基于数字全息技术的粒子场粒度测量方法研究
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摘要
随着电子、化工、机械、冶金、制药、环境保护等工业和科学技术的发展，人们经常需要精确测量一些微粒的尺寸和形状，粒子粒度的测量对工农业生产、环保、国防和人类健康有重要意义。在需要对微粒进行粒度测量的许多领域中，有多种可供选择的粒度测量方法。近年来，随着高分辨率CCD及计算机技术的高速发展，数字同轴全息技术因其能够实现三维粒子场的动态测量和细节信息获取，成为粒度测量方法的一个研究热点。本文围绕粒子场粒度测量，在粒子场数字同轴全息的数字记录和再现、提高再现像质量和粒子场再现像的图像分析这三方面开展研究，具体做了如下的研究工作。
首先从光衍射理论出发，系统分析了数字全息记录和再现的数学描述，研究比较了菲涅耳变换法、卷积法这两种常用的数字全息再现算法。详细推导了数字全息再现的小波变换再现算法，对卷积算法和小波变换算法进行了仿真实验和比较。对粒子场数字同轴全息的平面波记录系统和球面波记录系统进行了理论分析，建立了粒子场测量光路系统和测量模型。
其次，针对粒子场数字全息再现像质量的提高，研究了小波阈值降噪的理论基础，建立了再现像散斑噪声模型。基于边缘检测的小波阈值散斑噪声去除思路，提出了两种具体的散斑噪声去除算法。第一种算法中对小波变换模极大值边缘检测算法进行了改进，提出了一种双阈值基础上的自适应阈值算法实现更精确的边缘检测，并将改进的小波模极大值边缘检测算法和基于Neyman-Pearson准则的小波阈值去噪应用到数字全息再现像散斑噪声抑制中。第二种算法中对小波阈值函数进行了改进，提出了一种折中阈值函数，该阈值函数既保证了重构图像的平滑性，又能更好地突出图像局部特征的性质，并将改进的折中阈值函数应用到数字全息再现像散斑噪声抑制中。实验结果表明，两种方法在消除数字全息再现像的散斑噪声同时，较好地保持了图像边缘，提高了再现像质量。
最后，在基于典型全息图分析方法研究的基础上，采用全息图再现像分析方法对粒子场粒度进行测量。系统研究了数字同轴全息成像系统的点扩散函数，对粒子图像直径与真实直径之间的关系进行了理论分析。提出了一套数字图像处理方法从粒子场再现像中获得粒子空间位置、粒度信息。对粒子场全息再现像分析中的粒子提取和粒子定位这两个关键问题进行了研究，采用边缘检测方法实现粒子与背景分离的粒子提取方法；并提出了一种基于小波变换模值平均值的粒子定位算法，从变换域的角度进行粒子聚焦判别，实现粒子精确定位。研究了链码技术和区域目标面积计算方法，采用基于Freeman8-链码的区域面积计算方法进行粒度计算，以提高粒度计算效率和精度。最后利用本文提出的图像处理方法对标准粒子场进行了实验测量，实验结果证明了该图像分析处理方法的可行性。
With the development of science and technology in electronics, chemicals,machinery, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals and environmental protection, the accuratemeasurement of the particle size and shape is needed. The particle size measurement isvery important to the industrial and agricultural production, the environmental protection,national defense and human health significance. In many particle size measurement areas,there are many measurement methods to choice. In recent years, with the rapiddevelopment of the high-resolution CCD and computer technology, the digital in-lineholographic particle size measurement method has become a hot research focus becauseit can realize dynamic measurement and get details information of the three-dimensionalparticle field. This paper carries out research about the particle size measurement in threeaspects. It is the recording and reconstruction of particle field digital in-line holographic,the quality improving of reconstruction image and the analysis of particle fieldreconstruction image. The main research works of the thesis are as follows:
First of all, based on the optical diffraction theory of light, the mathematicaldescription of digital holographic recording and reconstruction is analyzed. And thedigital holographic reconstruction algorithm of the Fresnel transform method is comparedwith the convolution method. The wavelet transform reconstruction algorithm of digitalholographic is detailed derived, and the simulation experiments and the comparing aredone to the convolution algorithm and the wavelet transform algorithm. The digitalin-line holographic recording system theory of plane wave and spherical wave of theparticle field are analyzed. And the particle field measurement optical system andmeasurement model are established.
