孟子人性论思想研究
摘要
孟子的人性论思想内涵丰富、博大精深,是其整个哲学思想的基石,也是他对中国文化所做出的最大贡献。本文首先从孟子人性论思想的理论渊源、时代背景分析入手,以人性的界定、人性向善、天赋四心、本心可失、存心养性五方面展现了孟子人性论思想的主要内涵及论辨逻辑。孟子强调人的社会属性,以心善论性善,主张人性有向善的可能。然后,通过与荀子性恶论思想的分析比较,得出孟子人性论思想的主要特点:其一,从源头上谈人性,力求在“天命”中寻找人性的依据。其二,其人性论主要是讲人的伦理道德,强调先天的道德观。其三,孟子重视“心”的作用,推崇反身内省的道德修养方法。同时还提出孟子的人性论思想在关于人性界定中存有片面性,逻辑论证中缺乏现实内容基础等局限。最后,通过分析汉唐宋明时期儒家学者们的人性论思想,阐述了孟子人性论思想对后世所产生的重要学术影响。进而对孟子人性论思想的现代价值进行了挖掘,提出性善论为倡导向善提供了理论根基;对个人道德修养具有重要的启发意义。
Mencius' theory of human nature is broad and deep also profound, taken as the base of his overall philosophy as well as his greatest contribution to Chinese culture. The thesis begins with the analysis of the theoretical origins and historical background of Mencius' theory of humanity and introduces the theory and logics from five aspects: the delimitation of human nature, tendency toward goodness, four kind of talent consciousness, the maze of natural consciousness , and improving human nature purposely. Mencius emphasized the social nature of people, supporting that human nature is good for their conscience, therefore claimed the possibility of goodness-prone of it.
Then, by comparison with the theory of human nature of Xunzi, we can concludes the feature of his theory: firstly, the theory tries to find the proof from the destiny and takes the original consciousness as the base ; secondly, the theory of human nature is mainly about people's ethics, emphasizing the innate morality; thirdly, he pays more attention to the utility of the conscience, and magnifies method of moral introspection to improve oneself. And Mencius's theory of human nature has limitations in the delimitation of human nature, and is short of the basis of real content in the logical argument.
Finally, the thesis elaborates the important academic influence of the theory by analyzing theories of human nature of Confucian scholars in the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming Dynasties. Nowadays, Mencius's theory of human nature provides the theoretical foundations for goodness, and is important as well as instructive for the improvement of human’s ethic and morality.
Mencius' theory of human nature is broad and deep also profound, taken as the base of his overall philosophy as well as his greatest contribution to Chinese culture. The thesis begins with the analysis of the theoretical origins and historical background of Mencius' theory of humanity and introduces the theory and logics from five aspects: the delimitation of human nature, tendency toward goodness, four kind of talent consciousness, the maze of natural consciousness , and improving human nature purposely. Mencius emphasized the social nature of people, supporting that human nature is good for their conscience, therefore claimed the possibility of goodness-prone of it.
Then, by comparison with the theory of human nature of Xunzi, we can concludes the feature of his theory: firstly, the theory tries to find the proof from the destiny and takes the original consciousness as the base ; secondly, the theory of human nature is mainly about people's ethics, emphasizing the innate morality; thirdly, he pays more attention to the utility of the conscience, and magnifies method of moral introspection to improve oneself. And Mencius's theory of human nature has limitations in the delimitation of human nature, and is short of the basis of real content in the logical argument.
Finally, the thesis elaborates the important academic influence of the theory by analyzing theories of human nature of Confucian scholars in the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming Dynasties. Nowadays, Mencius's theory of human nature provides the theoretical foundations for goodness, and is important as well as instructive for the improvement of human’s ethic and morality.
引文
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[36]张奇伟.仁义礼智四位一体——论孟子伦理哲学思想[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2001(3).
[37]黄新建.从人性的二重性看孟子的性善论[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2007(2).
[38]崔海亮.浅析孟子性善论的形上根据[J].河南科技大学学报(社会科学版),2008(1).
[39]梁涛.“以生言性”的传统与孟子性善论[J].哲学研究,2007(7).
[40]向世陵.重民扬善心仪自由——孟子思想研究[J].中国人民大学学报,1999(3).
[41]王建疆.孟子的“性善论”与人格修养美学[J].西北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版)2002(4).
[42]李巧云.论孟子“性善论”的先验性与经验性[J].牡丹江师范学院学报(哲社版),2008(4).
[43]任颖卮.孟子“存心养性”的修养论[J].管子学刊,2008(3).
[44]叶金宝.论孟子和荀子人性思想的融通[J].河北学刊,2008(9).
[45]李晓春.从“内在超越”的角度看孟子与荀子的人性论分歧[J].华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000(6).
[46]程晋刚,徐国艮.孟子与告子人性论思想之比较[J].阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2007(3).
