东北地区产业集群竞争力研究
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摘要
随着区域经济一体化进程的推进,产业集群作为一种新型的经济模式,对经济发展的推动作用日益增强,通常是一个国家或地区的竞争力所在。就东北地区而言,由于经济体制落后、经济结构单一等原因,其产业集群的发展存在着诸多问题,如社会网络薄弱、创新能力低下,对经济的带动效应较差。因此,正确评价东北地区产业集群竞争力,认识其发展中存在的缺陷,对产业集群竞争力的提升以及东北经济的振兴意义重大。
本文通过深入分析产业集群竞争力的内涵和国内外学者的研究成果,确定了以波特钻石模型为方法基础的研究思路。在对波特钻石模型用于评价产业集群竞争力的局限性以及集群竞争力的来源进行总结的基础上,建立了以生产要素、集群内部发展和联系、集群外部支持和竞争、国内外市场需求条件、政府和机遇为构成要素的产业集群钻石模型,并确立了各个要素的评价方法。在此基础上,本文运用区位商法识别出东北地区存在石油化工、农业、医药、钢铁和装备制造业五大集群,并用产业集群钻石模型对各集群竞争力进行分析和评价,认为东北地区五大产业集群在产业关联、产业策略、社会网络三个竞争要素上均存在问题,从而导致了集群竞争力的低下;个别集群还存在着生产要素供给不足、产业质量低下、人才缺失、外部产业支持薄弱等问题。为此,本文建议东北地区从规划集群布局、重组集群产业链、调整集群组织构成、培养创新环境等方面着手,强化集群内部产业关联,明确产业组织策略,完善集群社会网络,从而提升该地区产业集群竞争力。
Along with development of regional economic integration, Industry clusters, as a new economic mode, have promoted competitive competence of countries and areas where it is. As to Northeast of China, as a result of traditional economic system and single economic structure, industry clusters there have many problems, such as weak network and inferior innovative ability which lead to low competitive competence and weak drive effect. So it is necessary to evaluate industry clusters’competitive competence in Northeast of China, finding it’s’superiority and flaw, which means much to improve of competitive competence and economic development.
Combining literature in and abroad, this paper makes Porter’s diamond model as research foundation. Considering Porter’s thoughts and five sources of cluster’s competitive competence: local adhering, social network, value chain and clusters’structure, this paper establishes a new model form factors, developing and relationship, support and competing, market demand, government and opportunity. This new model is named diamond model of industry cluster’s competitive competence, which is applied on industry clusters in Northeast of China. First, five clusters is recognized by LQ, including petrol chemistry, agricultural, pharmacy, steel and equip manufacture. Second, competitive competence of each industry cluster is analyzed from six aspects of the new model. The conclusions are industry clusters Northeast of China have common problem in social network, industry relating and industry strategy; petrol chemistry, pharmacy and equip cluster have problem of their own. Then, suggestion as setting enterpriser’s spirit, cultivating innovative environment, layout industry distribution, reconstructing value chain, choosing right organizing is promoted to solve common problems.
本文通过深入分析产业集群竞争力的内涵和国内外学者的研究成果,确定了以波特钻石模型为方法基础的研究思路。在对波特钻石模型用于评价产业集群竞争力的局限性以及集群竞争力的来源进行总结的基础上,建立了以生产要素、集群内部发展和联系、集群外部支持和竞争、国内外市场需求条件、政府和机遇为构成要素的产业集群钻石模型,并确立了各个要素的评价方法。在此基础上,本文运用区位商法识别出东北地区存在石油化工、农业、医药、钢铁和装备制造业五大集群,并用产业集群钻石模型对各集群竞争力进行分析和评价,认为东北地区五大产业集群在产业关联、产业策略、社会网络三个竞争要素上均存在问题,从而导致了集群竞争力的低下;个别集群还存在着生产要素供给不足、产业质量低下、人才缺失、外部产业支持薄弱等问题。为此,本文建议东北地区从规划集群布局、重组集群产业链、调整集群组织构成、培养创新环境等方面着手,强化集群内部产业关联,明确产业组织策略,完善集群社会网络,从而提升该地区产业集群竞争力。
Along with development of regional economic integration, Industry clusters, as a new economic mode, have promoted competitive competence of countries and areas where it is. As to Northeast of China, as a result of traditional economic system and single economic structure, industry clusters there have many problems, such as weak network and inferior innovative ability which lead to low competitive competence and weak drive effect. So it is necessary to evaluate industry clusters’competitive competence in Northeast of China, finding it’s’superiority and flaw, which means much to improve of competitive competence and economic development.
