟数量变化的最佳模型。因此,栖息地变化是造成上海市水鸟数量变化的主要原因。近二十年来,对自然湿地有较强依赖性的鸟类的数量明显下降,这可能与上海市自然湿地的快速丧失和退化有直接关系；以人工湿地为主要栖息地的水鸟的数量有上升趋势,这可能与人工湿地(特别是水产养殖塘)面积的增加有关。由于不同水鸟类群对栖息地利用具有特异性,上海市应加强对自然湿地的保护以维持水鸟的种群数量。
3.海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)球茎是白头鹤在冬季的主要食物。暴露在地表的海三棱藨草球茎的密度在11月有所增加,但随后逐渐下降。球茎密度在冬季早期显著高于冬季晚期,这显示鹤的可利用食物资源在冬季期间下降。潮汐活动也对暴露球茎的数量有影响,在大潮期间比两次大潮之间的其它时段发现了更多的暴露球茎。为了应对越冬期自然食物资源海三棱藨草球茎的大量减少,白头鹤改变了其在越冬期的觅食场所和食物类型,由原来整个冬季主要在海三棱藨草外带取食海三棱藨草球茎,变为越冬前期、中前期和后期取在滩涂食球茎,而越冬期的中末期在收获后的稻田取食散落的稻粒或在麦田中取食新长出的麦苗。白头鹤在冬季中期的农田中4分钟内的取食成功率显著高于任何时期在潮间带的取食成功率(早期滩涂：18.2±6.3%；中期滩涂：21.8±15.0%；晚期滩涂：25.9±14.7%；中期农田：54.1%±12.6%),然而白头鹤在农田中受到干扰的频率远高于在滩涂中的(农田中每小时1.41次,潮间带每小时0.27次)。白头鹤的觅食地选择可能是提高觅食效率和避免干扰之间的权衡。滩涂上放牧会造成海三棱藨草球茎的数量减少,重量下降,加剧了由于互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)扩散所导致的大面积海三棱藨草消失给白头鹤带来的不利影响。应当采取措施恢复鹤群的自然生境,减少在潮间带的放牧活动,并对收获后的稻田制定合理的管理措施,减少人类活动干扰。
Shanghai is rich in bird diversity. As a densely populated international metropolis in eastern China, rapid economic development of Shanghai has added tremendous pressure on its natural environment. Many studies indicate that in the last twenty years, land use change, invasive alien species and other local environment alteration introduced by human activities have lead to dramatic changes of bird habitats status in Shanghai, while global climate change might also bring impact to bird community. Through the integration of field survey, specimen inspection and literature review, this study investigated changes of bird species in Shanghai from 1980s to the first decade of 21st century, discussed the causality of changes in birds numbers and potential impact of climate change. Hooded Crane(Grus monacha)was chose as a case study to explore bird adaptation under environmental changes, and to provide scientific basis for bird conservation policy in Shanghai.
The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
1. A total of 436 bird species, belonging to 20 orders and 58 families, have been recorded in Shanghai since early 20 century. Since 2000, there have been 370 bird species recorded. Comparing with the bird records in the early 1990s, there are 52 species of new records while 67 species of historical records were absent. Results from analysis into changes of air temperature and birds diversity of Shanghai in the last thirty years showed that the annual mean temperature and winter mean temperature had significantly increased, while in the newly-recorded birds, species number of birds spread from south was significantly larger than those from north, although many new records actually might be missing species in historical investigation. This showed the impact of climate warming on the composition of birds in Shanghai, which made species with southern distribution easier to spread into Shanghai. Therefore climate change and environmental alternation might be one of the reasons for the change of bird species change. Moreover, bird watching increased the opportunity of discovery of new records. Bird watching records of birdwatchers provide important references for understanding the current status and dynamics of bird diversity.
2. Logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate the relationship of the population trends of 53 species of waterbirds that showed significant changes with their habitat characteristics, residential status, and ecological guild. The results showed that the best-fit model to explain waterbirds population trends is the model using habitat type and residential status as two independent variables (Anatidae treated as a waterbirds group whose major habitat type including both natural and artificial wetlands), or the single independent variable model only using habitat type (Anatidae treated as a waterbirds group that only depends on natural wetlands). The waterbirds population trends were mainly caused by habitat alterations. Birds strongly depended on natural wetlands showed significant population decline, which might be directly caused by the loss and degradation of natural wetlands in Shanghai in the last 20 years. On the other hand, waterbirds populations using artificial wetlands as major habitats showed increasing trends, which could be probably related to the raising area of artificial wetlands (especially aquaculture ponds). Since different groups of waterbirds have specified habitat use, the Shanghai government should intensify conservation on natural wetlands to maintain waterbird populations
3. The corms of sea-bulrush(Scirpusmariqueter) are the main natural food resurces of hooded crane at Chongming Dongtan. Exposed corm density increased slightly during November, but then declined as winter progress. The increased corm density in early winter than late winter demonstrated a declining trend of food resource availability during wintering period. Tidal activity also showed a strong effect on the abundance of exposed sea-bulrush corms, more corms were found during spring tide than any other period between two succeeding spring tide. Hooded crane changed its foraging site and food type during wintering in response to the tremendous declining of its natural food-corms of sea-bulrush from foraging corms at outer sea-bulrush zone during the whole wintering period, to foraging corms at mudflat during early, early-middle and late period of wintering, and foraging rice panicles and wheat seedlings in the cultivated farmland at late-middle stage of wintering. Feeding success within 4 minutes in farmland during mid-winter was significantly higher than those in intertidal flat during any period (early period, mudflat:18.2%±6.3%; middle period, mudflat:21.8%±15.0%; late period, mudflat: 25.9%±14.7%; middle period, farmland:54.1%±12.6%, Kruskal-Wallis Test-χ2= 60.5, df=3,p<0.001), but the disturbance frequency to hooded crane was also much higher in farmland than that in mudflat (farmland:1.41 h"';mudflat:0.27 h-1). Thus the foraging site choosing behavior of hooded crane could be a result from the trade-off of demands between raising feeding efficiency and avoiding disturbance.Grazing on the tidal flat caused declining of area-based corm production in sea-bulrush communities, which reinforced the negative impact of large-area sea-bulrush vanishing caused by the spread of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora)on hooded crane. Actions like grazing reducing at intertidal zone should be established to restore natural habitat for cranes, and sound management measures should also be developed for rice paddies after harvesting to reduce disturbance from human activities
本研究的主要结论如下：
1.从二十世纪初至今,上海市有记录的鸟类共计20目70科436种,其中上海在二十世纪二十年代至九十年代初共记录到鸟类386种。2000年至今在上海市记录到的鸟类有370种。与二十世纪九十年代初的鸟类记录相比,上海新增鸟类新记录52种,但67种在历史上有记录的鸟类在近年没有记录到。对上海市气温和鸟类多样性变化情况分析,结果发现过去30年间上海市年均温和冬季气温增温现象明显。在上海市近年来的鸟类新记录中,尽管有大量鸟类可能是历史调查遗漏的种类,但从南方地区扩散而来的鸟类种类数显著多于从北方地区扩散而来的鸟类种类数。这表明气候变暖影响着上海市的鸟类组成,一些南方分布的种类更容易扩散到上海。因此,气候变化可能是造成上海记录到的鸟类种类发生变化的原因。另外,观鸟活动的开展也大大提高了发现鸟类新记录的机会。
2.对上海市近二十年来数量有明显变化的53种水鸟的数量变化趋势与水鸟居留型、栖息地特征以及所属的生态类群之间关系的分析表明,包含水鸟的栖息地类型和水鸟的留居型两个自变量的模型(把雁鸭类当作自然湿地和人工湿地均为其主要栖息地的水鸟类群)或者包含栖息地类型一个自变量的模型(把雁鸭类的当作仅依赖自然湿地的水鸟类群)是解释水鸟数量变化的最佳模型。因此,栖息地变化是造成上海市水鸟数量变化的主要原因。近二十年来,对自然湿地有较强依赖性的鸟类的数量明显下降,这可能与上海市自然湿地的快速丧失和退化有直接关系；以人工湿地为主要栖息地的水鸟的数量有上升趋势,这可能与人工湿地(特别是水产养殖塘)面积的增加有关。由于不同水鸟类群对栖息地利用具有特异性,上海市应加强对自然湿地的保护以维持水鸟的种群数量。
