曲轴凸轮轴非接触测量头的研究与设计
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摘要
曲轴与凸轮轴是汽车发动机中的重要零件,它们的质量直接影响发动机的性能。为了实现对它们的精确制造,需要有精密的测量设备来支持。
传统的测量方法存在精度不高、伤害零件表面以及不能自动化检测等问题,已经不能满足测量需要。为了提高曲轴凸轮轴测量的精度与效率,本文研究设计了一种非接触测量头。其采用旋转平晶的方法实现激光对被测物的扫描,而采用PIN型光电二极管进行光电转换,通过测量时间间隔的方法间接测量物体的尺寸。这种方法能够在较大的范围内达到较高的测量精度。系统由光源、平晶、精密轴系、电机、光电探测器、信号处理等部分组成。
本文的主要研究内容包括:
1.分析常用的测量方法,根据测量要求提出一种合适的测量方法以适用于曲轴以及凸轮轴的测量。
2.对系统进行分析,建立数学模型,给出具体的参数、设计要求以及硬件选型。
3.设计接收器部分的反向偏压、跨阻放大以及时点判别等电路,保证信号沿的准确测量。
4.使用FPGA设计系统的数字处理单元。
5.对系统进行了误差分析,研究光束倾斜、平晶两端面不平行以及计时单元产生的误差,并根据测量要求提出了对这几个部分的要求。根据数学模型仿真得出测量出的时间与光束位移的关系曲线。
6.对PIN管的信号处理电路板进行实验,以验证电路的功能。
Crankshaft and camshaft are the important parts of the automobile engine, and their quality directly affects the performance of the engine. In order to achieve their precise manufacturing, precision measurement equipment is needed to support.
Traditional measurement methods have some shortcomings such as accuracy is not high, damage part surface, can not be automated test and so on. So they can not meet the measurement needs. In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the crankshaft and camshaft measurement, this article study and design a non-contact measuring head. The method of rotating flat crystal is used to make laser beam scanning the measured object. PIN-type photodiode is used for photoelectric conversion. By measuring the time interval, the size of the object is measured indirectly. This method can achieve high accuracy in a large range. The system consists of light, flat crystal, precision shafting, electromotor, photoelectric detectors, signal processing components and so on.
The main contents of this article are summarized as follows:
1. The common measurement methods are analyzed, and an appropriate measurement method is introduced for the measurement of crankshaft and camshaft according to the measurement requirements.
2. The system is analyzed; mathematical model is constructed, and the specific parameters, design requirements and hardware are given.
3. The reverse bias voltage circuit, trans-impedance amplification circuit and time point discrimination circuit are designed to ensure accurate measurement of the signal along.
4. The system error analysis is made. The effect generated by beam tilt, not paralleled flat crystal surface and time measurement on the measuring system is studied. According to the requirements of precision, demands is made on these components. According to the mathematical model, simulation is made to obtain the relationship between the time and the exit beam position.
5. Experiment about the circuit board to process the signal of the PIN tube is made to verify the circuit functionality. ]
传统的测量方法存在精度不高、伤害零件表面以及不能自动化检测等问题,已经不能满足测量需要。为了提高曲轴凸轮轴测量的精度与效率,本文研究设计了一种非接触测量头。其采用旋转平晶的方法实现激光对被测物的扫描,而采用PIN型光电二极管进行光电转换,通过测量时间间隔的方法间接测量物体的尺寸。这种方法能够在较大的范围内达到较高的测量精度。系统由光源、平晶、精密轴系、电机、光电探测器、信号处理等部分组成。
本文的主要研究内容包括:
1.分析常用的测量方法,根据测量要求提出一种合适的测量方法以适用于曲轴以及凸轮轴的测量。
2.对系统进行分析,建立数学模型,给出具体的参数、设计要求以及硬件选型。
3.设计接收器部分的反向偏压、跨阻放大以及时点判别等电路,保证信号沿的准确测量。
4.使用FPGA设计系统的数字处理单元。
5.对系统进行了误差分析,研究光束倾斜、平晶两端面不平行以及计时单元产生的误差,并根据测量要求提出了对这几个部分的要求。根据数学模型仿真得出测量出的时间与光束位移的关系曲线。
6.对PIN管的信号处理电路板进行实验,以验证电路的功能。
Crankshaft and camshaft are the important parts of the automobile engine, and their quality directly affects the performance of the engine. In order to achieve their precise manufacturing, precision measurement equipment is needed to support.