Combining literature in and abroad, this paper makes Porter’s diamond model as research foundation. Considering Porter’s thoughts and five sources of cluster’s competitive competence: local adhering, social network, value chain and clusters’structure, this paper establishes a new model form factors, developing and relationship, support and competing, market demand, government and opportunity. This new model is named diamond model of industry cluster’s competitive competence, which is applied on industry clusters in Northeast of China. First, five clusters is recognized by LQ, including petrol chemistry, agricultural, pharmacy, steel and equip manufacture. Second, competitive competence of each industry cluster is analyzed from six aspects of the new model. The conclusions are industry clusters Northeast of China have common problem in social network, industry relating and industry strategy; petrol chemistry, pharmacy and equip cluster have problem of their own. Then, suggestion as setting enterpriser’s spirit, cultivating innovative environment, layout industry distribution, reconstructing value chain, choosing right organizing is promoted to solve common problems.
引文
1马歇尔.经济学原理.商务印书馆, 1991:402~435
2 Guido Nassimbeni. Network structures and co-ordination mechanisms: A taxonomy. International Journal of Operation & Production Management. 1998, 18(6): 538~554
3 Schmitz, Hubert. On the clustering of small firms. Brighton: IDS Bulletin. 1992, 23(3): 64~69
4 Michael E. Porter. Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review. 1998, 76(6): 77~90
5 P. Swann, M. Prevezer. A comparison of the dynamics of industrial clustering in computing and biotechnology. Research Policy. 1996, (25): 1139~1157
6 Rui Baptista, P. Swann. Do firms in clusters innovate more? Research Policy. 1998, (27): 525~540
7 Johannes Traxler, Michael I. Luger. Businesses and the internet: implications for firm location and clustering. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice. 2000, (2): 279~300
8 A. Stuart, Rosenfeld. Bringing business clusters into the mainstream of economic development. European Planning Studies. 1997, 5(1): 3~24
9吴思华.知识资本在台湾.远流出版社,2001: 17~23
10仇保兴.小企业集群研究.复旦大学出版社,1999: 26~40
11 Michael E. Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Harvard Business Review. March-April 1990:73~93
12朱方伟.产业集群的核心要素演进分析.科学学与科学技术管理.2004,(2): 64~69
13 Ahuja Gautam. Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(3):425~456
14 Myeyer Stamer. Understanding the Determinants of Vibrant Business Development: The Systemic Competitiveness Perspective. 2003: 25~35
15 Lynn Mytelka, Fulvia Farinelli. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness. Regional Studies. 2000,34(1):31~49
16张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理.中国软科学.2003, (1):70~74
17杨桂丽.区域产业集群竞争力的GEM模型应用研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文.2005:30~48
18林祝波.产业集群竞争力的比较研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文.2005:5~7
19韦伯.工业区位论中译本.商务印书馆, 1997:98~124
20 Krugman. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography Journal of Political Economy. 1991, (99):183~199
21 Krugman. Geography and trade. MIT Press. 1991:307~345
22 Jay Mitra. Building Entrepreneurial Clusters. The Economic Journal 2003,25(2):226~232
23 J. Edward, Feser. Introduction to Regional Industry Cluster Regional Industry Cluster Analysis. Environment and Urban Systems. 2001,(6): 173~185
24 G. Tichy. Cycles of regional competence-On the importance of product life and cluster theory in a regional context. Zeitschrift für Writs chafts geographie. 2001, (45): 181~201
