基于仿生学视角的区域创新系统构建理论及应用研究
摘要
随着仿生学、演化经济学、生态学等学科的发展,借鉴生物进化的思想方法和自然科学多领域的研究成果来研究经济系统和技术创新系统的演进规律,成为了一种全新的研究路径。本文就是针对现有问题,主要从仿生学的角度来解释技术创新,合技术创新系统本身的实际及其特点,对区域创新系统的相关内容进行了仿生化研究。
首先,本文以仿生学理论、生态学理论、遗传进化理论、技术创新理论和区域创新系统等理论为重要依据;运用仿生学的研究方法,通过与生物个体、种群、群落和整个生态环境的比较分析,由浅入深地进行剖析,依次对技术创新、技术创新动因、技术创新主体、区域创新系统及其内部机制和演化过程进行了仿生化研究。其次,从仿生视角出发,分析了吉林省区域创新系统的物种构成和优势产业群落,并对吉林省区域创新生态系统的创新能力进行实证研究。最后,以理论研究和实证研究结论为依据,提出了基于仿生学视角的区域创新系统构建模式和应采取的相关措施。
In the long river of history, it is found that,after natural evolution duaring millions of years, the special features and the study of some plants and animals adapt to the nature, even come to be perfect, and go beyond the level of our technology in this respect. Therefore, long times ago human beings began to study the biological, and created a number of tools for their own using. With the advances of Science and Technology, people developed the bionic in the natural sciences to the bionic in the social sciences, realizing the development of third-bionics leap in the field of bionics. At present, drawing on biological evolution and natural ways of thinking, many economists research to study the phenomenon of economic evolution and behavior technological innovation, and regard the technology as a large number of fundamental economic forces behind the phenomenon, to technological innovation and institutional innovation as the core research Object, to the dynamic evolution of the concept to analyze and understand economic systems and development, it is a valid scientific way. This article is for the existing problems, using the perspective of bionics to explain the technological innovation, using the some of the theories and methods of ecology, combined with technological innovation system itself and its actual characteristics, to do some bionic researches of technological innovation, motivation, Innovation system, as well as the effect of technological innovation system, the mechanisms of the evolution of technological innovation system.
1. bionic research on technological innovation
Technology is like an organism. It has life, genes, genetic, and proliferation. Technology’s genes is a series of information collection which condensated in itself, including knowledge information technical standards, methods and processes to achieve, and so on. The information can be genetic and copied. A single technology can be seen as a species, then the same kind of technology is a collection of technology stocks. There is competition between the same kind of technology, including competition for innovation, competition in the market, and so on. So the interaction of technology stocks also constitute a large technology community. They have competition, predation, mutualism, parasitism and neutralism. As a result of these common relations, technical system is showing a network structure which is similar to the food web.
Technological innovation can make the production factors re-combine by break the internal structure of the original technology, which resulted the changes of technology genes. According to the extent of genetic variation, technological innovation can be divided into two major categories. One is the evolution of species, in the process of innovation, incremental innovation and imitation innovation. The other is the emergence of new species, especially in product innovation and breakthrough innovation. Once the technological innovation has completed, there is the process of innovation diffusion due to technical reasons and the driver of economic interests. Just as the invasion of species, the reason why a technological innovation can be spread simply because of its innovative technology and superior to using different from those used in the technology or other competitive technologies comparative advantage.
2. bionic research on the motivation of technological innovation
Technological innovation and motivation of biological evolution have similarities. Self-organization is the inherent motivation of technological innovation. Technological innovation is a self-organizing nature of the original balance from the dissipation of the structure, as demonstrated by: (1) technological innovation system is open; (2) technological innovation system remains far from equilibrium; (3) technological innovation system of the main elements of the interaction between the non-linear; (4) there is fluctuation in the role of technological innovation system.The evolution of technological innovation from the three forces: (1) niche differences, it is technological innovation to maintain the basis of diversity; (2) the market choice, this is technological innovation to survive the natural selection mechanism; (3) competition Technological innovation is the survival mechanism.
3.bionic research on mainstay of technological innovation
Enterprise is the main body of technological innovation, it is manmade-life. DNA is a business enterprise formation of a congenital birth, and it determines the physiological characteristics of the enterprises, which determines the size of the enterprise, type, what is for sale, the allocation of resources and the ability to innovate and so on. Enterprise departments and functions of major life systems also have similarities, such as corporate information systems and the life of the nervous system, the financial system and the life-blood circulatory system. Enterprises will continue to grow through material, energy, information and the value of the exchange with the outside world, and experience new life, growth, maturity, old age until the final demise of the entire life cycle.
