用于汽车防撞系统的小型高频激光测距机研究
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摘要
随着汽车保有量的不断上升，行车安全已经成为受广泛关注的社会问题。本论文旨在设计一种适用于车辆主动防护的激光测距系统。该系统利用激光探测前方远距离路况，帮助驾驶者对险情提前进行预判并采取相关措施。
本论文对汽车激光防撞系统的设计要求进行了系统的分析和研究，提出了适用于这一场合激光测距机的主要技术参数。系统研究了激光测距机的相关理论和关键技术，详细讨论了测距体制，在此基础上提出了一种采用半导体激光器的小型高频激光测距机研究方案，全面分析了该方案的主要理论问题和关键技术。
该研究方案采用直接探测脉冲激光探测体制，以波长为905nm的脉冲半导体激光器作为激光光源，利用单元APD探测器进行探测，采用可编程逻辑器件构成的高速计数器来获得激光脉冲飞行的精确时间。按照此方案研制成功原理样机，利用样机进行了初步实验。
As the retain number of automobile has sharply increased recent years, road trafficsafety has been regarded as social problem. This dissertation is intended to design a laserranging system which can be used in automoblie active safety system. The system detectsthe road status in the distance using laser beam. It can assist the driver to estimate the risklevel and brake earlier in the dangerous situation.
The design specification of automobile precrash system have been analysed in thisdissertaion. Then a detailed technical parameter of laser rangefinder which can be used inautomobile precrash system has been proposed. Related theory and critical problems oflaser rangefinder have been discussed. By weighing the pros and cons of kinds of rangingmethods, The technical scheme of miniaturized, high frenquency diode laser rangefinderhas been decided.
The project adopts pulsed laser ranging in noncoherent detect mode, uses a 905nmpulsed laser diode as the laser source, detects object with a single APD, adopts ahigh-speed counter achieved in a programable logic device(CPLD) to measure theaccurate time-of-flight interval. A funtional prototype of rangefinder are manufacturedusing the scheduled technical scheme. Preliminary experiments are made using theprototype.
本论文对汽车激光防撞系统的设计要求进行了系统的分析和研究，提出了适用于这一场合激光测距机的主要技术参数。系统研究了激光测距机的相关理论和关键技术，详细讨论了测距体制，在此基础上提出了一种采用半导体激光器的小型高频激光测距机研究方案，全面分析了该方案的主要理论问题和关键技术。
该研究方案采用直接探测脉冲激光探测体制，以波长为905nm的脉冲半导体激光器作为激光光源，利用单元APD探测器进行探测，采用可编程逻辑器件构成的高速计数器来获得激光脉冲飞行的精确时间。按照此方案研制成功原理样机，利用样机进行了初步实验。
As the retain number of automobile has sharply increased recent years, road trafficsafety has been regarded as social problem. This dissertation is intended to design a laserranging system which can be used in automoblie active safety system. The system detectsthe road status in the distance using laser beam. It can assist the driver to estimate the risklevel and brake earlier in the dangerous situation.
The design specification of automobile precrash system have been analysed in thisdissertaion. Then a detailed technical parameter of laser rangefinder which can be used inautomobile precrash system has been proposed. Related theory and critical problems oflaser rangefinder have been discussed. By weighing the pros and cons of kinds of rangingmethods, The technical scheme of miniaturized, high frenquency diode laser rangefinderhas been decided.
The project adopts pulsed laser ranging in noncoherent detect mode, uses a 905nmpulsed laser diode as the laser source, detects object with a single APD, adopts ahigh-speed counter achieved in a programable logic device(CPLD) to measure theaccurate time-of-flight interval. A funtional prototype of rangefinder are manufacturedusing the scheduled technical scheme. Preliminary experiments are made using theprototype.