3.海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)球茎是白头鹤在冬季的主要食物。暴露在地表的海三棱藨草球茎的密度在11月有所增加,但随后逐渐下降。球茎密度在冬季早期显著高于冬季晚期,这显示鹤的可利用食物资源在冬季期间下降。潮汐活动也对暴露球茎的数量有影响,在大潮期间比两次大潮之间的其它时段发现了更多的暴露球茎。为了应对越冬期自然食物资源海三棱藨草球茎的大量减少,白头鹤改变了其在越冬期的觅食场所和食物类型,由原来整个冬季主要在海三棱藨草外带取食海三棱藨草球茎,变为越冬前期、中前期和后期取在滩涂食球茎,而越冬期的中末期在收获后的稻田取食散落的稻粒或在麦田中取食新长出的麦苗。白头鹤在冬季中期的农田中4分钟内的取食成功率显著高于任何时期在潮间带的取食成功率(早期滩涂：18.2±6.3%；中期滩涂：21.8±15.0%；晚期滩涂：25.9±14.7%；中期农田：54.1%±12.6%),然而白头鹤在农田中受到干扰的频率远高于在滩涂中的(农田中每小时1.41次,潮间带每小时0.27次)。白头鹤的觅食地选择可能是提高觅食效率和避免干扰之间的权衡。滩涂上放牧会造成海三棱藨草球茎的数量减少,重量下降,加剧了由于互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)扩散所导致的大面积海三棱藨草消失给白头鹤带来的不利影响。应当采取措施恢复鹤群的自然生境,减少在潮间带的放牧活动,并对收获后的稻田制定合理的管理措施,减少人类活动干扰。
Shanghai is rich in bird diversity. As a densely populated international metropolis in eastern China, rapid economic development of Shanghai has added tremendous pressure on its natural environment. Many studies indicate that in the last twenty years, land use change, invasive alien species and other local environment alteration introduced by human activities have lead to dramatic changes of bird habitats status in Shanghai, while global climate change might also bring impact to bird community. Through the integration of field survey, specimen inspection and literature review, this study investigated changes of bird species in Shanghai from 1980s to the first decade of 21st century, discussed the causality of changes in birds numbers and potential impact of climate change. Hooded Crane(Grus monacha)was chose as a case study to explore bird adaptation under environmental changes, and to provide scientific basis for bird conservation policy in Shanghai.
The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
1. A total of 436 bird species, belonging to 20 orders and 58 families, have been recorded in Shanghai since early 20 century. Since 2000, there have been 370 bird species recorded. Comparing with the bird records in the early 1990s, there are 52 species of new records while 67 species of historical records were absent. Results from analysis into changes of air temperature and birds diversity of Shanghai in the last thirty years showed that the annual mean temperature and winter mean temperature had significantly increased, while in the newly-recorded birds, species number of birds spread from south was significantly larger than those from north, although many new records actually might be missing species in historical investigation. This showed the impact of climate warming on the composition of birds in Shanghai, which made species with southern distribution easier to spread into Shanghai. Therefore climate change and environmental alternation might be one of the reasons for the change of bird species change. Moreover, bird watching increased the opportunity of discovery of new records. Bird watching records of birdwatchers provide important references for understanding the current status and dynamics of bird diversity.
2. Logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate the relationship of the population trends of 53 species of waterbirds that showed significant changes with their habitat characteristics, residential status, and ecological guild. The results showed that the best-fit model to explain waterbirds population trends is the model using habitat type and residential status as two independent variables (Anatidae treated as a waterbirds group whose major habitat type including both natural and artificial wetlands), or the single independent variable model only using habitat type (Anatidae treated as a waterbirds group that only depends on natural wetlands). The waterbirds population trends were mainly caused by habitat alterations. Birds strongly depended on natural wetlands showed significant population decline, which might be directly caused by the loss and degradation of natural wetlands in Shanghai in the last 20 years. On the other hand, waterbirds populations using artificial wetlands as major habitats showed increasing trends, which could be probably related to the raising area of artificial wetlands (especially aquaculture ponds). Since different groups of waterbirds have specified habitat use, the Shanghai government should intensify conservation on natural wetlands to maintain waterbird populations
3. The corms of sea-bulrush(Scirpusmariqueter) are the main natural food resurces of hooded crane at Chongming Dongtan. Exposed corm density increased slightly during November, but then declined as winter progress. The increased corm density in early winter than late winter demonstrated a declining trend of food resource availability during wintering period. Tidal activity also showed a strong effect on the abundance of exposed sea-bulrush corms, more corms were found during spring tide than any other period between two succeeding spring tide. Hooded crane changed its foraging site and food type during wintering in response to the tremendous declining of its natural food-corms of sea-bulrush from foraging corms at outer sea-bulrush zone during the whole wintering period, to foraging corms at mudflat during early, early-middle and late period of wintering, and foraging rice panicles and wheat seedlings in the cultivated farmland at late-middle stage of wintering. Feeding success within 4 minutes in farmland during mid-winter was significantly higher than those in intertidal flat during any period (early period, mudflat:18.2%±6.3%; middle period, mudflat:21.8%±15.0%; late period, mudflat: 25.9%±14.7%; middle period, farmland:54.1%±12.6%, Kruskal-Wallis Test-χ2= 60.5, df=3,p<0.001), but the disturbance frequency to hooded crane was also much higher in farmland than that in mudflat (farmland:1.41 h"';mudflat:0.27 h-1). Thus the foraging site choosing behavior of hooded crane could be a result from the trade-off of demands between raising feeding efficiency and avoiding disturbance.Grazing on the tidal flat caused declining of area-based corm production in sea-bulrush communities, which reinforced the negative impact of large-area sea-bulrush vanishing caused by the spread of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora)on hooded crane. Actions like grazing reducing at intertidal zone should be established to restore natural habitat for cranes, and sound management measures should also be developed for rice paddies after harvesting to reduce disturbance from human activities
引文
1. Barter M. Shorebirds of the Yellow Sea:importance, threats and conservation status [M]. Wetlands International Global Series 9, International Wader Studies 12, Canberra, Australia,2002.
2. Barton BT, Schmitz OJ. Experimental warming transforms multiple predator effects in a grassland food web [J]. Ecology Letters,2009,12:1317-1325.
3. Bauer HG, Lemoine N, Peintinger M. Avian species richness and abundance at Lake Constance:diverging long-term trends in Passerines and Nonpasserines [J]. Journal ofOrnithology,2008,149:217-222.
4. Bearhop S, Hilton GM, Votier SC, Waldron S. Stable isotope ratios indicate that body condition in migrating passerines is influenced by winter habitat [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society ofLondon Series B,2004,271:S215-S218.