At the same time, as a life, Enterprises life in a particular ecosystem. Enterprise ecosystem can be divided into internal and external ecosystem. internal ecosystem refers to its symbiotic cell in the body and life systems, includes entrepreneurs, assets, corporate culture, level of technology. Ecological and external components can be divided into biological and non-living components. External ecosystem can be divided into biological components and non-living components. Biological components formed by different species of biomes, including the same business, consumers, suppliers, market intermediaries and investors. Non-living components are divided into the natural ecology and social ecology. The natural ecology includes natural resources, geographical terrain and climate; while social ecology reflected the level of the main economic factors, political, legal, cultural background, human resources, scientific and technological level, and other factors.
4. bionic research on regional innovation system
Based on the community ecology theory,to put forward the concept of community innovation as the starting point, there are a general analysis ofthe connotation of ecology of the innovation system and the characteristics. And then to the innovation system and operational mechanism for the formation of a mechanism to study,it is about the analysis of the evolution and characteristics of innovative systems. The formation of new communities from the two reasons, on the one hand, enterprises, governments, universities and research institutes, intermediary service organizations in communities of innovation is the four populations, they have their own niche and function; On the other hand, competition and Share a common role is to promote innovation and a catalyst for the formation of communities, with populations between individuals, between populations through communication and cooperation in making this innovative resources to set reasonable and efficient use.Community innovation mechanism, including: (1) innovation symbiotic unit, innovative symbiosis between the modules through the symbiotic interface, material, energy and information exchange. (2) knowledge sharing, which is the basis of innovation, and innovation among the population through knowledge and information to complete the flow of nutrients and energy transmission.(3) industrial clusters, it is an effective form of organization, so that industry and business to neighboring agencies, to quickly integrate resources, reduce transaction costs and economies of scale and enhance industrial competitiveness; (4) coevolution innovation in this inter-species relationship between the impact on the evolution of each other, thereby creating synergy and achieve the common evolution of the entire community.
5. Research on construction of regional innovation system based on bionic
Regional innovation ecosystem can be divided into 5 sub-systems, that is, the population of sub-system businesses, institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions sub-populations, the agency sub-population, the population of sub-sub-system and environment. Using the method of principal component analysis to evaluate, concluded that: the imbalance in the development of five sub-systems, and the capacity of corporate stocks and government stocks is low, which serious constraints on the overall development. In the construction of JiLin regional innovation system, to the macro-community, we must strengthen the innovation of the four populations of species mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship, the balance of nutrition, so that it co-hosted. And to the five major advantage of micro-industry community, we should enrich the relationship between nutrition, in accordance with the actual possession of community resources and niche, find location, step-by-step development, so as to promote regional economic development.
In summary, there are many similarities between the regional innovation system and nature. It is a valid scientific way to study the relevant theoretical and practical issues draw on some of the biological theories and methods, combining with itself characteristics of the regional innovation system. And there is some theoretical and practical significance.
首先,本文以仿生学理论、生态学理论、遗传进化理论、技术创新理论和区域创新系统等理论为重要依据;运用仿生学的研究方法,通过与生物个体、种群、群落和整个生态环境的比较分析,由浅入深地进行剖析,依次对技术创新、技术创新动因、技术创新主体、区域创新系统及其内部机制和演化过程进行了仿生化研究。其次,从仿生视角出发,分析了吉林省区域创新系统的物种构成和优势产业群落,并对吉林省区域创新生态系统的创新能力进行实证研究。最后,以理论研究和实证研究结论为依据,提出了基于仿生学视角的区域创新系统构建模式和应采取的相关措施。
In the long river of history, it is found that,after natural evolution duaring millions of years, the special features and the study of some plants and animals adapt to the nature, even come to be perfect, and go beyond the level of our technology in this respect. Therefore, long times ago human beings began to study the biological, and created a number of tools for their own using. With the advances of Science and Technology, people developed the bionic in the natural sciences to the bionic in the social sciences, realizing the development of third-bionics leap in the field of bionics. At present, drawing on biological evolution and natural ways of thinking, many economists research to study the phenomenon of economic evolution and behavior technological innovation, and regard the technology as a large number of fundamental economic forces behind the phenomenon, to technological innovation and institutional innovation as the core research Object, to the dynamic evolution of the concept to analyze and understand economic systems and development, it is a valid scientific way. This article is for the existing problems, using the perspective of bionics to explain the technological innovation, using the some of the theories and methods of ecology, combined with technological innovation system itself and its actual characteristics, to do some bionic researches of technological innovation, motivation, Innovation system, as well as the effect of technological innovation system, the mechanisms of the evolution of technological innovation system.
