鸡血石“地”及质量分级的研究
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摘要
鸡血石是我国特有的珍贵玉石品种,其印章石使用历史悠久,拥有“印石皇后”的美称。通过对鸡血石矿床地质背景考察,较广泛收集了昌化及巴林的鸡血石原石、成品及图片,对不同品种鸡血石的“地”进行常规宝石学特征鉴定、X射线粉晶衍射以及红外光谱的分析测试。对冻地、软地/细地、刚地及硬地四大类鸡血石进行了测试,结果表明,鸡血石“地”的主要矿物成分及其含量是影响其质量的重要因素,呈明显的规律性和过渡性:地开石的含量越高,结构有序度越好,其“地”质量越好;随着明矾石的加入,“地”的透明度逐渐变差,摩氏硬度开始增大;伴随明矾石的增多以及石英的加入,鸡血石的“地”从“软地”过渡到“刚地”;当石英的含量达到25%以上时,鸡血石的“地”就属于质量较差的“硬地”。通过红外光谱分析,建立四大品种鸡血石谱图库。
本文深入系统地研究鸡血石的“地”的成分结构及质量分级指标,在研究前人评价思路的基础上,通过对鸡血石原石交易市场和成品销售市场的调研,采集市场上常见的两百余件鸡血石标本进行质量划分,吸收采纳昌化、巴林鸡血石产业的从业人员的实践经验,针对经过抛光的成品鸡血石饰品(包括裂隙注胶及复位粘接的鸡血石饰品,不包括拼合、染色、贴片及仿鸡血石饰品),在冻地、软地、刚地、硬地四大品种鸡血石矿物成分及其特征分类的基础上,提出通过血色、血量、地的种类、净度、地色、质量/尺寸六个指标来分别评价,通过创立鸡血石“血色”质量指标比色卡,将量化指标与描述类指标相结合,提出鸡血石分级指标的检验方法,解决指标的测试方法:如血色分级,采用血色比色卡;血量的定量分级,除目估法外,采用方格法,确保分级体系具有可操作性;制定了《鸡血石分级》行业标准,已经国家首饰标准化委员会审定通过并上报,即将批准成为行业标准,能够切实为检测工作服务,指导、规范鸡血石市场。
The chicken-blood stone’is one of the most precious jades, specially mined in China, and the chicken-blood-stone-made sigil stone, which is named as "the queen of sigil stone," has a very long historical standing. Based on the field geological observation and investigation, Samples, pictures, and finished products of Changhua and Balin's chicken-blood stones are widely collected, many kinds of Changhua Chicken-blood stones’“Di”were tested with such means as normal petrological identification, X-ray powder diffraction, and infrared spectrum. The results show that the quality of Changhua Chicken-blood stones’“Di”is closely related to the main mineral compositions and their content, and they obviously appear some rules and transitional characteristics: the more the content of dickite is, the better ordered structural is, the better the quality of“Di”is. The transparence of“Di”gets worse gradually and the Mohs’hardness gets bigger as the content of alunite is increasing. From“Ruan Di”(or soft Di) to“Gang Di”(or Rigid Di), the amount of alunite increases and quartz joins in. When the content of quartz is over 25%, the“Di”of Changhua Chicken-blood stone belongs to the“Ying Di”(or Hard Di). Four categories of chicken-blood stones' Visual Base is built via the infrared spectrum analysis.
After studying the methodology of quality appraising, the thesis searches the mineral and structure of Chicken-stone’s Di systematically and explore the criteria of quality grading. The author has already studied on rough and finished Chicken-stone, and collected over 200 pieces specimens from market for quality rading study,referred and drew-on experiences in Balin Chicken-stone and Changhua Chicken-stone industry, and investigated polished Chicken-stone, including glued broken-pieces, and felt-solid pieces, but excluding mixing, dyeing, pasting and chicken-stone simulate. The chicken-stone are classified into four types, Ice-Di, Soft-Di(Ruan Di), Rigid-Di (Gang Di) and Hard Di (Ying Di). By the mineral component and its characteristics of Chicken-stone Di, six characters can be the criteria of Chicken-stone quality grading, blood color, blood quantity, type of Di, Finishing, Di color and size/dimension. The “Blood-color”Master-cards are created. Quantitative index and description are combined. Grading Index can be tested for Chicken-stone grading. The methods of testing are also suggested, such as using Blood-color Master Cards, quantitative analysis of Blood quantity. Besides visual estimation, Gird Counting is also recommended, which can ensure the operability of grading criteria. The“Grading Standards for Chicken-stone”as industry standards has been submitted to National Jewellery Standardization Committee for final approval. The standards will be key document for certification/apprising, guide and regulating the chicken-stone market.