5. Benoit LK, Askins RA. Impact of the spread of Phragmites on the distribution of birds in Connecticut tidal marshes [J]. Wetlands,1999,19,194-208.
6. BirdLife International. Birds in Europe. Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status [M]. BirdLife Conservation Series No.12. BirdLife International, Cambridge.2004.
7. BirdLife International. Grus monacha. In:IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [EB/OL].2008.. Downloaded on 08 September 2009.
8. BirdLife International. Species factsheet:Anas formosa [EB/OL].2011. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 26/05/2011.
9. Bokhorst SF, Bjerke JW, Tommervik H, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK. Winter warming events damage sub-Arctic vegetation:consistent evidence from an experimental manipulation and a natural event [J]. Journal of Ecology,2009,97: 1408-1415.
10. Both C, Bouwhuis S, Lessells CM, Visser ME. Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird [J].2006, Nature,441:81-83.
11. Brook BW, Bradshaw CJA, Koh LP, Sodhi NS. Momentum drives the crash: mass extinction in thetropics [J]. Biotropica,2006,38:302-305.
12. Buckley A, Dawson A, Moss SR, Hinsley SA, Bellamy PE, Gould EA. Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK [J]. Journal of General Virology,2003,84:2807-2817.
13. Burnham KP, Anderson DR. Multimodel inference:understanding AIC and BIC in model selection [J]. Sociological Methods & Research,2004,33:261-304.
14. Cai YT, Tang SM, Yuan X, Wang JY, Ma ZJ. Checklist and change of birds in Shanghai [J]. Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science),2011,50(3):334-343.[蔡音亭,唐仕敏,袁晓,王吉一,马志军.上海市鸟类记录及变化.复旦学报(自然科学版),2011,50(3)：334-343.]
15. Central People's Government of the People's Repubilic of China. Shanghai [EB/OL].2011. Downloaded from http://www.gov.cn/test/2005-08/10/content_21503.htm on 26/05/2011.
16. Chamberlain DE, Fuller RJ, Bunce RGH, Duckworth JC, Shrubb M. Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2000, 37:771-788.
17. Chen JK(ed.). Overview of Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve[M].Beijing:Science Press.2003[陈家宽(编著).上海九段沙湿地自然保护区科学考察集.北京：科学出版社.2003.]
18. Chen W, Dai LL, Xu Zhe, Pan ZT, Dai KJ. Threats of Global Warming on Status of'Transfer Station" for Bird Migrarion in Wuhan City, South-Centre China [J]. Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2008,27(2):248-250[陈炜,戴丽丽,徐哲,潘祖亭,戴开甲.全球气候变暖对武汉作为鸟类迁徙“中转站”地位的威胁.四川动物,2008,27(2)：248-250.]
19. Cheng Tso-hsin.A Synopsis of the Avifauna of China [M].Beijing:Science Press, Hamburg and Berlin:Paul Parey Scientific Publishers.1987.
20. Czech B, Krausman PR, Devers PK. Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States [J]. BioScience,2000,50,593-601.
21. Donald PF, Green RE, Heath MF. Agricultural intensification and the collapse of Europe's farmland bird populations [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B,2001,26:25-29.
22. Du Y, Zhou F, Shu XL, Li YL. The impact of global warming on China avifauna [J]. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,2009,34(3):664-674[杜寅,周放,舒晓莲,李(?)琳.全球气候变暖对中国鸟类区系的影响,动物分类学报,2009,34(3)：664-674.]
23. Ellis E C and Ramankutty N. Putting people in the map:anthropogenic biomes of the world [J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.2008,6(8):439-447.
24. Epstein PR, Diaz HF, Elias S, Grabherr G, Graham NE, Martens WJM, Mosley-Thompson E, Susskind J. Biological and physical signs of climate change: focus on mosquito-borne diseases [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1998,79:409-418.
25. Fahrig L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity [J]. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics,2003,34:487-515.
26. Fischer J, and Lindenmayer DB. Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation:a synthesis [J]. Global Ecology and Biogeography,2007,16: 265-280.
27. Flanders AA, Kuvlesky WP, Ruthven DC, Zaiglin RE, Bingham RL, Fulbright TE, Gernandez F, Brennan LA. Effects of invasive exotic grasses on South Texas rangeland breeding birds [J]. Auk,2006,123,171-182.
28. Friesen LE, Eagles PFJ, MacKay RJ. Effects of residential development on forest dwelling neotropical migrant songbirds [J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9, 1408-1414.
29. Fuller RJ, Gregory RD, Gibbons DW, Marchant JH, Wilson JD, Baillie SR, and Carter N. Population declines and range contractions among lowland farmland birds in Britain [J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9:1425-1441.
30. Gao Y, Zhao B. The effect of reclamation on mud flat development in Chongming island,Shanghai [J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(8):475-479.[高宇,赵斌.人类围垦活动对上海崇明东滩滩涂发育的影响.中国农学通报,2006,22(8)：475-479.]
31. Gan XJ, Cai YT, Choi CY, Ma ZJ, Chen JK, Li B. Potential impacts of invasive Spartina alterniflora on spring bird communities at Chongming Dongtan, a Chinese wetland of International Importance. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,2009,83:211-218.
32. Gan XJ, Li B, Chen JK, Ma ZJ. The ecological effects of biological invasions on birds [J]. Biodiversity Science,2007,15(5):548-557[干晓静,李博,陈家宽,马志军.生物入侵对鸟类的生态影响.生物多样性,2007,15(5)：548-557.]
33. Gan XJ, Zhang KJ, Tang SM, Li B, Ma ZJ. Three New Records of Birds in Shanghai:Locustella pleskei (Pleske's Warbler), Megalurus pryeri(Japanese Swamp Warbler) and Acrocephalus concinens(Blunt-winged Paddyfield Warbler)[J]. Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science),2006,45(3):417-420.[干晓静,章克家,唐仕敏,李博,马志军.上海地区鸟类新记录3种：史氏蝗莺、斑背大尾莺、钝翅苇莺.复旦学报(自然科学版),2006,45(3)：417-420.]
34. Ge ZM, Wang TH, Zhou X, Wang KY; Shi WY. Changes in the spatial distribution of migratory shorebirds along the Shanghai shoreline, China, between 1984 and 2004. Emu,2007,107(1):,19-27.
35. Glanznig A. Native vegetation clearance, habitat loss and biodiversity decline [M]. Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories Biodiversity Unit, Canberra, Australia.1995.
36. Goss-custard JD, Moser ME. Rates of change in the numbers of dunlin, Calidris alpina, wintering in British estuaries in relation to the spread of Spartina anglica [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,1988,25,95-109.
37. Gregory RD, Noble DG, Custance J.The state of play of farmland birds: population trends and conservation status of lowland farmland birds in the United Kingdom [J]. Ibis,2004,146(Suppl.2):1-13.
38. Gregory RD, Willis SG, Jiguet F, Vorisek P, Klvanova A, van Strien A, Huntley B, Collingham YC, Couvet D. Green RE. An indicator of the impact of climatic change on European bird populations [J]. PloSONE,2009,4, e4678.
39. Crick HQP. The impact of climate change on birds [J]. Ibis,2004,146(Suppl.1): 48-56.
40. Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewsk NE, Redman CL, Wu J, Bai X, Briggs JM. Global change and the ecology of cities [J]. Science,2008,319,756-760.
41. Grinnell J. Barriers to distribution as regards birds and mammals [J]. American Naturalist,1914,48,248-245.
42. Guntenspergen GR, Nordby JC. The impact of invasive plants on tidal-marsh vertebra species:common reed (Phragmites australis) and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) as case studies [J]. Studies in Avian Biology,2006,32: 229-237.