1. bionic research on technological innovation
Technology is like an organism. It has life, genes, genetic, and proliferation. Technology’s genes is a series of information collection which condensated in itself, including knowledge information technical standards, methods and processes to achieve, and so on. The information can be genetic and copied. A single technology can be seen as a species, then the same kind of technology is a collection of technology stocks. There is competition between the same kind of technology, including competition for innovation, competition in the market, and so on. So the interaction of technology stocks also constitute a large technology community. They have competition, predation, mutualism, parasitism and neutralism. As a result of these common relations, technical system is showing a network structure which is similar to the food web.
Technological innovation can make the production factors re-combine by break the internal structure of the original technology, which resulted the changes of technology genes. According to the extent of genetic variation, technological innovation can be divided into two major categories. One is the evolution of species, in the process of innovation, incremental innovation and imitation innovation. The other is the emergence of new species, especially in product innovation and breakthrough innovation. Once the technological innovation has completed, there is the process of innovation diffusion due to technical reasons and the driver of economic interests. Just as the invasion of species, the reason why a technological innovation can be spread simply because of its innovative technology and superior to using different from those used in the technology or other competitive technologies comparative advantage.
2. bionic research on the motivation of technological innovation
Technological innovation and motivation of biological evolution have similarities. Self-organization is the inherent motivation of technological innovation. Technological innovation is a self-organizing nature of the original balance from the dissipation of the structure, as demonstrated by: (1) technological innovation system is open; (2) technological innovation system remains far from equilibrium; (3) technological innovation system of the main elements of the interaction between the non-linear; (4) there is fluctuation in the role of technological innovation system.The evolution of technological innovation from the three forces: (1) niche differences, it is technological innovation to maintain the basis of diversity; (2) the market choice, this is technological innovation to survive the natural selection mechanism; (3) competition Technological innovation is the survival mechanism.
3.bionic research on mainstay of technological innovation
Enterprise is the main body of technological innovation, it is manmade-life. DNA is a business enterprise formation of a congenital birth, and it determines the physiological characteristics of the enterprises, which determines the size of the enterprise, type, what is for sale, the allocation of resources and the ability to innovate and so on. Enterprise departments and functions of major life systems also have similarities, such as corporate information systems and the life of the nervous system, the financial system and the life-blood circulatory system. Enterprises will continue to grow through material, energy, information and the value of the exchange with the outside world, and experience new life, growth, maturity, old age until the final demise of the entire life cycle.
At the same time, as a life, Enterprises life in a particular ecosystem. Enterprise ecosystem can be divided into internal and external ecosystem. internal ecosystem refers to its symbiotic cell in the body and life systems, includes entrepreneurs, assets, corporate culture, level of technology. Ecological and external components can be divided into biological and non-living components. External ecosystem can be divided into biological components and non-living components. Biological components formed by different species of biomes, including the same business, consumers, suppliers, market intermediaries and investors. Non-living components are divided into the natural ecology and social ecology. The natural ecology includes natural resources, geographical terrain and climate; while social ecology reflected the level of the main economic factors, political, legal, cultural background, human resources, scientific and technological level, and other factors.
4. bionic research on regional innovation system
Based on the community ecology theory,to put forward the concept of community innovation as the starting point, there are a general analysis ofthe connotation of ecology of the innovation system and the characteristics. And then to the innovation system and operational mechanism for the formation of a mechanism to study,it is about the analysis of the evolution and characteristics of innovative systems. The formation of new communities from the two reasons, on the one hand, enterprises, governments, universities and research institutes, intermediary service organizations in communities of innovation is the four populations, they have their own niche and function; On the other hand, competition and Share a common role is to promote innovation and a catalyst for the formation of communities, with populations between individuals, between populations through communication and cooperation in making this innovative resources to set reasonable and efficient use.Community innovation mechanism, including: (1) innovation symbiotic unit, innovative symbiosis between the modules through the symbiotic interface, material, energy and information exchange. (2) knowledge sharing, which is the basis of innovation, and innovation among the population through knowledge and information to complete the flow of nutrients and energy transmission.(3) industrial clusters, it is an effective form of organization, so that industry and business to neighboring agencies, to quickly integrate resources, reduce transaction costs and economies of scale and enhance industrial competitiveness; (4) coevolution innovation in this inter-species relationship between the impact on the evolution of each other, thereby creating synergy and achieve the common evolution of the entire community.