引文
1．江月松．光电技术与实验．第1版．北京：北京理工大学出版社，2000
2．康华光．电子技术基础：模拟部分．第4版．北京．高等教育出版社，2001
3．侯伯亨，顾新．VHDL硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计．第2版．西安．西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
4．(日)久保寺忠．高速数字电路设计与安装技巧．第1版．北京．科学出版社，2006
5．戴永江．激光雷达原理．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社，2002
6．胡春生．脉冲半导体激光器高速三维成像激光雷达研究[博士学位论文]．国防科技大学，2005
7．黄震．脉冲激光测距接收电路与计时方法研究[硕士学位论文]．浙江大学，2004
8．任明冰．半导体脉冲激光测距机的硬件设计[硕士学位论文]．南京理工大学，2003
9. Sargent, R. Miniaturized, multi-beam, solid-state scanning laser radar in automobile collision avoidance sensor systems. Proceedings of the SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, v 2472, 1995, 82-92
10. Kay Ch. Fuerstenberg, Pierre Baraud, Gabriella Caporaletti, Silvia Citelli, Zafrir Eitan, Ulrich Lages, Christophe Lavergne. Development of a Pre-Crash sensorial system-the CHAMELEON project Proceedings of Joint VDI/VW Congress: Vehicle Concepts for the 2nd Century of Automotive Technology, Wolfsburg, Germany
11. Bruno Dion, Nick Begone. An overview of avalanche photodiodes and pulsed lasers as they are used in 3D laser radar type applications. Proceedings of the SPIE Vol.5435, 2004, 187-195
12. Robert Brun. Gallium-arsenide eyesafe laser rangefinder. SPIE Vol.1207 Laser Safety, Eyesafe Laser Systems, and Laser Eye Protection, 1990, 172-181
13. A.Perger, J.Metz, J.Tiedeke, E.Rille. Eyesafe diode laser rangefinder technology. SPIE Vol. 1419 Eyesafe Lasers: Components, Systems, and Applications, 1991, 75-83
14．胡春生，秦石乔，王省书，贾宏进．车用防撞LD测距仪的设计．激光与红外．2006，36(8)：632-634．643
15. PerkinElmer Inc. C30737 Epitaxial Silicon Avalanche Photodiode. PerkinElmer Inc, 2004
16. PerkinElmer Inc. Avalanche Photodiode: A User's Guide. PerkinElmer Inc, 2003
17. PerkinElmer Inc. PGEW Series 905nm Plastic Pulsed Laser Diode. PerkinElmer Inc, 2002
18．陈炳林，张河，孙全意．微型大电流窄脉宽半导体激光器电源的研究．仪器仪表学报．2004，25(4)：491-493
19. IXYS RF. DE150-201N09A RF Power MOSFET. IXYS RF, 2003
20．谭显裕．脉冲激光测距仪雪崩光电探测器最佳工作状态和接收灵敏度研究．光电子技术．2001，21(2)：129-137
21．付有余．激光测距与跟踪系统低噪声电子设计方法．光学精密工程．2000，8(3)：250-253
22. S. Johri, K. M. K Srivatsa, J. P. Pachauri. 622 Mbps APD/FET optical front-end receiver: design, technology and performance. SPIE Vol. 3666, 404-410
23. Nick Berton, Bruno Dion, Paul Webb and Lex Anderson. Avalanche Photodiodes in High-Speed Receiver Modules. Lasers & Optronics, May 1997, pp 13-15
24. Palojarvi Pasi, Ruotsalainen Tarmo, Kostamovaara Juha. A New Approach to Avoid Walk Error in Pulsed Laser Rangefinding. Proceedings-IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1999, 1: I-258-261
25. On Semiconductor. NB4NS07A 3.3V/SV, 50MHz to 200MHz PECL Clock Synthesizer.On Semiconductor, 2006
26. VISHAY Telefunken. BFR92Datasheet. VISHAY Telefunken, 2000
27．霍玉晶，陈千颂，潘志文．脉冲激光雷达的时间间隔测量综述．激光与红外．2001，31(3)：136-139
28．马业伟，赵尚弘，蒙文，马丽华．激光测距信号内插法研究．现代电子技术．2007(2)：17 1-174
29．陈千颂，杨成伟，潘志文，霍玉晶．激光飞行时间测距关键技术进展．激光与红外．2002，32(1)：7-11
30．谢登科，徐端颐，齐国生，张启程．基于数字移相的高精度脉宽测量系统及其FPGA实现．电子技术应用．2004(1)：27-29
31. Altera Corporation. MAX Ⅱ Device Handbook. Altera Corporation, 2004
32. Chang Chih-yao, Yu Hao-cheng et al. A Propagation Delay Ring Time-to_Digital Converter for High Repetition Laser Ranging. Journal of Opto-eiectronics, Laser 2000, 11 (3): 289-294
33．孙挺，李众立，黄玉清，罗霞．基于CMOS图像传感器0V5017的计算机并口图像采集系统．现代电子技术．2004(8)：24-27
34．张奇，刘济林，郭小军，顾伟康．激光测距成像雷达三维测距：存在问题及解决方法．浙江大学学报．1998，32(6)：732-738
35．孙东松，杨昭，薛国刚．直接探测测风速雷达的性能分析．红外与激光工程，2003，32(2)：115-117
36．朱宝明．激光雷达的发展．微波与雷达，1999，11：13-17
37．陆祖康，臧侃，李培勇．激光雷达三维成像系统的研究．浙江大学学报(工学 版)，1999，33(4)：418-421
38．邓玉元，吴琼．数字电路中等占空比分频器的实现．现代电子技术，2006，24：25-26
39．郭冠军，李树楷，胡以华．机载激光雷达测距性能研究．光电子激光，2001，12(6)：592-595