43. Guo, YM, Qian FW, Liu XL, Xu CZ, Ma JZ. Preliminary report on breeding habit of hooded crane Grus monacha in Xiaoxing'an mountains [J]. Current Zoology,2005,51(5),903-08.[郭玉民,钱法文,刘相林,徐纯柱,马建章.小兴安岭白头鹤繁殖习性初报.动物学报]
44. Hampe A, Petit RJ. Conserving biodiversity under climate change:the rear edge matters [J]. Ecology Letters,2005,8:461-467.
45. Healy SD, Rowe C. A critique of comparative studies of brain size [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B,2007,274:453-464.
46. Hua N, Ma ZJ, Ma Q, Song GX, Tang CD, Li B, Chen J. Waterbird use of aquacultural ponds in winter at Chongming Dongtan[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29：6342-6450.[华宁,马志军,马强,宋国贤,汤臣栋,李博,陈家宽.冬季水鸟对崇明东滩水产养殖塘的利用.生态学报,2009,29：6342-6450.]
47. Huang ZY, Sun ZH, Yu K, Zhou MZ, Zhao RQ, Gao J. (ed.) Bird Resources and Habitats in Shanghai [M]. Shanghai:Fudan University Press.1993,1-244. [黄正一,孙振华,虞快,周满章,赵仁泉编著.上海鸟类资源及其生境.上海：复旦大学出版社.1993,1-244.]
48. Huntley B, Green RE, Collingham YC, Willis SG. A climatic Atlas of European Breeding Birds [M]. Barcelona:Lynx Edicions.2007.
49. IUCN.2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [EB/OL].2007. Downloaded on 15 November 2007.
50. Jiang S, Ge ZM, Pei EL, Xu XJ, Sang LL, Wang TH. Watrefowl nocturnal behavior at the artificial wetlands behind the Chongming Dongtan seawall in winter [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology,2007,42(6):21-27.[姜姗,葛振鸣,裴恩乐,徐骁俊,桑莉莉,王天厚.崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地冬季水鸟的夜间行为.动物学杂志,2007,42(6)：21-27.]
51. Jiguet F, Gadot AS, Julliard R, Newson SE, Couvet D. Climate envelope life history traits and the resilience of birds facing global change [J]. Global Change Biology,2007,13:1672-1684.
52. Jing K, Tang SM, Chen JK, Ma ZJ. Primary research on the characteristics of feeding sites of in the east tide flat of Chongming[J]. Zoological Research,2002,23(1)：84-88.[敬凯,唐仕敏,陈家宽,马志军.崇明东滩越冬白头鹤觅食地特征的初步研究.动物学研究,2002,23(1)：84-88]
53. Julliard R, Jiguet F, Couvet D. Common birds facing global changes:what makes a species at risk [J]? Global Change Biology,2004,10:148-154.
54. KolecekJ, Reif J, Stastny K, Bejcek V.Changes in bird distribution in a Central European country between 1985-1989 and 2001-2003 [J]. Journal of Ornithology,2010,151:923-932.
55. Lefebvre L, Gaxiola A, Dawson S, Timmermans S, Rosza L, Kabai P. Feeding innovations and forebrain size in Australasian birds [J]. Behaviour,1998,135, 1077-1097.
56. Lefebvre L, Whittle P, Lascaris E, Finkelstein A. Feeding innovations and forebrain size in birds [J]. Animal Behaviour,1997,53,549-560.
57. Lehikoinen E, Sparks T, Zalakevicius M. Arrival and departure dates [J]. Advances in Ecological Research,2004,35:1-31.
58. Lemoine N, Bauer H-G, Peintinger M, Bohning-Gaese K. Effects of climate and land-use change on species abundance in a Central European bird community [J]. Conservation Biology.2007,21:495-503.
59. Li ZX, Tang ZY, Jing JH. A survey of the birds in Shanghai [J]. Current Zoology,1959,11(3)：390-408.[李致勋,唐子英,荆建华.上海鸟类调查报告.动物学报,1959,11(3)：390-408.]
60. Liao JY, Hu CY, Zhang ZL. Evolution of wetland in Yangtze River Estuary [J]. Yangtze River,2010,47(7):38-42[廖建英,胡春燕,张志林.长江口口门湿地的演变分析,人民长江,2010,41(7)：38-42.]
61. Lu YW. Studies on the Influence of Urbanization on Avian Community and Bird"s Adaptation [D]. Shanghai,Master thesis, East China Normal University,2007.[陆祎玮,城市化对鸟类群落的影响及其鸟类适应性的研究.上海,硕士学位论文,华东师范大学,2007.]
62. Ma ZJ, Jing K, Tang SM, Chen JK. Shorebirds in the East Tidelands of Chongming Island During the 2001 Northward Migration [J]. Stilt,2002,42: 6-10.
63. Ma ZJ, Li B, Jing K, Tang SM Chen JK. Are artificial wetlands good alternatives to natural wetlands for waterbirds? --A case study on Chongming Island, China [J]. Biodiversity and Conservation,2004,13:333-350.
64. Ma ZJ, Wang Y, Gan XJ, Li B, Cai YT, Chen J.K.2009. Waterbird population changes in the wetlands at Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze River estuary, China [J]. Environmental Management,43:1187-1200.
65. MacArthur RH. Geographical Ecology:Patterns in the Distributions of Species [M]. New York:Harper and Row.1972.
66. Malcolm JR, Liu CR, Neilson RP, Hansen L, Hannah L. Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots [J]. Conservation Biology,2006,20:538-548.
67. McDonald RI, Kareiva P, Forman RTT. The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation [J]. Biological Conservation,2008,141:1695-1703.
68. Merriam CH. Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of terrestrial animals and plants [J]. National Geographic,1894,6,229-238.
69. Moller AP, Fiedler W, Berthold P. (ed.). Birds and climate change [J]. Advances in Ecological Research,2004,35.
70. Moore FR, Gauthreaux SA Jr., Kerlinger P, and Simons TR. Habitat requirements during migration:important link in conservation [A].
71. Moores N, Rogers D, Kim RH, Hassell C, Gosbell K, Kim SA, Park M-N.. The 2006-2008 Saemangeum Shorebird Monitoring Program Report. Busan:Birds Korea publication.2008.
72. Opdam P, Wascher D. Climate change meets habitat fragmentation:linking landscape and biogeographical scale levels in research and conservation [J]. Biological Conservation,2004,117:285-297.
73. Owens IPF, Bennett PM. Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds:habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,2000,97,12144-12148.
74. Parmesan C. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change [J]. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics,2006,37:637-669.
75. Pimm LS, Russell GJ, Gittleman JL, Brooks TM. The Future of Biodiversity [J].Science,1995,269(5222):347-350.
76. Post E, Forchhammer MC. Climate change reduces reproductive success of an Arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B,2008,363:2369-2375.
77. Rappole JH, Warner DW. Relationships between behavior, physiology, and weather in avian transients at a migration stopover site [J]. Oecologia,1976,26: 193-212.
78. Robinson RA, Crick HQP, Learmonth JA, Maclean IMD, Thomas CD, Bairlein F, Forchhammer MC, Francis CM, Gill JA, Godley BJ, Harwood J, Hays GC, Huntley B, Hutson AM, Pierce GJ, Rehfisch MM, Sims DW, Santos MB, Sparks TH, Stroud DA. Visser ME. Travelling through a warming world-climate change andmigratory species [J]. Endangered Species Research,2009,7:87-99.