5. Research on construction of regional innovation system based on bionic
Regional innovation ecosystem can be divided into 5 sub-systems, that is, the population of sub-system businesses, institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions sub-populations, the agency sub-population, the population of sub-sub-system and environment. Using the method of principal component analysis to evaluate, concluded that: the imbalance in the development of five sub-systems, and the capacity of corporate stocks and government stocks is low, which serious constraints on the overall development. In the construction of JiLin regional innovation system, to the macro-community, we must strengthen the innovation of the four populations of species mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship, the balance of nutrition, so that it co-hosted. And to the five major advantage of micro-industry community, we should enrich the relationship between nutrition, in accordance with the actual possession of community resources and niche, find location, step-by-step development, so as to promote regional economic development.
In summary, there are many similarities between the regional innovation system and nature. It is a valid scientific way to study the relevant theoretical and practical issues draw on some of the biological theories and methods, combining with itself characteristics of the regional innovation system. And there is some theoretical and practical significance.
引文
[1]陈华山.仿生经济学论纲[J].经济评论,2002(02).
[2]斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究上卷[M].北京:商务印书馆,中译本,1972.
[3]马尔萨斯.人口论[M].北京:商务印书馆,中译本,1962.
[4]达尔文.物种起源[M].北京:科学出版社,中译本,1955.
[5]白乐日.中国的文明与官僚主义[M].台北:久大文化公司,中译本,1992.
[6]萨缪尔逊.经济学(上册)[M].北京:商务印书馆,中译本,1979年.
[7] Samuelson, "Generalized Predator-Prey Oscillations in Ecological and Economic Equilibrium", Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, (May 1971):980-983.
[8]费雷德?马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务出版社,1993.
[9]薛暮桥.要把马克思主义这门科学不断向前推进[N].《人民日报》(北京),1987.3.20.
[10]厉以宁.社会主义政治经济学[M].北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第321-325页.
[11]袁纯清.共生理论及其对小型经济的应用研究(上)[J].改革,1998年02期
[12] Biomimetics. Greating material from natare’s blueprcints [J].The Scientist. 1991.5(14):14.
[13]岑海棠,陈五一.仿生学概念及其演变[J].机械设计,2007年7月,第24卷第7期:1-2.
[14] Benyus.J.M. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by nature [M].New York: William Morrow and company, 1998.
[15]路甬祥.仿生学的意义与发展[J].科学中国人,23页
[16]岑海棠,陈五一.仿生学概念及其演变[J].机械设计,2007年7月,第24卷第7期:1-2.
[17]张莉,程瑶,张先锋.经济发展中的仿生化趋势分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2006(03).
[18]李言俊.仿生技术及其应用[J].安阳工学院学报,2005(01).
[19]将元力,孔青.化学仿生[J].中州学刊,2001(06).
[20]黄志斌,汪宜丹.高新技术仿生化发展的态势分析[J].自然辩证法研究,2001, (10):38~40.
[21]赵兴成.仿生管理学断想[J].中国卫生事业管理,1997(9).
[22]郑秀峰.企业管理仿生与研究方法探[J].讨当代经济,2006(6).
[23]夏国英,潘成彪.仿生管理学研究的对象与规范[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(1).
[24]傅红春.关于“经济仿生学”的构想[J].武汉大学学报(社会科学版)1987(6):50-52.
[25]陈华山.仿生经济学论纲[J].经济评论,2002(2).
[26]李怀政.“生态经济学”词义原考及其内涵透析[J].江苏商论,2006(12).
[27]戈德史密斯(RW.Goldsmith).金融结构与金融发展[M].1969.
[28]孙儒泳,李庆芬,牛翠娟,娄安如.基础生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002(7):121.
[29]文字资料来源:http://www.eco-w.org华东师范大学,河口海岸国家重点实验室,生态学教研室
[30]达尔文.物种起源[M].北京:科学出版社,1972.
