企业知识资本与核心竞争力的整合研究
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摘要
十多年来，学术界和企业家一直试图通过以竞争力为基础的努力(competence based approach)来获得企业可持续竞争优势(sustaining competitive advantage，SCA)。尽管大家对于核心竞争力的功能和作用的认识已趋于一致，但是关于核心竞争力的定义和内涵至今尚无定论。目前来看，国内外的研究者对企业核心竞争力存在着不同的定义。
核心竞争力定义的模糊不清，导致了对其内涵理解上的分歧。本文认为要分析企业核心竞争力的本质，必须以核心竞争力的表现形式和依附载体分析为前提。前者研究一个企业的核心竞争力是以何种形式反映出来的，而后者探究企业核心竞争力存在于何种载体之中。核心竞争力的表现形式有格式化知识、能力、专长、信息、企业价值观等，这些不同形式的核心竞争力，存在于人、组织、环境、资产／设备等不同的载体之中。因此，可以认为企业核心竞争力的本质是企业特有的知识和资源。
知识资本就是指企业所有无形资产的总和，它是现代公司维持正常运转不可或缺的因素。它可以用企业资产的市场价值与账面价值之间的差额来衡量。企业的核心竞争力必须是以其隐形知识为基础，因为隐性知识不公开、内容模糊、无法传授、使用中难以觉察、复杂而又自成体系的缘故，核心竞争力才具有“普遍模糊”的特点。因此“核心竞争力也可以被认为是关于如何协调企业各种资源用途的知识形式”。从系统的观点来看，企业知识资本和核心竞争力作为企业的两个子系统，两者之间存在着复杂而密切的关系，因此，研究两者之间的关系对于企业而言具有重要意义。
本文旨在通过研究企业核心竞争力与知识资本的关系，找出两者整合的办法来，以指导企业尽快培育出有自己特色的核心竞争力。
Over the past ten years, scholars and entrepreneurs have always been trying to make corporations acquire sustaining competitive advantage through competence based approach. Though most people tend to attain an agreement on the function of core competence, there still many arguments on the definition and connotation of core competence. For the present, there are various definitions on core competence given by researchers of our country or foreign countries.
Different definition on core competence lead to a divergence in understanding the connotation of core competence. The author believe that what core competence behave and what it is depended on are the premise in order to analyze the essence of core competence. The former concern in what form a corporation reflect it's core competence; the latter concern what carrier contains core competence.. The form of expression of core competence include formatting knowledge, ability, specialty, information and corporation attitude of value. These core competence in various forms exists in different carriers including man, organization, environment , assets and equipments. Therefore, the essence of corporation core competence is it's special knowledge and resource.
Knowledge capital is the summation of total intangible assets in a corporation, it is an essential factor to maintain a corporation's regular operation. Knowledge capital can be measured by the odds between the market value of the corporation's assets and account value of them . Corporation core competence must based on it's hidden knowledge. Because hidden knowledge needn't to be avowed,; it's contents are blurring and can not be passed on; it is difficult to perceive it's existence ; it is complicated and systematic. Core competence is provided with common blurring characteristics. Core competence is also taken for knowledge form coordinating various resources of the corporation. From systematic perspectives, as two sub-systems in a corporation, knowledge capital system has complicated and close relations to core competence system, so it is important to probe the relations between the two sub-systems.
Researching on the relations between core competence and knowledge capital, the author want to find a way to help corporations developing their core competence through integrating core competence and knowledge capital.
核心竞争力定义的模糊不清，导致了对其内涵理解上的分歧。本文认为要分析企业核心竞争力的本质，必须以核心竞争力的表现形式和依附载体分析为前提。前者研究一个企业的核心竞争力是以何种形式反映出来的，而后者探究企业核心竞争力存在于何种载体之中。核心竞争力的表现形式有格式化知识、能力、专长、信息、企业价值观等，这些不同形式的核心竞争力，存在于人、组织、环境、资产／设备等不同的载体之中。因此，可以认为企业核心竞争力的本质是企业特有的知识和资源。
知识资本就是指企业所有无形资产的总和，它是现代公司维持正常运转不可或缺的因素。它可以用企业资产的市场价值与账面价值之间的差额来衡量。企业的核心竞争力必须是以其隐形知识为基础，因为隐性知识不公开、内容模糊、无法传授、使用中难以觉察、复杂而又自成体系的缘故，核心竞争力才具有“普遍模糊”的特点。因此“核心竞争力也可以被认为是关于如何协调企业各种资源用途的知识形式”。从系统的观点来看，企业知识资本和核心竞争力作为企业的两个子系统，两者之间存在着复杂而密切的关系，因此，研究两者之间的关系对于企业而言具有重要意义。
本文旨在通过研究企业核心竞争力与知识资本的关系，找出两者整合的办法来，以指导企业尽快培育出有自己特色的核心竞争力。
Over the past ten years, scholars and entrepreneurs have always been trying to make corporations acquire sustaining competitive advantage through competence based approach. Though most people tend to attain an agreement on the function of core competence, there still many arguments on the definition and connotation of core competence. For the present, there are various definitions on core competence given by researchers of our country or foreign countries.