79. Rodewald AD, Bakermans MH. What is the appropriate paradigm for riparian forest conservation [J]? Biological Conservation,2006,128,193-200.
80. Root TL, MacMynowski DP, Mastrandrea MD, and Schneider SH. Human-modified temperatures induce species changes:joint attribution [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2005,102:7465-7469.
81. Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, Leemans R, Lodge DM, Mooney HA, Oesterheld M, Poff NL, Sykes MT, Walker BH, Walker M, Wall DH. Biodiversity-global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100 [J] 2000,287,5459: 1770-1774.
82. S?ther B,Sutherland WJ, Engen S. Climate influences on avian population dynamics [J]. Advances in Ecological Research,2004,35:184-209.
83. Schmidt KA, Whelan CJ. Effects of exotic Lonicera and Rhamnus on songbird nest predation [J]. Conservation Biology,1999,13:1502-1506.
84. Schulze CH, Waltert M, Kessler PJA, Pitopang R, Shahabuddin, Veddeler D, Muhlenberg M, Gradstein SR, Leuschner C, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T. Biodiversity indicator groups of tropical land-use systems:Comparing plants, birds, and insects [J]. Ecological Applications,2004,14(5):1321-1333.
85. Sekercioglu CH, Schneider SH, Fay JP Loarie SR. Climate change, elevational range shifts, and bird extinctions [J]. Conservation Biology,2008,22:140-150.
86. Shanghai Bureau of Statistics. Shanghai statistical yearbook 2010 [M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press2010.[上海市统计局.上海统计年鉴2010.北京：中国统计出版社.2010.]
87. Shanghai Greening Administration and Shanghai Wildlife Conservation Management Station. Research on wildlife biodiversity in unban park of Shanghai [R].2009. [上海市绿化管理局公共绿地管理处,上海市野生动物保护管理站.上海城区公园绿地野生动物多样性调查研究.2009.
88. Shanghai Wildlife Conservation Management Station, Shanghai Wild Bird Society, Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve.2010 waterbird survey report of Shanghai [R].2011[上海市野生动植物保护管理站,上海市野生动植物保护协会鸟类专业委员会,上海崇明东滩鸟类国家级自然保护区管理处,九段沙湿地国家级自然保护区管理署.2010年上海市水鸟同步调查.2011.]
89. Shochat E, Abramsky Z, Pinshow B. Breeding bird species diversity in the Negev: effects of scrub fragmentation by planted forests [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2001.38.1135-1147.
90. Shultz S, Bradbury R, Evans KL, Gregory R, Blackburn T. Brain size and resource specialisation predict long-term population trends in British birds [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B,2005,272:2305-2311.
91. Song GX, Zhu LS, Niu DL.Conservation and uitilization for Chongming Dongtan Wetland [J]. Yangtze River,2009,40(8):31-34[宋国贤,朱丽莎,钮栋梁.崇明东滩湿地的保育与利用.人民长江,2009,40(8)：31-34.]
92. Sowerby A. de C. The fauna of the Shanghai area:Birds [J]. China Journal,1932, 16:279-280.
93. Sowerby A. de C. Birds recorded from or known to occur in the Shanghai area [J]. Heude Not. d'orn.,1943,1:1-212.
94. Sun QH, Zhang ZW. The impact of Climate Warming on the Distribution of Chinese Birds [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology,2000,35(6):45-48[孙全辉,张正旺.气候变暖对我国鸟类分布的影响.动物学杂志,2000,35(6)：45-48.]
95. Swanson TM. The economics and ecology of biodiversitydecline:the forces driving global change[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1998.
96. Tang SM, Tang LJ, Li HM. Effects of urbanization on avin community at Wujiaochang, Shanghai [J]. Shanghai Environmental Sciences,2003,22(6)：406-410.[唐仕敏,唐礼俊,李惠敏.城市化对上海市五角场地区鸟类群落的影响.上海环境科学,2003,22(6)：406-410.]
97. Thomas CD, Cameron A, Green RE. Extinction risk from climate change [J]. Nature,2004,427:145-148.
98. Thomas CD, Lennon JJ. Birds extend their ranges northwards [J]. Nature,1999, 399:213.
99. Tratalos J, Fuller RA, Evans KL, Davies RG, Newson SE, Greenwood JJD, Gaston KJ. Bird densities are associated with household densities [J]. Global Change Biology,2007,13:1685-1695.
100.UN. World urbanization prospects:the 2009 revision [EB/OL]. United Nations, New York.2010. Available at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Documents/WUP2009 Highlights Final.pdf.
101.Visser ME, Both C, Lambrechts MM. Global climate change leads to mistimed avian reproduction [J]. Advances in Ecological Research,2004,35:89-110.
102.Vitousek PM. Beyond global warming-ecology and global change [J]. Ecology, 1994,75(7):1861-1876.
103.Walther GR, Post E, Convey P, Menzel A, Parmesank C, Beebee TJC, Fromentin JM, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bairlein F. Ecological responses to recent climate change [J]. Nature,2002,416:389-395.
104. Wang Q. The dynamics of plant community distribution of the salt marshes in the Yangtze River estuary as influenced by Spartina alterniflora invasions [D]. Shanghai:PhD thesis, Fudan University.2007[王卿,长江口盐沼植物群落分布动态及互花米草入侵的影响,上海,博士学位论文,复旦大学,2007.]
105.Wilkinson ES. Shanghai birds. A Study of Bird Life in Shanghai and the Surrounding Districts [M]. Shanghai:North-China Daily News & Herald Limited. 1929, xxi.1-43.
106.Wilkinson ES. The Shanghai Bird Year [M]. Shanghai:North-China Daily News & Herald Limited.1935,1-219.
107.Yuan X. Wetland and waterbirds in Shanghai [J]. Garden,2008, (11):23-25[袁晓,上海的湿地与水鸟.园林,2008,(11)：23-25]
108.Yue F, Luo ZK, Wu D, Ren WL, Wang TH.2009. Halcyon smyrnensis:One New Bird Record from Dalian Lake, Shanghai [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology,2009,44(6)：16.[岳峰,罗祖奎,吴迪,任文玲,王天厚.上海市大莲湖发现白胸翡翠.动物学杂志,200944(6)：16.]
109.Yang, BS., Ou S. & Song, G.Y. Formation and succession of sea-bulrush community on the beach of Shanghai sea-board. Journal of Shanghai Teachers University(Natural Science),1992,21(Suppl.):59-64[杨斌生,欧善华,宋国元.上海市海岸带滩涂海三棱藨草群落的形成与演替.上海师范大学学报,1992,21(增刊)：60-64.].
110.Yu XC. Research on the reclaiming project in the east tidal flat of Nanhui in Shanghai [D]. Nanjing,Master thesis, Hehai University,2005[俞相成,上海市南汇东滩滩涂促淤围垦工程研究.南京,硕士学位论文,河海大学，2005]
111.Zheng GM. (ed.) A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds in China [M]. Beijing:Science Press.2005. [郑光美编著.中国鸟类分类与分布名录.北京：科学出版社.2005.]
112.Zheng GM., Wang QS. (ed.) China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals:Aves [M]. Beijing:Science Press.1998[郑光美,王岐山(编著).中国濒危动物红皮书：鸟类.北京：科学出版社.1998.]
2. Barton BT, Schmitz OJ. Experimental warming transforms multiple predator effects in a grassland food web [J]. Ecology Letters,2009,12:1317-1325.
3. Bauer HG, Lemoine N, Peintinger M. Avian species richness and abundance at Lake Constance:diverging long-term trends in Passerines and Nonpasserines [J]. Journal ofOrnithology,2008,149:217-222.