[31]贾根良.新政治经济学:范式革命与异端的综合[M].山西人民出版社,2005.
[32]库尔特?多普菲.演化经济学:纲领与范围[M].高等教育出版社,2004.
[33]阿尔钦.经济发展理论[M].商务印书馆,1950.
[34]哈耶克.个人主义与经济[M].北京经济学院出版社,1949.
[35]纳尔逊,温特.经济变迁的烟花理论[M].商务印书馆,1982.
[36]凡勃伦.为什么经济学不是一门演化的科学?[M].北京大学出版社,1898.
[37]约瑟夫?熊彼特.经济发展理论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1990.73-74.
[38]刘洪涛,等.国家创新系统(NIS)理论与中国的实践[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1999.7.
[39]胡志坚等.国家创新系统理论分析与国际比较[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000.
[40]斯通曼P,技术变革的经济分析[M].北京技术经济和管理现代化研究室技术经济学组译.北京:机械工业出版社,1989.
[41]傅家骥.技术创新学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[42]孙冰.企业技术创新动力研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2003.6.
[43]陈文化.腾飞之路——技术创新论[M].湖南大学出版社,1999:136页.
[44] C.Freeman.Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons fromJapan.London: Frances Pinter, 1987.
[45] Cooke P, Hans Joachim Brazyk H J,Heidenreich M, Regional Innovation Systerms: The Role of Govermance in the Globalied Word[M]. London: UCL Press, 1996.
[46] Schumteper J A..经济发展理论:几利润、资木、信贷、利息和经济周期的考察[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[47] Aseim B, Isaksen A.Location, agglomeration and innovation: towards regional innovation systems in Norway[J]. European Planning Srudies 1997; 5(3): 299-330.
[48]赵修卫.建设区域创新系统,促进区域经济发展[J].科技管理研究,2000(4).
[49]梁海雷等.论技术创新与产业结构升级[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2000(2).
[50]顾新.西部大开发要着眼于形成区域竞争优势[J].软科学,2000(2).
[51]符礼建,区域经济的特色与中国区域经济发展[J].四川大学学报,2000(1).
[52]柳卸琳.调整科技计划与政策,加强创新系统的互动[J]中国软科学,2000(9).
[53]王素馨.区域创新系统研究[D].武汉理工大学,2003.5.
[54]盖文启.创新网络——区域经济发展新思维[M].北京人大出版社,2002.
[55]许继琴.基于产业集群的区域创新体系研究[D].武汉理工大学,2006.5.
[56]郝寿义,安虎森.区域经济学[M],北京:经济科学出版社,1999.
[57]埃德加.M.胡佛.区域经济学导论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1991.
[58]叶依广.区域经济学[M].北京:中国广播电视出版社,1991苏江明.产业集群生态相研究[D].2005.
[59]陈德敏,戴为梁,曾国平.区域经济[M].重庆大学出版社1997.
[60] Carlsson Technological Systems and Industrial Dynamics [M].1997.
[61]杨志刚.技术的系统观[J].科研管理,2003(3):111.
[62]秦书生,陈凡.复杂性视野中的技术[J].科学技术与辩证法,2003(2),61.
[63]刘友金,易秋平.技术创新生态系统结构的生态重组,湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版)2005(9):67-69.
[64]杨忠直著.企业生态学引论[M].科学出版社,2003. 27. 28.
[65] James Fleck, Artefact activity: the coevolution of artefacts,knowledge and organization in technological innovation[C]. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
[66] Abernathy, W.& Clark, K. Innovation: mapping the winds of creativedestruction[J].Research Policy, 1985.
[67]陈青松,沈江.创新路径——技术创新战略、流程与案例[M].天津大学出版社,2007(5).
[68] J. Utterback and N. Abernathy, A Dynamical Model of Process and Product Innovation, Omega, Vol. 3, No.6, 1975.
[69]谢伟.A-U模型及其对技术学习研究的启示[J].科研管理,2000(11):24-27.
[70] Anderso P. Michael L. Tushman. Managing Through Cycles of Technological Change [J]. Research Technology Management. 1991, 34(3): 26-31.
[71]西奥多?W?舒尔茨.论人力资本投资[M].北京经济学院出版社,1992
[72]蔡希贤,史焕伟.技术创新扩散及其模型研究[J].科研管理,1995(16).
[73] Mansfield. E. Teehnical Changes and the Rate of Innovation. Econometrics. 1961.