Traditional measurement methods have some shortcomings such as accuracy is not high, damage part surface, can not be automated test and so on. So they can not meet the measurement needs. In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the crankshaft and camshaft measurement, this article study and design a non-contact measuring head. The method of rotating flat crystal is used to make laser beam scanning the measured object. PIN-type photodiode is used for photoelectric conversion. By measuring the time interval, the size of the object is measured indirectly. This method can achieve high accuracy in a large range. The system consists of light, flat crystal, precision shafting, electromotor, photoelectric detectors, signal processing components and so on.
The main contents of this article are summarized as follows:
1. The common measurement methods are analyzed, and an appropriate measurement method is introduced for the measurement of crankshaft and camshaft according to the measurement requirements.
2. The system is analyzed; mathematical model is constructed, and the specific parameters, design requirements and hardware are given.
3. The reverse bias voltage circuit, trans-impedance amplification circuit and time point discrimination circuit are designed to ensure accurate measurement of the signal along.
4. The system error analysis is made. The effect generated by beam tilt, not paralleled flat crystal surface and time measurement on the measuring system is studied. According to the requirements of precision, demands is made on these components. According to the mathematical model, simulation is made to obtain the relationship between the time and the exit beam position.
5. Experiment about the circuit board to process the signal of the PIN tube is made to verify the circuit functionality. ]
引文
[1]高凯,郑俊,彭国华等,曲轴多参数气动测量系统,航空精密制造技术,2003,39(3):34-36
[2]耿海翔,全自动凸轮轴柔性测量仪的研制:[硕士学位论文],成都:四川大学,2006
[3]刘兴富,全自动凸轮轴测量仪的测量原理及方法,机械工人,2006, 1: 53-56
[4]Hommel Inc.’s website-http://www.hommel-china.com
[5]许晓东,基于机器视觉的发动机凸轮轴三维测量方法研究:[硕士学位论文],上海:上海交通大学,2008
[6] Keyence’s website- http://www.keyence.com.cn
[7]冯俊艳,冯其波,匡萃方,高精度激光三角位移传感器的技术现状,应用光学,2004,25(3):33-36
[8]黄战华,蔡怀宇,李贺桥等,三角法激光测量系统的误差分析及消除方法,光电工程,2002,29(3):58-61
[9]金文燕,赵辉,陶卫,激光三角测距传感器建模及参数优化研究,传感技术学报,2006,19(4):1090~1093
[10]侯金龙,PSD激光三角测量系统的研制,[硕士学位论文],武汉:华中科技大学,2005
[11] Duane Hanselman, Bruce Littlefield,精通Matlab 7(朱广峰译),北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[12]巢鑫,wMPS测量系统发射器扫描平台转速控制,[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008
[13]Maxon motor’s website-http://www.maxonmotor.com/
[14]黄震,脉冲激光测距接收电路与计时方法研究,[硕士学位论文],杭州:浙江大学,2004
[15] Silicon sensor’s website http://www.silicon-sensor.com/prod_tab.php?ptyp=pin
[16] Silicon Sensor Inc., Series 5: High Speed Epitaxial P-I-N Photodiodes Datasheet
[17]Linear technology Inc.,LT3464 Datasheet
[18]高剑波,脉冲半导体激光测距电路与系统设计,[硕士学位论文],成都:电子科技大学,2006
[19]任明冰,半导体脉冲激光测距机的硬件电路设计,[硕士学位论文],南京:南京理工大学,2004
[20] Texas Instrument Inc., OPA657 Datasheet
[21] Texas Instrument Inc., OPA846 Datasheet
[22]端木琼,wMPS三维精密测量系统硬件分析与设计,[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008
[23]潘璠,激光雷达测距电路设计,[硕士学位论文],西安:西安电子科技大学,2009
[24]Maxim Inc.,Application note 886:Select the right comparator
[25]Analog Devices Inc.,Rail-to-Rail, very fast,2.5V to 5.5V Single-Supply TTL/CMOS Comparators Datasheet
[26] M.Simpson,C.Britton,A.Wintenberg,G.Young,An Intergrated CMOS Time Interval Measurement System with Subnanosecond Resolution for the WA-98 Calorimeter,IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,Vol32,No2,1997,pp198-205