Secondly, in order to improve the particle field digital holography reconstructionimage quality, the theoretical basis of the wavelet threshold denoising is studied, anddigital holography speckle noise model is established. And two specific speckle noiseremoval algorithms based on the ideas of edge detection and wavelet transformthresholding noise removal are put forward. In the first method, the wavelet modulus maxima edge detection algorithm is improved, and the adaptive threshold based on a dualthreshold algorithm is proposed to achieve more accurate edge detection. The improvedalgorithm and wavelet threshold denoising based on the Neyman-Pearson criterion areapplied to suppress the speckle noise of digital holographic reconstruction images. In thesecond method, the wavelet threshold function is improved. A compromise thresholdfunction is proposed, and the threshold function can both ensure the smoothness of thereconstructed image, and better highlight the local features of the image. And theimproved compromise threshold function is applied to digital holographic reconstructedimages speckle noise suppression. Experimental results show that the two methods cansuppress digital holography speckle noise and keep better the edge of the imagesimultaneously, and the reconstructed image quality is improved.
Finally, the hologram reconstruction image analysis method is used to measure theparticle size of the particle field. The point spread function of the digital the in-lineholographic imaging system is systematical studied, and the relationship between theparticle image diameter and the true diameter is theoretical analyzed. A set of digitalimage processing method is proposed to obtain the particle spatial location and particlesize from the reconstructed images. The two key issues of particle extraction and particlepositioning are studied, and the edge detection method is used to separating the particlesfrom the background. And a particle positioning algorithm based on wavelet transformmodulus average value is proposed, the positioning algorithm distinguishes particle focusplane in the transform domain and can achieve precise particle positioning. The chaincode technology and regional target area calculation method are studied, and the Freeman8-chain code target area calculation method is used to calculate the particle size toimprove the efficiency and accuracy of particle size computing. Finally, the imageprocessing method is used in the experimental measurement of the standard particles, andthe experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the image analysis and processingmethod.
首先从光衍射理论出发，系统分析了数字全息记录和再现的数学描述，研究比较了菲涅耳变换法、卷积法这两种常用的数字全息再现算法。详细推导了数字全息再现的小波变换再现算法，对卷积算法和小波变换算法进行了仿真实验和比较。对粒子场数字同轴全息的平面波记录系统和球面波记录系统进行了理论分析，建立了粒子场测量光路系统和测量模型。
其次，针对粒子场数字全息再现像质量的提高，研究了小波阈值降噪的理论基础，建立了再现像散斑噪声模型。基于边缘检测的小波阈值散斑噪声去除思路，提出了两种具体的散斑噪声去除算法。第一种算法中对小波变换模极大值边缘检测算法进行了改进，提出了一种双阈值基础上的自适应阈值算法实现更精确的边缘检测，并将改进的小波模极大值边缘检测算法和基于Neyman-Pearson准则的小波阈值去噪应用到数字全息再现像散斑噪声抑制中。第二种算法中对小波阈值函数进行了改进，提出了一种折中阈值函数，该阈值函数既保证了重构图像的平滑性，又能更好地突出图像局部特征的性质，并将改进的折中阈值函数应用到数字全息再现像散斑噪声抑制中。实验结果表明，两种方法在消除数字全息再现像的散斑噪声同时，较好地保持了图像边缘，提高了再现像质量。
最后，在基于典型全息图分析方法研究的基础上，采用全息图再现像分析方法对粒子场粒度进行测量。系统研究了数字同轴全息成像系统的点扩散函数，对粒子图像直径与真实直径之间的关系进行了理论分析。提出了一套数字图像处理方法从粒子场再现像中获得粒子空间位置、粒度信息。对粒子场全息再现像分析中的粒子提取和粒子定位这两个关键问题进行了研究，采用边缘检测方法实现粒子与背景分离的粒子提取方法；并提出了一种基于小波变换模值平均值的粒子定位算法，从变换域的角度进行粒子聚焦判别，实现粒子精确定位。研究了链码技术和区域目标面积计算方法，采用基于Freeman8-链码的区域面积计算方法进行粒度计算，以提高粒度计算效率和精度。最后利用本文提出的图像处理方法对标准粒子场进行了实验测量，实验结果证明了该图像分析处理方法的可行性。