[74]聂荣,钱克明,潘德惠.基于Logistic方程的创新技术创膊模式及其稳定性分析[J].管理工程学报,2006(1):41-42.
[75]张昀.生物进化[M].北京大学出版社,1998.
[76]葛永林.生物进化的动力机制研究[D].华南师范大学,2002.6.
[77]约翰.希克斯.经济史理论(英)[M].商务印书馆,1999.
[78]胡俊成,侯峻.创新诱导模型、技术烟花阶段及其对转型国家的启示[J].现代管理科学,2007(5).
[79]张宗庆.技术创新研究综合趋势[J].国外社会科学,2000年第6期
[80] C. Freeman. The Eeonomies of idustrial Iunovation.Hannonds worth: Penguin, 1974.
[81] J.M.Utterbaek,W.J.Abernat. A Dynamic Model of Product and Proeess Innovation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1988.
[82]谢光亚.技术创新[M].湖南科学技术出版社,2000.
[83] N.Rosenberg: Inside the Black Box, London: Cambridge University Press,1982,p.203.
[84] R.Rothwell and W.Zegveld: Reindustralization and Technology, London: Longman, 1985, p.65.
[85] N.Rosenberg: Inside the Black Box, London: Cambridge University press, 1982,p.195.
[86] N.Rosenberg: Perspectives on Technology, London: Cambridge University Press, 1976, p.273.
[87]谢光亚.技术创新[M].湖南科学技术出版社,2000年.
[88] N.Rosenberg: Inside the Black Box, London: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
[89] S.Kline and N?Rosenberg:“An Overview of Innovation”in R?Landon and N?Rosenberg(eds.): The Positive Sum Strategy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy press,1986.
[90]陈克晶.一种统一的进化学说——耗散结构理论概述[M].武汉:湖北人民出版社,1989.
[91] Prigogine I.Introduction to the modynamics of Irreverible Proeesses[M].3rd ed.New York: Interscines Pub.1967.
[92] Charles Edquist.Systems of Innovation:Technologies Institutions and Organizations[M]. London: Wellington House.1997.
[93]张培富,李艳红.技术创新过程的自组织进化[J].科学管理究,2000(12).
[94]王崇梅,毛荐其.基于涨落机理探析技术创新自组织进化[J].科技进步与对策,2007(7).
[95]黄鲁成.区域技术创新生态系统的特征[J].中国科技论坛,2003(1):23,26.
[96]李兆友.技术创新的系统性研究[J].系统科学学报,2006(1).
[97]韩福荣,辛彦.企业防生化研究综述[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2001(3).
[98]郑秀凤.企业管理仿生与研究方法探讨[J].
[99]路洋谊,郑大庆,胡建绩.企业DNA遗传与变异探究[J].企业管理,2007.23.
[100]周三多.管理学——原理与方法[M].复旦大学出版社,1999.6.
[101]杨毅、赵红.企业集群的生态学诠释[J].工业技术经济,2004(05).
[102]伊恰克?阿迪兹.企业生命周期,台湾长河出版社,1996.
[103]阿里·得赫斯著,王晓霞译.长寿公司[M].经济日报出版社,1998.
[104]王文平,张燕.知识型企业持续生存和发展的仿生学原理及其生命体模型分析[J].中国管理科学,2002(2).
[105]王立志.企业仿生的机理和表型研究[D].北京工业大学,2003.2.
[106]罗启义.企业生理学[M].新华出版社,2001.
[107]刘凤军.试论市场协同发展学术研究[J].1998(6):12-16.
[108]周晖,彭星闾.企业生命模型初探[J].中国软科学,2000(10).
[109]韩福荣,徐艳梅.企业仿生学[M].北京:企业管理出版社,2002.
[110]宫丽华.企业生态与企业生态分析[J].科技与管理,2005.
[111]谭凌,高雯.谈企业生态系统[J].合作经济与科技,2007(1).
[112]黄鲁成.区域技术创新生态系统的特征[J].中国科技论坛,2003(1).
[113]关于区域创新系统研究内容的探讨[J].科研管理,2000(2).
[114]刘友金.集群式创新形成与演化机理研究[J].中国软科学,2003,(2):91-95.
[115]黄鲁成.创新群落及其特征[J].科学管理研究,2004(8).
[116]黄鲁成.区域技术创新系统研究:生态学的思考[J].科学学研究,2003(4).