25 Tim Padmore, Hervey Gibson. Modelling Systems of Innovation: II. A Framework for Industrial Cluster Analysis in Regions. Research Policy. 1998, (26):625~641
26 Gerold. Comparing Regional Structural Change: An Application of Econometric Input-Output Models, 2001, 1~25. http://www.ecomod.net/conferences/ ecomod2002/ papers/zakarias.pdf
27张建红.从钻石体系看浙江产业集群竞争力.集团经济研究.2000, (7):175~176
28官锡强.波特钻石模型与梧州人工宝石产业集群竞争力提升.改革与战略.2006, (2):36~38
29郑海天,盛军锋.广东产业集群竞争力的实证分析与相应政策体系.特区经济.2003, (12).17~20
30蒋录全,吴端明.产业集群竞争力评价分析及指标体系设计.经济地理.2006, (1): 37~40
31肖家祥,黎志成.武汉光电子产业集群竞争力与区域经济发展的灰关联分析.统计与决策.2005, (4):129~130
32高畅.高科技产业集群对区域竞争力的弹性分析.大连理工大学硕士学位论文.2005:34~39
33蔡宁.产业集群的风险研究:一个基于网络的视角.中国工业经济.2003,(4): 59~64
34李君华.产业集群的制度分析.中国软科学. 2003, (9): 127~132
35王缉慈.关于地方产业集群研究的几点建议.经济经纬.2004,(2):53~57
36 R. Man, P. Sunley, Deconstructing clusters: Chaotic concept or policy panacea .Journal of Economic Geography 2003 (1): 37~56
37 P.J. Buckley, C. Prescott. Measures of international competitiveness: a critical survey. Journal of Marketing Management 1988 , (4):175~200
38魏守华.集群竞争力的动力机制以及实证分析.中国工业经济.2002, (10):27~34
39 B. Harrison. Industrial district: Old wine in new bottles. Regional Studies.1992, (5):469~484
40 Daniel C Knudsen. Shift-share analysis: further examination of models for the description of economic change. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2000(34):177~198
41姚芳,周密,孙林岩.偏离-份额法的修正及中国工业竞争力分析.软科学.2005,19(6):140~143
42刘新建.产业关联分析的回归方法与投入产出方法比较.山西师范大学学报(自然科学版).2005,19(4):29~32
43吴学花.中国制造业产业集聚的实证研究.中国工业经济.2004(10) :36~43
44张亘稼.市场集中度统计分析初探.西安石油学院学报(社会科学版).1999,4(29):41~45
45王今.产业集群的识别方法及实证研究.科学与科学技术管理.2004,(11):117~120
46 Luxembourg. Innovative Hot Spots in Europe: Policies to promote trans-border clusters of creative activity. Trend Chart Policy Workshop, Background Paper on Methods for Cluster Analysis, 2003:47~61
47赵其国,韦丽秋.东北地区六大产业带建设研究.科技进步与对策.2005,(12):30~32
48刘凤朝,潘雄蜂.东北老工业基地四大产业创新群建设研究.经济纵横.2005,(4):39~43
49康灿华,胡晓军.中国石油化工工业的竞争力分析及其提升对策.武汉理工大学学报.2006,5(28): 169~171
50刘红红,姚丽娟东北地区食品工业发展趋势分析.武汉工业学院学报.2005,1(24):84~87
51陈力.中国医药制造业国际竞争力研究.武汉理工大学硕士论文.2006:34~37
52张智恒.中国钢铁工业现状与发展趋势研究.西安建筑科技大学硕士论文2004:5~6
53卢昌崇.东北装备制造产业集群重构—以辽宁省为例.经济研究参考2006,(38):34~39
54 Jiang Minghui, Chen Dongmei. The Choice of Category for Industry Transferring from Yangtze River Delta to Northeast Region in China. 2006:International Conference on Comparative Study or Traditional Industrial Bases Transformation.Harbin,2006:19~25
2 Guido Nassimbeni. Network structures and co-ordination mechanisms: A taxonomy. International Journal of Operation & Production Management. 1998, 18(6): 538~554
3 Schmitz, Hubert. On the clustering of small firms. Brighton: IDS Bulletin. 1992, 23(3): 64~69
4 Michael E. Porter. Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review. 1998, 76(6): 77~90
5 P. Swann, M. Prevezer. A comparison of the dynamics of industrial clustering in computing and biotechnology. Research Policy. 1996, (25): 1139~1157
6 Rui Baptista, P. Swann. Do firms in clusters innovate more? Research Policy. 1998, (27): 525~540
7 Johannes Traxler, Michael I. Luger. Businesses and the internet: implications for firm location and clustering. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice. 2000, (2): 279~300
8 A. Stuart, Rosenfeld. Bringing business clusters into the mainstream of economic development. European Planning Studies. 1997, 5(1): 3~24
9吴思华.知识资本在台湾.远流出版社,2001: 17~23
10仇保兴.小企业集群研究.复旦大学出版社,1999: 26~40
11 Michael E. Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Harvard Business Review. March-April 1990:73~93
12朱方伟.产业集群的核心要素演进分析.科学学与科学技术管理.2004,(2): 64~69