[27] B.Truko,R.Smith,A Precision Timing Discriminator for High Density Detector System,IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,Vol39,No5,pp1311-1315
[28]田耘,徐文波,胡彬等,Xilinx ISE Design Suite 10.x FPGA开发指南-逻辑设计篇,北京:人民邮电出版社,2008
[29]Xilinx Inc.’s website-http://www.xilinx.com/
[30]夏宇闻,Verilog数字系统设计教程,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003
[31]Samir Palnitkar,Verilog HDL数字设计与综合(第二版)(夏宇闻,胡燕祥,刁岚松等译),北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[32]吴戈,Verilog HDL与数字系统设计简明教程,北京:人民邮电出版社,2009
[33]常晓明,Verilog-HDL工程实践入门,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2005
[34]T.Paulus,Timing Electronics and Fast Timing Methods with Scintillation,IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,Vol34,No31985,pp1242-1249
[35]贾秋玲,袁冬莉,栾云凤,基于MATLAB 7.x/Simulink/Stateflow系统仿真、分析及设计,西安:西北工业大学出版社,2006
[2]耿海翔,全自动凸轮轴柔性测量仪的研制:[硕士学位论文],成都:四川大学,2006
[3]刘兴富,全自动凸轮轴测量仪的测量原理及方法,机械工人,2006, 1: 53-56
[4]Hommel Inc.’s website-http://www.hommel-china.com
[5]许晓东,基于机器视觉的发动机凸轮轴三维测量方法研究:[硕士学位论文],上海:上海交通大学,2008
[6] Keyence’s website- http://www.keyence.com.cn
[7]冯俊艳,冯其波,匡萃方,高精度激光三角位移传感器的技术现状,应用光学,2004,25(3):33-36
[8]黄战华,蔡怀宇,李贺桥等,三角法激光测量系统的误差分析及消除方法,光电工程,2002,29(3):58-61
[9]金文燕,赵辉,陶卫,激光三角测距传感器建模及参数优化研究,传感技术学报,2006,19(4):1090~1093
[10]侯金龙,PSD激光三角测量系统的研制,[硕士学位论文],武汉:华中科技大学,2005
[11] Duane Hanselman, Bruce Littlefield,精通Matlab 7(朱广峰译),北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[12]巢鑫,wMPS测量系统发射器扫描平台转速控制,[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008
[13]Maxon motor’s website-http://www.maxonmotor.com/
[14]黄震,脉冲激光测距接收电路与计时方法研究,[硕士学位论文],杭州:浙江大学,2004
[15] Silicon sensor’s website http://www.silicon-sensor.com/prod_tab.php?ptyp=pin
[16] Silicon Sensor Inc., Series 5: High Speed Epitaxial P-I-N Photodiodes Datasheet
[17]Linear technology Inc.,LT3464 Datasheet
[18]高剑波,脉冲半导体激光测距电路与系统设计,[硕士学位论文],成都:电子科技大学,2006
[19]任明冰,半导体脉冲激光测距机的硬件电路设计,[硕士学位论文],南京:南京理工大学,2004
[20] Texas Instrument Inc., OPA657 Datasheet
[21] Texas Instrument Inc., OPA846 Datasheet
[22]端木琼,wMPS三维精密测量系统硬件分析与设计,[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008
[23]潘璠,激光雷达测距电路设计,[硕士学位论文],西安:西安电子科技大学,2009
[24]Maxim Inc.,Application note 886:Select the right comparator
[25]Analog Devices Inc.,Rail-to-Rail, very fast,2.5V to 5.5V Single-Supply TTL/CMOS Comparators Datasheet
[26] M.Simpson,C.Britton,A.Wintenberg,G.Young,An Intergrated CMOS Time Interval Measurement System with Subnanosecond Resolution for the WA-98 Calorimeter,IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,Vol32,No2,1997,pp198-205
[27] B.Truko,R.Smith,A Precision Timing Discriminator for High Density Detector System,IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,Vol39,No5,pp1311-1315
[28]田耘,徐文波,胡彬等,Xilinx ISE Design Suite 10.x FPGA开发指南-逻辑设计篇,北京:人民邮电出版社,2008
[29]Xilinx Inc.’s website-http://www.xilinx.com/
[30]夏宇闻,Verilog数字系统设计教程,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003
[31]Samir Palnitkar,Verilog HDL数字设计与综合(第二版)(夏宇闻,胡燕祥,刁岚松等译),北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[32]吴戈,Verilog HDL与数字系统设计简明教程,北京:人民邮电出版社,2009
[33]常晓明,Verilog-HDL工程实践入门,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2005
[34]T.Paulus,Timing Electronics and Fast Timing Methods with Scintillation,IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,Vol34,No31985,pp1242-1249
[35]贾秋玲,袁冬莉,栾云凤,基于MATLAB 7.x/Simulink/Stateflow系统仿真、分析及设计,西安:西北工业大学出版社,2006