[117]柳卸林.技术创新经济学[J].中国经济出版社,1993.
[118]王素馨.区域创新系统研究[D].武汉理工大学,2003.
[119]赵志模,郭依泉.群落生态学原理与方法[M].重庆技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990.
[120]李京文,叶裕民.区域创新与地方政府职能[J].重庆商学院学报,2002,(3).
[121]付晓东.区域创新系统的构建——以淄博市为例[J].地域研究与开发,2001(6).
[122]中国统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,2001.
[123] Lynn, L.H., Reddy, N.M., Aram,J.D., 1996.Linking technology and institutions: the innovation community framework. Researeh Poliey 25, P91-106.
[124]苏江明.产业集群生态相研究[D].2005.
[125]肖雁飞,沈玉芳.台湾技术创新群落发函模式及其对大陆的启示[J].世界经济研究,2005(07).
[126]程新章.创新、产业集群与区域创新系统[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(11).
[127]贝塔朗非.一般系统论[M].社会科学文献出版社,1987.
[128]刘国平.经济系统进化及动因[D].南京农业大学,2001.6.
[129]周天勇.结合西部资源特点发展特色区域经济http://www.sn.xinhuanet. com/ 200505mon/2005-11/26/content_5680881.htm.
[130]中部地区发展优势与劣势的比较分析http://www.lun-wen.cn/ Economic/ localstrategy/200703/88627.asp?id=1.
[131] 2006年我国区域经济发展趋势及特点http://www.cfn.com.cn/statics_pub/ 1511/255244.asp
[132]自然辫证法[M].1971.
[133]高丹.区域创新系统与区域经济发展研究——佛山为例[D].暨南大学,2006.5.
[134]石油化学工业/http://invest.jl.gov.cn/gygk/syhxgy/index.htm.
[135]吉林省资源优势明显,100个石化项目待字闺中/http://www.jilin.cei.gov.cn.
[136]吉林石化行业,未来发展形势看好/http://www.35mc.com/info/110401.html.
[137]关于壮大吉林省石油化工产业的思考/http://www1.cei.gov.cn/rei/doc/ DQJLYJ/200408121399.htm.
[138]吉林石油化工“十一五”再创辉煌/http://news.oilnews.com.cn/system /2006/09/04/001009568.shtml.
[139]石化:关于壮大吉林省石油化工产业的思考/http://218.83.152.122 /dongtai/content/200488211093049806734.html.
[140]曲然,张少杰.区域创新系统建设与运行系统动力学研究[J].工业技术经济,2008(8)[M].
[141]何晓群.多元统计分析[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[142] Hudgens JC,Tesar D.A Fully-Parallel Sex Degree-of-Fressdom Micro- manipulator:Kinematic Analysis and Dynamic Model.Proc.20th Biennal ASML, Me- chanisms Conf.Trends and Development in Mechanisms Machines and Robotics. 1988, 15(3):29-37.
[143]于秀林,任雪松.多元统计分析[J].北京:中国统计出版社,2004:154-198.
[144]王浩,王继红.吉林省区域创新能力分析[J].东北亚论坛,2006(7).
[145]冯庆斌.基于群落生态学的产学研合作创新研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学.
[146]董维春.现代化进程中区域经济非均衡与协调发展[D].南京农业大学.
[147]徐强.中国产业集聚形成机理与发展对策研究[D].厦门大学.
[2]斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究上卷[M].北京:商务印书馆,中译本,1972.
[3]马尔萨斯.人口论[M].北京:商务印书馆,中译本,1962.
[4]达尔文.物种起源[M].北京:科学出版社,中译本,1955.
[5]白乐日.中国的文明与官僚主义[M].台北:久大文化公司,中译本,1992.
[6]萨缪尔逊.经济学(上册)[M].北京:商务印书馆,中译本,1979年.
[7] Samuelson, "Generalized Predator-Prey Oscillations in Ecological and Economic Equilibrium", Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, (May 1971):980-983.
[8]费雷德?马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务出版社,1993.
[9]薛暮桥.要把马克思主义这门科学不断向前推进[N].《人民日报》(北京),1987.3.20.
[10]厉以宁.社会主义政治经济学[M].北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第321-325页.
[11]袁纯清.共生理论及其对小型经济的应用研究(上)[J].改革,1998年02期
[12] Biomimetics. Greating material from natare’s blueprcints [J].The Scientist. 1991.5(14):14.