4. Bearhop S, Hilton GM, Votier SC, Waldron S. Stable isotope ratios indicate that body condition in migrating passerines is influenced by winter habitat [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society ofLondon Series B,2004,271:S215-S218.
5. Benoit LK, Askins RA. Impact of the spread of Phragmites on the distribution of birds in Connecticut tidal marshes [J]. Wetlands,1999,19,194-208.
6. BirdLife International. Birds in Europe. Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status [M]. BirdLife Conservation Series No.12. BirdLife International, Cambridge.2004.
7. BirdLife International. Grus monacha. In:IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [EB/OL].2008.
8. BirdLife International. Species factsheet:Anas formosa [EB/OL].2011. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 26/05/2011.
9. Bokhorst SF, Bjerke JW, Tommervik H, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK. Winter warming events damage sub-Arctic vegetation:consistent evidence from an experimental manipulation and a natural event [J]. Journal of Ecology,2009,97: 1408-1415.
10. Both C, Bouwhuis S, Lessells CM, Visser ME. Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird [J].2006, Nature,441:81-83.
11. Brook BW, Bradshaw CJA, Koh LP, Sodhi NS. Momentum drives the crash: mass extinction in thetropics [J]. Biotropica,2006,38:302-305.
12. Buckley A, Dawson A, Moss SR, Hinsley SA, Bellamy PE, Gould EA. Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK [J]. Journal of General Virology,2003,84:2807-2817.
13. Burnham KP, Anderson DR. Multimodel inference:understanding AIC and BIC in model selection [J]. Sociological Methods & Research,2004,33:261-304.
14. Cai YT, Tang SM, Yuan X, Wang JY, Ma ZJ. Checklist and change of birds in Shanghai [J]. Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science),2011,50(3):334-343.[蔡音亭,唐仕敏,袁晓,王吉一,马志军.上海市鸟类记录及变化.复旦学报(自然科学版),2011,50(3)：334-343.]
15. Central People's Government of the People's Repubilic of China. Shanghai [EB/OL].2011. Downloaded from http://www.gov.cn/test/2005-08/10/content_21503.htm on 26/05/2011.
16. Chamberlain DE, Fuller RJ, Bunce RGH, Duckworth JC, Shrubb M. Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2000, 37:771-788.
17. Chen JK(ed.). Overview of Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve[M].Beijing:Science Press.2003[陈家宽(编著).上海九段沙湿地自然保护区科学考察集.北京：科学出版社.2003.]
18. Chen W, Dai LL, Xu Zhe, Pan ZT, Dai KJ. Threats of Global Warming on Status of'Transfer Station" for Bird Migrarion in Wuhan City, South-Centre China [J]. Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2008,27(2):248-250[陈炜,戴丽丽,徐哲,潘祖亭,戴开甲.全球气候变暖对武汉作为鸟类迁徙“中转站”地位的威胁.四川动物,2008,27(2)：248-250.]
19. Cheng Tso-hsin.A Synopsis of the Avifauna of China [M].Beijing:Science Press, Hamburg and Berlin:Paul Parey Scientific Publishers.1987.
20. Czech B, Krausman PR, Devers PK. Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States [J]. BioScience,2000,50,593-601.
21. Donald PF, Green RE, Heath MF. Agricultural intensification and the collapse of Europe's farmland bird populations [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B,2001,26:25-29.
22. Du Y, Zhou F, Shu XL, Li YL. The impact of global warming on China avifauna [J]. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,2009,34(3):664-674[杜寅,周放,舒晓莲,李(?)琳.全球气候变暖对中国鸟类区系的影响,动物分类学报,2009,34(3)：664-674.]
23. Ellis E C and Ramankutty N. Putting people in the map:anthropogenic biomes of the world [J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.2008,6(8):439-447.
24. Epstein PR, Diaz HF, Elias S, Grabherr G, Graham NE, Martens WJM, Mosley-Thompson E, Susskind J. Biological and physical signs of climate change: focus on mosquito-borne diseases [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1998,79:409-418.
25. Fahrig L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity [J]. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics,2003,34:487-515.
26. Fischer J, and Lindenmayer DB. Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation:a synthesis [J]. Global Ecology and Biogeography,2007,16: 265-280.
27. Flanders AA, Kuvlesky WP, Ruthven DC, Zaiglin RE, Bingham RL, Fulbright TE, Gernandez F, Brennan LA. Effects of invasive exotic grasses on South Texas rangeland breeding birds [J]. Auk,2006,123,171-182.
28. Friesen LE, Eagles PFJ, MacKay RJ. Effects of residential development on forest dwelling neotropical migrant songbirds [J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9, 1408-1414.
29. Fuller RJ, Gregory RD, Gibbons DW, Marchant JH, Wilson JD, Baillie SR, and Carter N. Population declines and range contractions among lowland farmland birds in Britain [J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9:1425-1441.
30. Gao Y, Zhao B. The effect of reclamation on mud flat development in Chongming island,Shanghai [J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(8):475-479.[高宇,赵斌.人类围垦活动对上海崇明东滩滩涂发育的影响.中国农学通报,2006,22(8)：475-479.]
31. Gan XJ, Cai YT, Choi CY, Ma ZJ, Chen JK, Li B. Potential impacts of invasive Spartina alterniflora on spring bird communities at Chongming Dongtan, a Chinese wetland of International Importance. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,2009,83:211-218.
32. Gan XJ, Li B, Chen JK, Ma ZJ. The ecological effects of biological invasions on birds [J]. Biodiversity Science,2007,15(5):548-557[干晓静,李博,陈家宽,马志军.生物入侵对鸟类的生态影响.生物多样性,2007,15(5)：548-557.]
33. Gan XJ, Zhang KJ, Tang SM, Li B, Ma ZJ. Three New Records of Birds in Shanghai:Locustella pleskei (Pleske's Warbler), Megalurus pryeri(Japanese Swamp Warbler) and Acrocephalus concinens(Blunt-winged Paddyfield Warbler)[J]. Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science),2006,45(3):417-420.[干晓静,章克家,唐仕敏,李博,马志军.上海地区鸟类新记录3种：史氏蝗莺、斑背大尾莺、钝翅苇莺.复旦学报(自然科学版),2006,45(3)：417-420.]
34. Ge ZM, Wang TH, Zhou X, Wang KY; Shi WY. Changes in the spatial distribution of migratory shorebirds along the Shanghai shoreline, China, between 1984 and 2004. Emu,2007,107(1):,19-27.
35. Glanznig A. Native vegetation clearance, habitat loss and biodiversity decline [M]. Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories Biodiversity Unit, Canberra, Australia.1995.
36. Goss-custard JD, Moser ME. Rates of change in the numbers of dunlin, Calidris alpina, wintering in British estuaries in relation to the spread of Spartina anglica [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,1988,25,95-109.
37. Gregory RD, Noble DG, Custance J.The state of play of farmland birds: population trends and conservation status of lowland farmland birds in the United Kingdom [J]. Ibis,2004,146(Suppl.2):1-13.
38. Gregory RD, Willis SG, Jiguet F, Vorisek P, Klvanova A, van Strien A, Huntley B, Collingham YC, Couvet D. Green RE. An indicator of the impact of climatic change on European bird populations [J]. PloSONE,2009,4, e4678.
39. Crick HQP. The impact of climate change on birds [J]. Ibis,2004,146(Suppl.1): 48-56.
40. Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewsk NE, Redman CL, Wu J, Bai X, Briggs JM. Global change and the ecology of cities [J]. Science,2008,319,756-760.