[47]王琦.孟子对孔子人性论的拓展与重构[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007(2).
[48]胡卫青.中西人性论的冲突:近代来华传教士与孟子性善论[J].复旦学报,2000(3).
[49]蔡德贵.孔子、孟子、荀子:早期儒家三大师思想之演变[J].暨南学报(哲学社会科学),1999(4).
[50](美)林同奇.孟子之心与性:史华兹与牟宗三的虚拟对话[J].中国哲学史,2003(1).
[2]杨伯峻.孟子导读[M].成都:巴蜀书社,1991.
[3]杨泽波.孟子性善论研究[M].北京:中国社科出版社,1995.
[4](宋)朱熹.孟子集注[M].济南:齐鲁书社,1997.
[5]傅佩荣.解读孟子[M].北京:线装书局,2006.
[6]谢祥皓.孟子思想研究[M].济南:山东大学出版社,1986.
[7]翟廷晋.孟子思想评析与探源[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,1992.
[8]董洪利.孟子研究[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社,1997.
[9]康有为,梁启超,章太炎等.孟子二十讲[C].北京:华夏出版社,2008.
[10]张奇伟.亚圣精蕴[M].北京:人民出版社,1997.
[11]王生平.旷世大儒——孟轲[M].石家庄:河北人民出版社,2001.
[12]高春花.荀子礼学思想及其现代价值[M].北京:人民出版社,2004.
[13]安小兰.荀子[M].北京:中华书局,2007.
[14]赵宗正.孔孟荀比较研究[M].济南:山东大学出版社,1988.
[15]唐凯麟,曹刚.重释传统——儒家思想的现代价值评估[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2000.
[16](清)焦循.孟子正义[M].北京:中华书局,1987.
[17]徐复观.中国人性论史(先秦篇)[M].上海:上海三联书店,2001.
[18]张岱年.中国哲学大纲[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1982.
[19]冯友兰.中国哲学史(上)[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2009.
[20]罗国杰.中国伦理思想史[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[21]朱贻庭.中国传统伦理思想史[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.
[22](汉)司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,1982.
[23]杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京:中华书局,2006.
[24](汉)王充.论衡[M].长沙:岳麓书局,2006.
[25]周振甫.诗经译注[M].北京:中华书局,2010.
[26]郭仁成.尚书今古文全璧[M].长沙:岳麓书局,2005.
[27]山东师范大学齐鲁文化研究中心.儒家思孟学派论集[C].济南:齐鲁书社,2008.
[28]中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局.马克思恩格斯选集[M].北京:人民出版社,1972.
[29]杨泽波.性善论对中国文化的影响[J].济南市社会主义学院学报,1999(1).
[30]梅良勇,乔团叶.孟子“性善论”思想探要[J].中共济南市委学校学报,2004(1).
[31]张鹏伟,郭齐勇.孟子性善论新探[J].齐鲁学刊,2006(4).
[32]赵法生.孟子性善论的多维解读[J].孔子研究,2007(6).
[33]陈利权.孟子性善论思想探要[J].宁波大学学报(人文科学版),2001(2).
[34]张树旺.析孟子“性善论”[J].中山大学研究生学刊,2001(2).
[35]陈春莲,史方倩.论孟子的性善伦理思想[J].北京政法职业学院学报,2006(2).
[36]张奇伟.仁义礼智四位一体——论孟子伦理哲学思想[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2001(3).
[37]黄新建.从人性的二重性看孟子的性善论[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2007(2).
[38]崔海亮.浅析孟子性善论的形上根据[J].河南科技大学学报(社会科学版),2008(1).
[39]梁涛.“以生言性”的传统与孟子性善论[J].哲学研究,2007(7).
[40]向世陵.重民扬善心仪自由——孟子思想研究[J].中国人民大学学报,1999(3).
[41]王建疆.孟子的“性善论”与人格修养美学[J].西北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版)2002(4).
[42]李巧云.论孟子“性善论”的先验性与经验性[J].牡丹江师范学院学报(哲社版),2008(4).
[43]任颖卮.孟子“存心养性”的修养论[J].管子学刊,2008(3).
[44]叶金宝.论孟子和荀子人性思想的融通[J].河北学刊,2008(9).
[45]李晓春.从“内在超越”的角度看孟子与荀子的人性论分歧[J].华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000(6).
[46]程晋刚,徐国艮.孟子与告子人性论思想之比较[J].阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2007(3).
[47]王琦.孟子对孔子人性论的拓展与重构[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007(2).
[48]胡卫青.中西人性论的冲突:近代来华传教士与孟子性善论[J].复旦学报,2000(3).
[49]蔡德贵.孔子、孟子、荀子:早期儒家三大师思想之演变[J].暨南学报(哲学社会科学),1999(4).
[50](美)林同奇.孟子之心与性:史华兹与牟宗三的虚拟对话[J].中国哲学史,2003(1).