本文深入系统地研究鸡血石的“地”的成分结构及质量分级指标,在研究前人评价思路的基础上,通过对鸡血石原石交易市场和成品销售市场的调研,采集市场上常见的两百余件鸡血石标本进行质量划分,吸收采纳昌化、巴林鸡血石产业的从业人员的实践经验,针对经过抛光的成品鸡血石饰品(包括裂隙注胶及复位粘接的鸡血石饰品,不包括拼合、染色、贴片及仿鸡血石饰品),在冻地、软地、刚地、硬地四大品种鸡血石矿物成分及其特征分类的基础上,提出通过血色、血量、地的种类、净度、地色、质量/尺寸六个指标来分别评价,通过创立鸡血石“血色”质量指标比色卡,将量化指标与描述类指标相结合,提出鸡血石分级指标的检验方法,解决指标的测试方法:如血色分级,采用血色比色卡;血量的定量分级,除目估法外,采用方格法,确保分级体系具有可操作性;制定了《鸡血石分级》行业标准,已经国家首饰标准化委员会审定通过并上报,即将批准成为行业标准,能够切实为检测工作服务,指导、规范鸡血石市场。
The chicken-blood stone’is one of the most precious jades, specially mined in China, and the chicken-blood-stone-made sigil stone, which is named as "the queen of sigil stone," has a very long historical standing. Based on the field geological observation and investigation, Samples, pictures, and finished products of Changhua and Balin's chicken-blood stones are widely collected, many kinds of Changhua Chicken-blood stones’“Di”were tested with such means as normal petrological identification, X-ray powder diffraction, and infrared spectrum. The results show that the quality of Changhua Chicken-blood stones’“Di”is closely related to the main mineral compositions and their content, and they obviously appear some rules and transitional characteristics: the more the content of dickite is, the better ordered structural is, the better the quality of“Di”is. The transparence of“Di”gets worse gradually and the Mohs’hardness gets bigger as the content of alunite is increasing. From“Ruan Di”(or soft Di) to“Gang Di”(or Rigid Di), the amount of alunite increases and quartz joins in. When the content of quartz is over 25%, the“Di”of Changhua Chicken-blood stone belongs to the“Ying Di”(or Hard Di). Four categories of chicken-blood stones' Visual Base is built via the infrared spectrum analysis.
After studying the methodology of quality appraising, the thesis searches the mineral and structure of Chicken-stone’s Di systematically and explore the criteria of quality grading. The author has already studied on rough and finished Chicken-stone, and collected over 200 pieces specimens from market for quality rading study,referred and drew-on experiences in Balin Chicken-stone and Changhua Chicken-stone industry, and investigated polished Chicken-stone, including glued broken-pieces, and felt-solid pieces, but excluding mixing, dyeing, pasting and chicken-stone simulate. The chicken-stone are classified into four types, Ice-Di, Soft-Di(Ruan Di), Rigid-Di (Gang Di) and Hard Di (Ying Di). By the mineral component and its characteristics of Chicken-stone Di, six characters can be the criteria of Chicken-stone quality grading, blood color, blood quantity, type of Di, Finishing, Di color and size/dimension. The “Blood-color”Master-cards are created. Quantitative index and description are combined. Grading Index can be tested for Chicken-stone grading. The methods of testing are also suggested, such as using Blood-color Master Cards, quantitative analysis of Blood quantity. Besides visual estimation, Gird Counting is also recommended, which can ensure the operability of grading criteria. The“Grading Standards for Chicken-stone”as industry standards has been submitted to National Jewellery Standardization Committee for final approval. The standards will be key document for certification/apprising, guide and regulating the chicken-stone market.