Different definition on core competence lead to a divergence in understanding the connotation of core competence. The author believe that what core competence behave and what it is depended on are the premise in order to analyze the essence of core competence. The former concern in what form a corporation reflect it's core competence; the latter concern what carrier contains core competence.. The form of expression of core competence include formatting knowledge, ability, specialty, information and corporation attitude of value. These core competence in various forms exists in different carriers including man, organization, environment , assets and equipments. Therefore, the essence of corporation core competence is it's special knowledge and resource.
Knowledge capital is the summation of total intangible assets in a corporation, it is an essential factor to maintain a corporation's regular operation. Knowledge capital can be measured by the odds between the market value of the corporation's assets and account value of them . Corporation core competence must based on it's hidden knowledge. Because hidden knowledge needn't to be avowed,; it's contents are blurring and can not be passed on; it is difficult to perceive it's existence ; it is complicated and systematic. Core competence is provided with common blurring characteristics. Core competence is also taken for knowledge form coordinating various resources of the corporation. From systematic perspectives, as two sub-systems in a corporation, knowledge capital system has complicated and close relations to core competence system, so it is important to probe the relations between the two sub-systems.
Researching on the relations between core competence and knowledge capital, the author want to find a way to help corporations developing their core competence through integrating core competence and knowledge capital.
引文
[1]张练．核心竞争力辨析．经济管理．2002．12。
[2]彭正银，张英华．知识经营资本经营．2000．冶金工业出版社。
[3]姜奇平．知本家的概念能够成立．北京日报．2000．2．14。
[4]唐予华．知识经济与会计目标．上海会计．2000．8。
[5]陶德言．美国几种新经济理论述要．人民日报．1998．8．29。
[6]周永亮．中国企业前沿问题研究．2001．中国社会科学出版社。
[7]陈敏宝．企业核心理念与核心能力的关系．企业改革与管理．2002．1。
[8]唐纳德·索尔等．如何提升公司核心竞争力．1998．企业管理出版社。
[9]杨继学．培育企业核心能力．求是．2002．4。
[10]周瑞凌，王金桃，叶瑾．核心竞争力系统的演化．工业工程与管理．2001．1。
[11]张蕾，何俊德．核心员工创造核心能力．中国人力资源开发．2001．3。
[12]李毅．跨向新时代的企业竞争力．2001．经济管理出版社。
[13]Stephen Chen．基于核心竞争力的变革．世界经理人．2000．9。
[14]陈书政．论企业核心竞争力．东方烟草报．2002．6．14。
[15]李国英．企业资源配置力与企业竞争力．理论月刊．2001．11。
[16]魏江．基于核心能力的企业购并后整合管理．管理科学研究．2002．1。
[17]毛蕴诗，庄拥军．论知识经济时代的企业要素动员方式．经济管理与研究．2002．1。
[18]朱永华，王健姝．智力资本——现代企业发展新的驱动力．哈尔滨商业大学学报．2002．2。
[19]武博．企业核心竞争力的价值取向与管理．中国企业报．2002．3．1。
[20]Michael A Hitt, Strategic Management, 1998, Duane Ireland and Robert E.Hoskisson。
[21]Porter,M.E,Competitive advantade:techniques for analyzing industries and competions,1980,New York:Free Press。
[22]范徵．论企业知识资本与信心能力的整合．经济管理．2001．22。
[23]杨文士．管理学原理．1996．高等教育出版社。
[24]金碚．论企业竞争力的性质．中国工业经济．2001．10。
[25]马士华等．供应链管理．2000．机械工业出版社。
[26]管益忻．论企业核心竞争力：开创战略管理新纪元的第一选择．2000．中国
经济出版社。
[27] 李建明．企业核心能力．1998．法律出版社。
[28] 企业核心能力的内涵与本质．管理工程学报．1999．1。
[29] Leoanrd-Barton,Core Capabilites and Rigidities: Paradox in Managing New Product Development, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.13. 1992。
[30] Leoartrd-Barton, D, How to Integrate Work and Deepen Expertise, Harvard Business Review, Sep/1994。
[31] Mayer, Marc H./Utterback, James M, The Product Family and the Dynamics of Core Capability, Sloan Management Review, Spring/1993.
[32] Mayer,M.H./Alvin P.L, The Power of Product Platforms:Building Value and Cost Leadership, 1997, New York,The Free Press.
[33] Prahalad.C.K, The Role of Core Competencies in the Corporation,Research Technology Management,Nov.-Dec/1993.
[34] Hamel,Gary/Prahalad C.K., Competing for the Future, 1994, Harvard Business School Press.