2．康华光．电子技术基础：模拟部分．第4版．北京．高等教育出版社，2001
3．侯伯亨，顾新．VHDL硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计．第2版．西安．西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
4．(日)久保寺忠．高速数字电路设计与安装技巧．第1版．北京．科学出版社，2006
5．戴永江．激光雷达原理．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社，2002
6．胡春生．脉冲半导体激光器高速三维成像激光雷达研究[博士学位论文]．国防科技大学，2005
7．黄震．脉冲激光测距接收电路与计时方法研究[硕士学位论文]．浙江大学，2004
8．任明冰．半导体脉冲激光测距机的硬件设计[硕士学位论文]．南京理工大学，2003
9. Sargent, R. Miniaturized, multi-beam, solid-state scanning laser radar in automobile collision avoidance sensor systems. Proceedings of the SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, v 2472, 1995, 82-92
10. Kay Ch. Fuerstenberg, Pierre Baraud, Gabriella Caporaletti, Silvia Citelli, Zafrir Eitan, Ulrich Lages, Christophe Lavergne. Development of a Pre-Crash sensorial system-the CHAMELEON project Proceedings of Joint VDI/VW Congress: Vehicle Concepts for the 2nd Century of Automotive Technology, Wolfsburg, Germany
11. Bruno Dion, Nick Begone. An overview of avalanche photodiodes and pulsed lasers as they are used in 3D laser radar type applications. Proceedings of the SPIE Vol.5435, 2004, 187-195
12. Robert Brun. Gallium-arsenide eyesafe laser rangefinder. SPIE Vol.1207 Laser Safety, Eyesafe Laser Systems, and Laser Eye Protection, 1990, 172-181
13. A.Perger, J.Metz, J.Tiedeke, E.Rille. Eyesafe diode laser rangefinder technology. SPIE Vol. 1419 Eyesafe Lasers: Components, Systems, and Applications, 1991, 75-83
14．胡春生，秦石乔，王省书，贾宏进．车用防撞LD测距仪的设计．激光与红外．2006，36(8)：632-634．643
15. PerkinElmer Inc. C30737 Epitaxial Silicon Avalanche Photodiode. PerkinElmer Inc, 2004
16. PerkinElmer Inc. Avalanche Photodiode: A User's Guide. PerkinElmer Inc, 2003
17. PerkinElmer Inc. PGEW Series 905nm Plastic Pulsed Laser Diode. PerkinElmer Inc, 2002
18．陈炳林，张河，孙全意．微型大电流窄脉宽半导体激光器电源的研究．仪器仪表学报．2004，25(4)：491-493
19. IXYS RF. DE150-201N09A RF Power MOSFET. IXYS RF, 2003
20．谭显裕．脉冲激光测距仪雪崩光电探测器最佳工作状态和接收灵敏度研究．光电子技术．2001，21(2)：129-137
21．付有余．激光测距与跟踪系统低噪声电子设计方法．光学精密工程．2000，8(3)：250-253
22. S. Johri, K. M. K Srivatsa, J. P. Pachauri. 622 Mbps APD/FET optical front-end receiver: design, technology and performance. SPIE Vol. 3666, 404-410
23. Nick Berton, Bruno Dion, Paul Webb and Lex Anderson. Avalanche Photodiodes in High-Speed Receiver Modules. Lasers & Optronics, May 1997, pp 13-15
24. Palojarvi Pasi, Ruotsalainen Tarmo, Kostamovaara Juha. A New Approach to Avoid Walk Error in Pulsed Laser Rangefinding. Proceedings-IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1999, 1: I-258-261
25. On Semiconductor. NB4NS07A 3.3V/SV, 50MHz to 200MHz PECL Clock Synthesizer.On Semiconductor, 2006
26. VISHAY Telefunken. BFR92Datasheet. VISHAY Telefunken, 2000
27．霍玉晶，陈千颂，潘志文．脉冲激光雷达的时间间隔测量综述．激光与红外．2001，31(3)：136-139
28．马业伟，赵尚弘，蒙文，马丽华．激光测距信号内插法研究．现代电子技术．2007(2)：17 1-174
29．陈千颂，杨成伟，潘志文，霍玉晶．激光飞行时间测距关键技术进展．激光与红外．2002，32(1)：7-11
30．谢登科，徐端颐，齐国生，张启程．基于数字移相的高精度脉宽测量系统及其FPGA实现．电子技术应用．2004(1)：27-29
31. Altera Corporation. MAX Ⅱ Device Handbook. Altera Corporation, 2004
32. Chang Chih-yao, Yu Hao-cheng et al. A Propagation Delay Ring Time-to_Digital Converter for High Repetition Laser Ranging. Journal of Opto-eiectronics, Laser 2000, 11 (3): 289-294
33．孙挺，李众立，黄玉清，罗霞．基于CMOS图像传感器0V5017的计算机并口图像采集系统．现代电子技术．2004(8)：24-27
34．张奇，刘济林，郭小军，顾伟康．激光测距成像雷达三维测距：存在问题及解决方法．浙江大学学报．1998，32(6)：732-738
35．孙东松，杨昭，薛国刚．直接探测测风速雷达的性能分析．红外与激光工程，2003，32(2)：115-117
36．朱宝明．激光雷达的发展．微波与雷达，1999，11：13-17
37．陆祖康，臧侃，李培勇．激光雷达三维成像系统的研究．浙江大学学报(工学 版)，1999，33(4)：418-421
38．邓玉元，吴琼．数字电路中等占空比分频器的实现．现代电子技术，2006，24：25-26
39．郭冠军，李树楷，胡以华．机载激光雷达测距性能研究．光电子激光，2001，12(6)：592-595