41. Grinnell J. Barriers to distribution as regards birds and mammals [J]. American Naturalist,1914,48,248-245.
42. Guntenspergen GR, Nordby JC. The impact of invasive plants on tidal-marsh vertebra species:common reed (Phragmites australis) and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) as case studies [J]. Studies in Avian Biology,2006,32: 229-237.
43. Guo, YM, Qian FW, Liu XL, Xu CZ, Ma JZ. Preliminary report on breeding habit of hooded crane Grus monacha in Xiaoxing'an mountains [J]. Current Zoology,2005,51(5),903-08.[郭玉民,钱法文,刘相林,徐纯柱,马建章.小兴安岭白头鹤繁殖习性初报.动物学报]
44. Hampe A, Petit RJ. Conserving biodiversity under climate change:the rear edge matters [J]. Ecology Letters,2005,8:461-467.
45. Healy SD, Rowe C. A critique of comparative studies of brain size [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B,2007,274:453-464.
46. Hua N, Ma ZJ, Ma Q, Song GX, Tang CD, Li B, Chen J. Waterbird use of aquacultural ponds in winter at Chongming Dongtan[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29：6342-6450.[华宁,马志军,马强,宋国贤,汤臣栋,李博,陈家宽.冬季水鸟对崇明东滩水产养殖塘的利用.生态学报,2009,29：6342-6450.]
47. Huang ZY, Sun ZH, Yu K, Zhou MZ, Zhao RQ, Gao J. (ed.) Bird Resources and Habitats in Shanghai [M]. Shanghai:Fudan University Press.1993,1-244. [黄正一,孙振华,虞快,周满章,赵仁泉编著.上海鸟类资源及其生境.上海：复旦大学出版社.1993,1-244.]
48. Huntley B, Green RE, Collingham YC, Willis SG. A climatic Atlas of European Breeding Birds [M]. Barcelona:Lynx Edicions.2007.
49. IUCN.2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [EB/OL].2007.
50. Jiang S, Ge ZM, Pei EL, Xu XJ, Sang LL, Wang TH. Watrefowl nocturnal behavior at the artificial wetlands behind the Chongming Dongtan seawall in winter [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology,2007,42(6):21-27.[姜姗,葛振鸣,裴恩乐,徐骁俊,桑莉莉,王天厚.崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地冬季水鸟的夜间行为.动物学杂志,2007,42(6)：21-27.]
51. Jiguet F, Gadot AS, Julliard R, Newson SE, Couvet D. Climate envelope life history traits and the resilience of birds facing global change [J]. Global Change Biology,2007,13:1672-1684.
52. Jing K, Tang SM, Chen JK, Ma ZJ. Primary research on the characteristics of feeding sites of in the east tide flat of Chongming[J]. Zoological Research,2002,23(1)：84-88.[敬凯,唐仕敏,陈家宽,马志军.崇明东滩越冬白头鹤觅食地特征的初步研究.动物学研究,2002,23(1)：84-88]
53. Julliard R, Jiguet F, Couvet D. Common birds facing global changes:what makes a species at risk [J]? Global Change Biology,2004,10:148-154.
54. KolecekJ, Reif J, Stastny K, Bejcek V.Changes in bird distribution in a Central European country between 1985-1989 and 2001-2003 [J]. Journal of Ornithology,2010,151:923-932.
55. Lefebvre L, Gaxiola A, Dawson S, Timmermans S, Rosza L, Kabai P. Feeding innovations and forebrain size in Australasian birds [J]. Behaviour,1998,135, 1077-1097.
56. Lefebvre L, Whittle P, Lascaris E, Finkelstein A. Feeding innovations and forebrain size in birds [J]. Animal Behaviour,1997,53,549-560.
57. Lehikoinen E, Sparks T, Zalakevicius M. Arrival and departure dates [J]. Advances in Ecological Research,2004,35:1-31.
58. Lemoine N, Bauer H-G, Peintinger M, Bohning-Gaese K. Effects of climate and land-use change on species abundance in a Central European bird community [J]. Conservation Biology.2007,21:495-503.
59. Li ZX, Tang ZY, Jing JH. A survey of the birds in Shanghai [J]. Current Zoology,1959,11(3)：390-408.[李致勋,唐子英,荆建华.上海鸟类调查报告.动物学报,1959,11(3)：390-408.]
60. Liao JY, Hu CY, Zhang ZL. Evolution of wetland in Yangtze River Estuary [J]. Yangtze River,2010,47(7):38-42[廖建英,胡春燕,张志林.长江口口门湿地的演变分析,人民长江,2010,41(7)：38-42.]
61. Lu YW. Studies on the Influence of Urbanization on Avian Community and Bird"s Adaptation [D]. Shanghai,Master thesis, East China Normal University,2007.[陆祎玮,城市化对鸟类群落的影响及其鸟类适应性的研究.上海,硕士学位论文,华东师范大学,2007.]
62. Ma ZJ, Jing K, Tang SM, Chen JK. Shorebirds in the East Tidelands of Chongming Island During the 2001 Northward Migration [J]. Stilt,2002,42: 6-10.
63. Ma ZJ, Li B, Jing K, Tang SM Chen JK. Are artificial wetlands good alternatives to natural wetlands for waterbirds? --A case study on Chongming Island, China [J]. Biodiversity and Conservation,2004,13:333-350.
64. Ma ZJ, Wang Y, Gan XJ, Li B, Cai YT, Chen J.K.2009. Waterbird population changes in the wetlands at Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze River estuary, China [J]. Environmental Management,43:1187-1200.
65. MacArthur RH. Geographical Ecology:Patterns in the Distributions of Species [M]. New York:Harper and Row.1972.
66. Malcolm JR, Liu CR, Neilson RP, Hansen L, Hannah L. Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots [J]. Conservation Biology,2006,20:538-548.
67. McDonald RI, Kareiva P, Forman RTT. The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation [J]. Biological Conservation,2008,141:1695-1703.
68. Merriam CH. Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of terrestrial animals and plants [J]. National Geographic,1894,6,229-238.
69. Moller AP, Fiedler W, Berthold P. (ed.). Birds and climate change [J]. Advances in Ecological Research,2004,35.
70. Moore FR, Gauthreaux SA Jr., Kerlinger P, and Simons TR. Habitat requirements during migration:important link in conservation [A].
71. Moores N, Rogers D, Kim RH, Hassell C, Gosbell K, Kim SA, Park M-N.. The 2006-2008 Saemangeum Shorebird Monitoring Program Report. Busan:Birds Korea publication.2008.
72. Opdam P, Wascher D. Climate change meets habitat fragmentation:linking landscape and biogeographical scale levels in research and conservation [J]. Biological Conservation,2004,117:285-297.
73. Owens IPF, Bennett PM. Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds:habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,2000,97,12144-12148.
74. Parmesan C. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change [J]. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics,2006,37:637-669.
75. Pimm LS, Russell GJ, Gittleman JL, Brooks TM. The Future of Biodiversity [J].Science,1995,269(5222):347-350.
76. Post E, Forchhammer MC. Climate change reduces reproductive success of an Arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B,2008,363:2369-2375.
77. Rappole JH, Warner DW. Relationships between behavior, physiology, and weather in avian transients at a migration stopover site [J]. Oecologia,1976,26: 193-212.