With the development of science and technology in electronics, chemicals,machinery, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals and environmental protection, the accuratemeasurement of the particle size and shape is needed. The particle size measurement isvery important to the industrial and agricultural production, the environmental protection,national defense and human health significance. In many particle size measurement areas,there are many measurement methods to choice. In recent years, with the rapiddevelopment of the high-resolution CCD and computer technology, the digital in-lineholographic particle size measurement method has become a hot research focus becauseit can realize dynamic measurement and get details information of the three-dimensionalparticle field. This paper carries out research about the particle size measurement in threeaspects. It is the recording and reconstruction of particle field digital in-line holographic,the quality improving of reconstruction image and the analysis of particle fieldreconstruction image. The main research works of the thesis are as follows:
First of all, based on the optical diffraction theory of light, the mathematicaldescription of digital holographic recording and reconstruction is analyzed. And thedigital holographic reconstruction algorithm of the Fresnel transform method is comparedwith the convolution method. The wavelet transform reconstruction algorithm of digitalholographic is detailed derived, and the simulation experiments and the comparing aredone to the convolution algorithm and the wavelet transform algorithm. The digitalin-line holographic recording system theory of plane wave and spherical wave of theparticle field are analyzed. And the particle field measurement optical system andmeasurement model are established.
Secondly, in order to improve the particle field digital holography reconstructionimage quality, the theoretical basis of the wavelet threshold denoising is studied, anddigital holography speckle noise model is established. And two specific speckle noiseremoval algorithms based on the ideas of edge detection and wavelet transformthresholding noise removal are put forward. In the first method, the wavelet modulus maxima edge detection algorithm is improved, and the adaptive threshold based on a dualthreshold algorithm is proposed to achieve more accurate edge detection. The improvedalgorithm and wavelet threshold denoising based on the Neyman-Pearson criterion areapplied to suppress the speckle noise of digital holographic reconstruction images. In thesecond method, the wavelet threshold function is improved. A compromise thresholdfunction is proposed, and the threshold function can both ensure the smoothness of thereconstructed image, and better highlight the local features of the image. And theimproved compromise threshold function is applied to digital holographic reconstructedimages speckle noise suppression. Experimental results show that the two methods cansuppress digital holography speckle noise and keep better the edge of the imagesimultaneously, and the reconstructed image quality is improved.
Finally, the hologram reconstruction image analysis method is used to measure theparticle size of the particle field. The point spread function of the digital the in-lineholographic imaging system is systematical studied, and the relationship between theparticle image diameter and the true diameter is theoretical analyzed. A set of digitalimage processing method is proposed to obtain the particle spatial location and particlesize from the reconstructed images. The two key issues of particle extraction and particlepositioning are studied, and the edge detection method is used to separating the particlesfrom the background. And a particle positioning algorithm based on wavelet transformmodulus average value is proposed, the positioning algorithm distinguishes particle focusplane in the transform domain and can achieve precise particle positioning. The chaincode technology and regional target area calculation method are studied, and the Freeman8-chain code target area calculation method is used to calculate the particle size toimprove the efficiency and accuracy of particle size computing. Finally, the imageprocessing method is used in the experimental measurement of the standard particles, andthe experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the image analysis and processingmethod.
引文
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