铁路隧道列车活塞风特性分析及理论研究
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摘要
列车通过隧道产生的活塞风是隧道空气动力学现象之一,也是解决隧道通风,特别是单向长隧道运营通风问题的主要组成部分。论文从活塞风应用与研究的现状出发,对活塞风进行了全面系统的研究,为隧道通风工程合理、有效地考虑和利用活塞风提供了依据。
研究以列车作用区间为活塞风“压源”,利用流体力学基本理论和基本方程,根据不同流段的流动结构和作用原理,分析、论证了列车活塞风的形成机理；提出了活塞风压力计算的方法。理论研究结果充分反映了隧道、列车各主要作用条件对活塞风的影响;通过主要变数的动态分析,得出了活塞风的综合特性和变化规律。环隙流动是列车与气流之间实现功能转换的主要组成部分,根据管道湍流半经验理论和相关变换,建立了环隙流动的速度分布关系式,分析了流场的主要特征。
通过分析和论证,确定了活塞风研究的基本理论模型,即不可压缩流体的定常流动。提出了由头部推动力增压、尾部牵引力增压和环隙剪切力增压共同构成的活塞风压力的表达式。根据相对运动原理和基本方程,建立了头部和尾部增压的计算式,其增压与阻塞比α、流段的流动特性和头部绕流阻力系数CDN有关。根据动量平衡原理和管道湍流半经验理论,建立了由动(列车)壁切应力和静(隧道)壁切应力构成的环隙均匀段的剪切力增压关系式,该增压与环隙几何特征、壁面阻力特性和环隙流动的速度分布特性有关。对于由动壁与静壁组成的环隙来说,始终存在着相对于静壁的压力流和动壁拖动的曳力流。在此基础上,提出了环隙流动可视为Poiseuille型湍流和Couette型湍流组合而成。同时,应用镜像原理和流动变换,建立了Couette型湍流的基本关系；应用管道湍流半经验理论和坐标变换方法,建立了环隙组合流动的速度分布关系式和特征速度的位置关系式。
参照国外隧道空气动力学进行实车试验研究的基本参数,利用本研究提供的方法进行活塞风计算,将计算结果与试验测量结果比较,吻合度较好,说明活塞风计算中相关理论研究和假定是合理的。根据流体力学原理和相似理论进行了以水为介质的模型试验,对活塞风速和活塞风压进行了测定。初步结果表明,这是一种简单而可靠的试验方法,将为活塞风的试验研究提供有益参考和借鉴。
The piston wind in train running through a tunnel is one of the phenomenons of tunnel aerodynamics and also the main component part to solve the tunnel ventilation problems, especially to one-way long and special long tunnel. Taking into account the current conditions of application and investigation, general and systematic research in this paper provides the basis for considering and using the piston wind reasonably and effectively in tunnel ventilation engineering.
Making use of the fundamentals and equations of fluid mechanics, according to the structure of flow and the principle of action of different flow sections, the train action segment is regarded as "press source" of piston wind in this paper to demonstrate the mechanism of piston wind and advance the calculation method of piston wind pressure. The theoretical study results fully show the influence of every main action term of tunnels and trains on piston wind and derive the overall characteristics and variation law through dynamic analysis of the main variables. On the basis of the pipe turbulence half-experience theories and related transformation, the velocity distribution relationship of annulus flow which is the main component part of the functional transformation between train and airflow is established and the main properties of flow field are analyzed.
Through analysis and demonstration in this paper, the fundamental theoretical model for studying piston wind is determined, namely the steady flow of incompressible fluid, and the expressions of piston wind's pressurization which is composed of propulsive force of train nose, traction force of train tail and shearing force of annulus are put forward. According to the relative movement principles and basis equations, the train nose and tail's formulas of pressurization which is related to blockage ratio a, behavior of flow section and coefficient of resistance in the flow around nose are set up. According to the principles of momentum balance and pipe turbulence half-experience theories, the annulus homogeneous section's relationship of pressurization which is caused by shearing stress of moving (train) and static (tunnel) walls and related to the geometrical characteristics, wall resistance properties and features of velocity distribution of annulus are built. To annulus, these flows always include pressure flow which is relative to the static wall and drag force flow which is caused by the moving wall. On this basis, the annulus flow is viewed as the combination of two kinds of flows, namely the Poiseuille turbulence and the Couette turbulence. At same time, taking advantage of the mirror principle and flow transformation, the essential relationship of the Couette turbulence is established; by the pipe turbulence half-experience theories and method of coordinate transformation, the velocity relationship and characteristic velocity location relationship of annulus combination flow are put forward. comprehensive evaluation method not only can avoid the disadvantages brought by the single evaluation method, but also integrate different advantages. And then detailed discussed the basic principle of DEA and TOPSIS, and improved existing theory and method. Based on this, this paper presents the evaluation model combined the DEA with the TOPSIS which contraposes and compares the service quality of the PDL in different sections. Finally, this paper takes the PDL in four sections as the research objects and verifies the scientificity and the practicality of this model. Also, it puts forwards the countermeasures and Suggestions which is used to improve service quality in PDL through the analysis of the results in the evaluation.