引文
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[23]刘作程,刘丽.鉴别鸡血石真伪的简便方法[J].珠宝科技,1996(3):23
[24]刘卫东.利用拉曼光谱鉴别鸡血石及其仿造品[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2003,5(3):24～25
[25]许民,付云岭.塞北奇石[J].赤峰学院学报,2005,21(6):37～38
[26]任磊夫.田黄宝石的矿物学研究.岩石矿物学杂志[J],1988,7(2),151-157
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[34] Lee H T. A petrograpical study of the Chinese agalmatolites [J]. Buttetion of the Geological Societe of China, 1928, 17(3-4): 211～230
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[36] Parnell J, Baron M, Boyce A. Controls on kaolinite and dickite distribution, High-land boundary fault zone, Scotland and Northern Ireland [J]. J Geol Soc, 2000, 153(3): 635～640
[37] Zamama M, Knidiri M. IR study of dickite formamide intercalate, Al2Si2O5(OH)4-H2NCHO [J]. Spectrochim Acta, 2000, 56A(6): 1139～1147
[38] Cruz M, Dolores R, Franco F. Thermal decomposition of dickite hydrazine intercalation complex [J]. Clays and Clay Miner, 2000, 48(5): 586～592
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[2]程敦模,赵定华,等.浙江昌化鸡血石宝石矿物学及成因研究[J].科学通报,1984(18):1409-1413
[3]廖宗廷,腾英,等.昌化鸡血石“地”的矿物成分[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(3):22-25
[4]田亮光,陶金波.昌化鸡血石[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2003,5(3):1-3
[5]郭继春,曲俊生.影响鸡血石"血"的因素及"走血"成因研究[J].珠宝科技,1996,(3):52-55
[6]包绍华.昌化鸡血石质量评价要素之分析[J].浙江树人大学学报,2002,2(5):61-65
[7]呙敏超.中国独有的玉石——鸡血石[J].国土资源导刊,2004,(5):54-55
[8]林嵩山.昌化、巴林鸡血石的特征及鉴定[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2000,2(1):21-22
[9]田亮光,程佑法,刘海彬.处理鸡血石及仿制品的鉴定.宝石与宝石学杂志,2004,(3):18~21
[10]腾英,廖宗廷.昌化鸡血石的成矿构造背景及成因探讨[J].上海地质,2001(3):43-48
[11]胡福巨.巴林石志.北京:北京出版社,1989,2-18
[12]杨雅秀,张乃娴,等.中国粘土矿物[M]. 1994.北京:地质出版社, 58, 28-33, 44, 78
[13]闻辂,梁婉雪,章正刚,等.矿物红外光谱学[M]. 1988.重庆大学出版社, 61～65,89～104,114～119
[14]朱选民.浙江青田石矿物成分和成玉机理研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2003,22(1):65-70
[15]张守亮,崔文元.巴林鸡血石的宝石矿物学研究[J].宝石和宝石学杂志, 2002,4(3):26～30
[16]李海负.巴林鸡血石及其工艺性能[J].珠宝科技,1994,9(3):52～55
[17]郑辙.浙江温岭地区迪开石质冻石的发现和几点认识[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,1999,18(4):316～319
[18]廖宗廷,周征宇,滕英.昌化鸡血石“地”的矿物成分及其对质量的影响[J].同济大学学报,2004,32(7):897～900
[19]吴植民.昌化鸡血石的技术鉴定和真假鉴别[J].珠宝,1991(2):39～41
[20]郭继春,张妮,朱文滨,等.昌化鸡血石冻地致色机理初探[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2004,23(1):54～56
[21]廖宗廷,周征宇,李冉,等.鸡血石“走血”之迷新探索[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(4):6～9
[22]朱军平,张业春,张珈玮.吉林省敦化鸡血玉矿地质特征及工艺性能[J].吉林地质,2005,24(4):54～58
[23]刘作程,刘丽.鉴别鸡血石真伪的简便方法[J].珠宝科技,1996(3):23
[24]刘卫东.利用拉曼光谱鉴别鸡血石及其仿造品[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2003,5(3):24～25
[25]许民,付云岭.塞北奇石[J].赤峰学院学报,2005,21(6):37～38
[26]任磊夫.田黄宝石的矿物学研究.岩石矿物学杂志[J],1988,7(2),151-157
[27]张天乐,王宗良.1978.中国粘土矿物的电子显微镜研究[M].北京:地质出版社
[28]王实.中国宝玉石资源大全[M].北京:科学技术文献出版社,1998
[29]陈志强,邓燕华.鸡血石的矿物成分[J].桂林冶金地质学院学报,1992,12(4):356～366
[30]张蓓莉.系统宝石学[M].北京:地质出版社,1997
[31]廖宗廷,周祖翼,丁倩.中国玉石学[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1998
[32] Farmer V C. Transverse and longitudinal crystal modes associated with OH stretching region vibrations in single crystals of kaolinite and dickite [J]. Spectrochim Acta, 2000, 56A(5): 927～930
[33] Krupp R. Physicochemical aspects of mercury metallo genesis [J]. Chem Geol, 1998, 69: 345～356
[34] Lee H T. A petrograpical study of the Chinese agalmatolites [J]. Buttetion of the Geological Societe of China, 1928, 17(3-4): 211～230
[35] Bailey S W. Polymorphism of the kaolin minerals [J]. Am Miner, 1963,48: 1196～1209
[36] Parnell J, Baron M, Boyce A. Controls on kaolinite and dickite distribution, High-land boundary fault zone, Scotland and Northern Ireland [J]. J Geol Soc, 2000, 153(3): 635～640
[37] Zamama M, Knidiri M. IR study of dickite formamide intercalate, Al2Si2O5(OH)4-H2NCHO [J]. Spectrochim Acta, 2000, 56A(6): 1139～1147
[38] Cruz M, Dolores R, Franco F. Thermal decomposition of dickite hydrazine intercalation complex [J]. Clays and Clay Miner, 2000, 48(5): 586～592
[39]王濮,潘兆橹,翁宝玲.《系统矿物学》中册.北京:地质出版社,1984
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