78. Robinson RA, Crick HQP, Learmonth JA, Maclean IMD, Thomas CD, Bairlein F, Forchhammer MC, Francis CM, Gill JA, Godley BJ, Harwood J, Hays GC, Huntley B, Hutson AM, Pierce GJ, Rehfisch MM, Sims DW, Santos MB, Sparks TH, Stroud DA. Visser ME. Travelling through a warming world-climate change andmigratory species [J]. Endangered Species Research,2009,7:87-99.
79. Rodewald AD, Bakermans MH. What is the appropriate paradigm for riparian forest conservation [J]? Biological Conservation,2006,128,193-200.
80. Root TL, MacMynowski DP, Mastrandrea MD, and Schneider SH. Human-modified temperatures induce species changes:joint attribution [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2005,102:7465-7469.
81. Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, Leemans R, Lodge DM, Mooney HA, Oesterheld M, Poff NL, Sykes MT, Walker BH, Walker M, Wall DH. Biodiversity-global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100 [J] 2000,287,5459: 1770-1774.
82. S?ther B,Sutherland WJ, Engen S. Climate influences on avian population dynamics [J]. Advances in Ecological Research,2004,35:184-209.
83. Schmidt KA, Whelan CJ. Effects of exotic Lonicera and Rhamnus on songbird nest predation [J]. Conservation Biology,1999,13:1502-1506.
84. Schulze CH, Waltert M, Kessler PJA, Pitopang R, Shahabuddin, Veddeler D, Muhlenberg M, Gradstein SR, Leuschner C, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T. Biodiversity indicator groups of tropical land-use systems:Comparing plants, birds, and insects [J]. Ecological Applications,2004,14(5):1321-1333.
85. Sekercioglu CH, Schneider SH, Fay JP Loarie SR. Climate change, elevational range shifts, and bird extinctions [J]. Conservation Biology,2008,22:140-150.
86. Shanghai Bureau of Statistics. Shanghai statistical yearbook 2010 [M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press2010.[上海市统计局.上海统计年鉴2010.北京：中国统计出版社.2010.]
87. Shanghai Greening Administration and Shanghai Wildlife Conservation Management Station. Research on wildlife biodiversity in unban park of Shanghai [R].2009. [上海市绿化管理局公共绿地管理处,上海市野生动物保护管理站.上海城区公园绿地野生动物多样性调查研究.2009.
88. Shanghai Wildlife Conservation Management Station, Shanghai Wild Bird Society, Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve.2010 waterbird survey report of Shanghai [R].2011[上海市野生动植物保护管理站,上海市野生动植物保护协会鸟类专业委员会,上海崇明东滩鸟类国家级自然保护区管理处,九段沙湿地国家级自然保护区管理署.2010年上海市水鸟同步调查.2011.]
89. Shochat E, Abramsky Z, Pinshow B. Breeding bird species diversity in the Negev: effects of scrub fragmentation by planted forests [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2001.38.1135-1147.
90. Shultz S, Bradbury R, Evans KL, Gregory R, Blackburn T. Brain size and resource specialisation predict long-term population trends in British birds [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B,2005,272:2305-2311.
91. Song GX, Zhu LS, Niu DL.Conservation and uitilization for Chongming Dongtan Wetland [J]. Yangtze River,2009,40(8):31-34[宋国贤,朱丽莎,钮栋梁.崇明东滩湿地的保育与利用.人民长江,2009,40(8)：31-34.]
92. Sowerby A. de C. The fauna of the Shanghai area:Birds [J]. China Journal,1932, 16:279-280.
93. Sowerby A. de C. Birds recorded from or known to occur in the Shanghai area [J]. Heude Not. d'orn.,1943,1:1-212.
94. Sun QH, Zhang ZW. The impact of Climate Warming on the Distribution of Chinese Birds [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology,2000,35(6):45-48[孙全辉,张正旺.气候变暖对我国鸟类分布的影响.动物学杂志,2000,35(6)：45-48.]
95. Swanson TM. The economics and ecology of biodiversitydecline:the forces driving global change[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1998.
96. Tang SM, Tang LJ, Li HM. Effects of urbanization on avin community at Wujiaochang, Shanghai [J]. Shanghai Environmental Sciences,2003,22(6)：406-410.[唐仕敏,唐礼俊,李惠敏.城市化对上海市五角场地区鸟类群落的影响.上海环境科学,2003,22(6)：406-410.]
97. Thomas CD, Cameron A, Green RE. Extinction risk from climate change [J]. Nature,2004,427:145-148.
98. Thomas CD, Lennon JJ. Birds extend their ranges northwards [J]. Nature,1999, 399:213.
99. Tratalos J, Fuller RA, Evans KL, Davies RG, Newson SE, Greenwood JJD, Gaston KJ. Bird densities are associated with household densities [J]. Global Change Biology,2007,13:1685-1695.
100.UN. World urbanization prospects:the 2009 revision [EB/OL]. United Nations, New York.2010. Available at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Documents/WUP2009 Highlights Final.pdf.
101.Visser ME, Both C, Lambrechts MM. Global climate change leads to mistimed avian reproduction [J]. Advances in Ecological Research,2004,35:89-110.
102.Vitousek PM. Beyond global warming-ecology and global change [J]. Ecology, 1994,75(7):1861-1876.
103.Walther GR, Post E, Convey P, Menzel A, Parmesank C, Beebee TJC, Fromentin JM, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bairlein F. Ecological responses to recent climate change [J]. Nature,2002,416:389-395.
104. Wang Q. The dynamics of plant community distribution of the salt marshes in the Yangtze River estuary as influenced by Spartina alterniflora invasions [D]. Shanghai:PhD thesis, Fudan University.2007[王卿,长江口盐沼植物群落分布动态及互花米草入侵的影响,上海,博士学位论文,复旦大学,2007.]
105.Wilkinson ES. Shanghai birds. A Study of Bird Life in Shanghai and the Surrounding Districts [M]. Shanghai:North-China Daily News & Herald Limited. 1929, xxi.1-43.
106.Wilkinson ES. The Shanghai Bird Year [M]. Shanghai:North-China Daily News & Herald Limited.1935,1-219.
107.Yuan X. Wetland and waterbirds in Shanghai [J]. Garden,2008, (11):23-25[袁晓,上海的湿地与水鸟.园林,2008,(11)：23-25]
108.Yue F, Luo ZK, Wu D, Ren WL, Wang TH.2009. Halcyon smyrnensis:One New Bird Record from Dalian Lake, Shanghai [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology,2009,44(6)：16.[岳峰,罗祖奎,吴迪,任文玲,王天厚.上海市大莲湖发现白胸翡翠.动物学杂志,200944(6)：16.]
109.Yang, BS., Ou S. & Song, G.Y. Formation and succession of sea-bulrush community on the beach of Shanghai sea-board. Journal of Shanghai Teachers University(Natural Science),1992,21(Suppl.):59-64[杨斌生,欧善华,宋国元.上海市海岸带滩涂海三棱藨草群落的形成与演替.上海师范大学学报,1992,21(增刊)：60-64.].
110.Yu XC. Research on the reclaiming project in the east tidal flat of Nanhui in Shanghai [D]. Nanjing,Master thesis, Hehai University,2005[俞相成,上海市南汇东滩滩涂促淤围垦工程研究.南京,硕士学位论文,河海大学，2005]
111.Zheng GM. (ed.) A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds in China [M]. Beijing:Science Press.2005. [郑光美编著.中国鸟类分类与分布名录.北京：科学出版社.2005.]
112.Zheng GM., Wang QS. (ed.) China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals:Aves [M]. Beijing:Science Press.1998[郑光美,王岐山(编著).中国濒危动物红皮书：鸟类.北京：科学出版社.1998.]