13 Ahuja Gautam. Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(3):425~456
14 Myeyer Stamer. Understanding the Determinants of Vibrant Business Development: The Systemic Competitiveness Perspective. 2003: 25~35
15 Lynn Mytelka, Fulvia Farinelli. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness. Regional Studies. 2000,34(1):31~49
16张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理.中国软科学.2003, (1):70~74
17杨桂丽.区域产业集群竞争力的GEM模型应用研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文.2005:30~48
18林祝波.产业集群竞争力的比较研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文.2005:5~7
19韦伯.工业区位论中译本.商务印书馆, 1997:98~124
20 Krugman. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography Journal of Political Economy. 1991, (99):183~199
21 Krugman. Geography and trade. MIT Press. 1991:307~345
22 Jay Mitra. Building Entrepreneurial Clusters. The Economic Journal 2003,25(2):226~232
23 J. Edward, Feser. Introduction to Regional Industry Cluster Regional Industry Cluster Analysis. Environment and Urban Systems. 2001,(6): 173~185
24 G. Tichy. Cycles of regional competence-On the importance of product life and cluster theory in a regional context. Zeitschrift für Writs chafts geographie. 2001, (45): 181~201
25 Tim Padmore, Hervey Gibson. Modelling Systems of Innovation: II. A Framework for Industrial Cluster Analysis in Regions. Research Policy. 1998, (26):625~641
26 Gerold. Comparing Regional Structural Change: An Application of Econometric Input-Output Models, 2001, 1~25. http://www.ecomod.net/conferences/ ecomod2002/ papers/zakarias.pdf
27张建红.从钻石体系看浙江产业集群竞争力.集团经济研究.2000, (7):175~176
28官锡强.波特钻石模型与梧州人工宝石产业集群竞争力提升.改革与战略.2006, (2):36~38
29郑海天,盛军锋.广东产业集群竞争力的实证分析与相应政策体系.特区经济.2003, (12).17~20
30蒋录全,吴端明.产业集群竞争力评价分析及指标体系设计.经济地理.2006, (1): 37~40
31肖家祥,黎志成.武汉光电子产业集群竞争力与区域经济发展的灰关联分析.统计与决策.2005, (4):129~130
32高畅.高科技产业集群对区域竞争力的弹性分析.大连理工大学硕士学位论文.2005:34~39
33蔡宁.产业集群的风险研究:一个基于网络的视角.中国工业经济.2003,(4): 59~64
34李君华.产业集群的制度分析.中国软科学. 2003, (9): 127~132
35王缉慈.关于地方产业集群研究的几点建议.经济经纬.2004,(2):53~57
36 R. Man, P. Sunley, Deconstructing clusters: Chaotic concept or policy panacea .Journal of Economic Geography 2003 (1): 37~56
37 P.J. Buckley, C. Prescott. Measures of international competitiveness: a critical survey. Journal of Marketing Management 1988 , (4):175~200
38魏守华.集群竞争力的动力机制以及实证分析.中国工业经济.2002, (10):27~34
39 B. Harrison. Industrial district: Old wine in new bottles. Regional Studies.1992, (5):469~484
40 Daniel C Knudsen. Shift-share analysis: further examination of models for the description of economic change. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2000(34):177~198
41姚芳,周密,孙林岩.偏离-份额法的修正及中国工业竞争力分析.软科学.2005,19(6):140~143
42刘新建.产业关联分析的回归方法与投入产出方法比较.山西师范大学学报(自然科学版).2005,19(4):29~32
43吴学花.中国制造业产业集聚的实证研究.中国工业经济.2004(10) :36~43
44张亘稼.市场集中度统计分析初探.西安石油学院学报(社会科学版).1999,4(29):41~45
45王今.产业集群的识别方法及实证研究.科学与科学技术管理.2004,(11):117~120
46 Luxembourg. Innovative Hot Spots in Europe: Policies to promote trans-border clusters of creative activity. Trend Chart Policy Workshop, Background Paper on Methods for Cluster Analysis, 2003:47~61
47赵其国,韦丽秋.东北地区六大产业带建设研究.科技进步与对策.2005,(12):30~32
48刘凤朝,潘雄蜂.东北老工业基地四大产业创新群建设研究.经济纵横.2005,(4):39~43
49康灿华,胡晓军.中国石油化工工业的竞争力分析及其提升对策.武汉理工大学学报.2006,5(28): 169~171
50刘红红,姚丽娟东北地区食品工业发展趋势分析.武汉工业学院学报.2005,1(24):84~87
51陈力.中国医药制造业国际竞争力研究.武汉理工大学硕士论文.2006:34~37
52张智恒.中国钢铁工业现状与发展趋势研究.西安建筑科技大学硕士论文2004:5~6
53卢昌崇.东北装备制造产业集群重构—以辽宁省为例.经济研究参考2006,(38):34~39
54 Jiang Minghui, Chen Dongmei. The Choice of Category for Industry Transferring from Yangtze River Delta to Northeast Region in China. 2006:International Conference on Comparative Study or Traditional Industrial Bases Transformation.Harbin,2006:19~25