[35] Henderson.R./Cockbum,I:Measuring Competence? Exploring Firm Effects in Pharmaceutical Research,Strategic Management Jourmal,Vol.15/1994。
[36] Coyne,Kevin P./Hall,Stephen J.D./Clifford,P.G.:Is your core competence a mirage? The McKinsey Quarterly,No.1/1997。
[37] Faulkner,D./Bowman,C.,The Essence of Competitive Strategy, 1995, Prentice Hall International(UK) Limited.
[38] Gallon,M.R./Stillman,H.M./Coates,D.(1995):Putting Core Competency Thinkinginto Practice., Research Technology.Management,Foss,Nicolai J./Knudsen Christian (1996): Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm, Routledge.
[39] Coomb.R./Richard,A.(1993):Strategic control of technology in diversified companies with decentralized R&D,Technology Analysis and Strategic Management,5(4).
[40] Coomb,Rod.(1996):Core Competencies and the Strategic Management of R&D,R&D Management 26,4.
[2]彭正银，张英华．知识经营资本经营．2000．冶金工业出版社。
[3]姜奇平．知本家的概念能够成立．北京日报．2000．2．14。
[4]唐予华．知识经济与会计目标．上海会计．2000．8。
[5]陶德言．美国几种新经济理论述要．人民日报．1998．8．29。
[6]周永亮．中国企业前沿问题研究．2001．中国社会科学出版社。
[7]陈敏宝．企业核心理念与核心能力的关系．企业改革与管理．2002．1。
[8]唐纳德·索尔等．如何提升公司核心竞争力．1998．企业管理出版社。
[9]杨继学．培育企业核心能力．求是．2002．4。
[10]周瑞凌，王金桃，叶瑾．核心竞争力系统的演化．工业工程与管理．2001．1。
[11]张蕾，何俊德．核心员工创造核心能力．中国人力资源开发．2001．3。
[12]李毅．跨向新时代的企业竞争力．2001．经济管理出版社。
[13]Stephen Chen．基于核心竞争力的变革．世界经理人．2000．9。
[14]陈书政．论企业核心竞争力．东方烟草报．2002．6．14。
[15]李国英．企业资源配置力与企业竞争力．理论月刊．2001．11。
[16]魏江．基于核心能力的企业购并后整合管理．管理科学研究．2002．1。
[17]毛蕴诗，庄拥军．论知识经济时代的企业要素动员方式．经济管理与研究．2002．1。
[18]朱永华，王健姝．智力资本——现代企业发展新的驱动力．哈尔滨商业大学学报．2002．2。
[19]武博．企业核心竞争力的价值取向与管理．中国企业报．2002．3．1。
[20]Michael A Hitt, Strategic Management, 1998, Duane Ireland and Robert E.Hoskisson。
[21]Porter,M.E,Competitive advantade:techniques for analyzing industries and competions,1980,New York:Free Press。
[22]范徵．论企业知识资本与信心能力的整合．经济管理．2001．22。
[23]杨文士．管理学原理．1996．高等教育出版社。
[24]金碚．论企业竞争力的性质．中国工业经济．2001．10。
[25]马士华等．供应链管理．2000．机械工业出版社。
[26]管益忻．论企业核心竞争力：开创战略管理新纪元的第一选择．2000．中国
经济出版社。
[27] 李建明．企业核心能力．1998．法律出版社。
[28] 企业核心能力的内涵与本质．管理工程学报．1999．1。
[29] Leoanrd-Barton,Core Capabilites and Rigidities: Paradox in Managing New Product Development, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.13. 1992。
[30] Leoartrd-Barton, D, How to Integrate Work and Deepen Expertise, Harvard Business Review, Sep/1994。
[31] Mayer, Marc H./Utterback, James M, The Product Family and the Dynamics of Core Capability, Sloan Management Review, Spring/1993.
[32] Mayer,M.H./Alvin P.L, The Power of Product Platforms:Building Value and Cost Leadership, 1997, New York,The Free Press.
[33] Prahalad.C.K, The Role of Core Competencies in the Corporation,Research Technology Management,Nov.-Dec/1993.
[34] Hamel,Gary/Prahalad C.K., Competing for the Future, 1994, Harvard Business School Press.
[35] Henderson.R./Cockbum,I:Measuring Competence? Exploring Firm Effects in Pharmaceutical Research,Strategic Management Jourmal,Vol.15/1994。
[36] Coyne,Kevin P./Hall,Stephen J.D./Clifford,P.G.:Is your core competence a mirage? The McKinsey Quarterly,No.1/1997。
[37] Faulkner,D./Bowman,C.,The Essence of Competitive Strategy, 1995, Prentice Hall International(UK) Limited.
[38] Gallon,M.R./Stillman,H.M./Coates,D.(1995):Putting Core Competency Thinkinginto Practice., Research Technology.Management,Foss,Nicolai J./Knudsen Christian (1996): Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm, Routledge.
[39] Coomb.R./Richard,A.(1993):Strategic control of technology in diversified companies with decentralized R&D,Technology Analysis and Strategic Management,5(4).
[40] Coomb,Rod.(1996):Core Competencies and the Strategic Management of R&D,R&D Management 26,4.