研究以列车作用区间为活塞风“压源”,利用流体力学基本理论和基本方程,根据不同流段的流动结构和作用原理,分析、论证了列车活塞风的形成机理；提出了活塞风压力计算的方法。理论研究结果充分反映了隧道、列车各主要作用条件对活塞风的影响;通过主要变数的动态分析,得出了活塞风的综合特性和变化规律。环隙流动是列车与气流之间实现功能转换的主要组成部分,根据管道湍流半经验理论和相关变换,建立了环隙流动的速度分布关系式,分析了流场的主要特征。
通过分析和论证,确定了活塞风研究的基本理论模型,即不可压缩流体的定常流动。提出了由头部推动力增压、尾部牵引力增压和环隙剪切力增压共同构成的活塞风压力的表达式。根据相对运动原理和基本方程,建立了头部和尾部增压的计算式,其增压与阻塞比α、流段的流动特性和头部绕流阻力系数CDN有关。根据动量平衡原理和管道湍流半经验理论,建立了由动(列车)壁切应力和静(隧道)壁切应力构成的环隙均匀段的剪切力增压关系式,该增压与环隙几何特征、壁面阻力特性和环隙流动的速度分布特性有关。对于由动壁与静壁组成的环隙来说,始终存在着相对于静壁的压力流和动壁拖动的曳力流。在此基础上,提出了环隙流动可视为Poiseuille型湍流和Couette型湍流组合而成。同时,应用镜像原理和流动变换,建立了Couette型湍流的基本关系；应用管道湍流半经验理论和坐标变换方法,建立了环隙组合流动的速度分布关系式和特征速度的位置关系式。
参照国外隧道空气动力学进行实车试验研究的基本参数,利用本研究提供的方法进行活塞风计算,将计算结果与试验测量结果比较,吻合度较好,说明活塞风计算中相关理论研究和假定是合理的。根据流体力学原理和相似理论进行了以水为介质的模型试验,对活塞风速和活塞风压进行了测定。初步结果表明,这是一种简单而可靠的试验方法,将为活塞风的试验研究提供有益参考和借鉴。
The piston wind in train running through a tunnel is one of the phenomenons of tunnel aerodynamics and also the main component part to solve the tunnel ventilation problems, especially to one-way long and special long tunnel. Taking into account the current conditions of application and investigation, general and systematic research in this paper provides the basis for considering and using the piston wind reasonably and effectively in tunnel ventilation engineering.
Making use of the fundamentals and equations of fluid mechanics, according to the structure of flow and the principle of action of different flow sections, the train action segment is regarded as "press source" of piston wind in this paper to demonstrate the mechanism of piston wind and advance the calculation method of piston wind pressure. The theoretical study results fully show the influence of every main action term of tunnels and trains on piston wind and derive the overall characteristics and variation law through dynamic analysis of the main variables. On the basis of the pipe turbulence half-experience theories and related transformation, the velocity distribution relationship of annulus flow which is the main component part of the functional transformation between train and airflow is established and the main properties of flow field are analyzed.
Through analysis and demonstration in this paper, the fundamental theoretical model for studying piston wind is determined, namely the steady flow of incompressible fluid, and the expressions of piston wind's pressurization which is composed of propulsive force of train nose, traction force of train tail and shearing force of annulus are put forward. According to the relative movement principles and basis equations, the train nose and tail's formulas of pressurization which is related to blockage ratio a, behavior of flow section and coefficient of resistance in the flow around nose are set up. According to the principles of momentum balance and pipe turbulence half-experience theories, the annulus homogeneous section's relationship of pressurization which is caused by shearing stress of moving (train) and static (tunnel) walls and related to the geometrical characteristics, wall resistance properties and features of velocity distribution of annulus are built. To annulus, these flows always include pressure flow which is relative to the static wall and drag force flow which is caused by the moving wall. On this basis, the annulus flow is viewed as the combination of two kinds of flows, namely the Poiseuille turbulence and the Couette turbulence. At same time, taking advantage of the mirror principle and flow transformation, the essential relationship of the Couette turbulence is established; by the pipe turbulence half-experience theories and method of coordinate transformation, the velocity relationship and characteristic velocity location relationship of annulus combination flow are put forward. comprehensive evaluation method not only can avoid the disadvantages brought by the single evaluation method, but also integrate different advantages. And then detailed discussed the basic principle of DEA and TOPSIS, and improved existing theory and method. Based on this, this paper presents the evaluation model combined the DEA with the TOPSIS which contraposes and compares the service quality of the PDL in different sections. Finally, this paper takes the PDL in four sections as the research objects and verifies the scientificity and the practicality of this model. Also, it puts forwards the countermeasures and Suggestions which is used to improve service quality in PDL through the analysis of the results in the evaluation.
引文
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