[13]岑海棠,陈五一.仿生学概念及其演变[J].机械设计,2007年7月,第24卷第7期:1-2.
[14] Benyus.J.M. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by nature [M].New York: William Morrow and company, 1998.
[15]路甬祥.仿生学的意义与发展[J].科学中国人,23页
[16]岑海棠,陈五一.仿生学概念及其演变[J].机械设计,2007年7月,第24卷第7期:1-2.
[17]张莉,程瑶,张先锋.经济发展中的仿生化趋势分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2006(03).
[18]李言俊.仿生技术及其应用[J].安阳工学院学报,2005(01).
[19]将元力,孔青.化学仿生[J].中州学刊,2001(06).
[20]黄志斌,汪宜丹.高新技术仿生化发展的态势分析[J].自然辩证法研究,2001, (10):38~40.
[21]赵兴成.仿生管理学断想[J].中国卫生事业管理,1997(9).
[22]郑秀峰.企业管理仿生与研究方法探[J].讨当代经济,2006(6).
[23]夏国英,潘成彪.仿生管理学研究的对象与规范[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(1).
[24]傅红春.关于“经济仿生学”的构想[J].武汉大学学报(社会科学版)1987(6):50-52.
[25]陈华山.仿生经济学论纲[J].经济评论,2002(2).
[26]李怀政.“生态经济学”词义原考及其内涵透析[J].江苏商论,2006(12).
[27]戈德史密斯(RW.Goldsmith).金融结构与金融发展[M].1969.
[28]孙儒泳,李庆芬,牛翠娟,娄安如.基础生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002(7):121.
[29]文字资料来源:http://www.eco-w.org华东师范大学,河口海岸国家重点实验室,生态学教研室
[30]达尔文.物种起源[M].北京:科学出版社,1972.
[31]贾根良.新政治经济学:范式革命与异端的综合[M].山西人民出版社,2005.
[32]库尔特?多普菲.演化经济学:纲领与范围[M].高等教育出版社,2004.
[33]阿尔钦.经济发展理论[M].商务印书馆,1950.
[34]哈耶克.个人主义与经济[M].北京经济学院出版社,1949.
[35]纳尔逊,温特.经济变迁的烟花理论[M].商务印书馆,1982.
[36]凡勃伦.为什么经济学不是一门演化的科学?[M].北京大学出版社,1898.
[37]约瑟夫?熊彼特.经济发展理论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1990.73-74.
[38]刘洪涛,等.国家创新系统(NIS)理论与中国的实践[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1999.7.
[39]胡志坚等.国家创新系统理论分析与国际比较[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000.
[40]斯通曼P,技术变革的经济分析[M].北京技术经济和管理现代化研究室技术经济学组译.北京:机械工业出版社,1989.
[41]傅家骥.技术创新学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[42]孙冰.企业技术创新动力研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2003.6.
[43]陈文化.腾飞之路——技术创新论[M].湖南大学出版社,1999:136页.
[44] C.Freeman.Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons fromJapan.London: Frances Pinter, 1987.
[45] Cooke P, Hans Joachim Brazyk H J,Heidenreich M, Regional Innovation Systerms: The Role of Govermance in the Globalied Word[M]. London: UCL Press, 1996.
[46] Schumteper J A..经济发展理论:几利润、资木、信贷、利息和经济周期的考察[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[47] Aseim B, Isaksen A.Location, agglomeration and innovation: towards regional innovation systems in Norway[J]. European Planning Srudies 1997; 5(3): 299-330.
[48]赵修卫.建设区域创新系统,促进区域经济发展[J].科技管理研究,2000(4).
[49]梁海雷等.论技术创新与产业结构升级[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2000(2).
[50]顾新.西部大开发要着眼于形成区域竞争优势[J].软科学,2000(2).
[51]符礼建,区域经济的特色与中国区域经济发展[J].四川大学学报,2000(1).
[52]柳卸琳.调整科技计划与政策,加强创新系统的互动[J]中国软科学,2000(9).
[53]王素馨.区域创新系统研究[D].武汉理工大学,2003.5.
[54]盖文启.创新网络——区域经济发展新思维[M].北京人大出版社,2002.
[55]许继琴.基于产业集群的区域创新体系研究[D].武汉理工大学,2006.5.
[56]郝寿义,安虎森.区域经济学[M],北京:经济科学出版社,1999.
[57]埃德加.M.胡佛.区域经济学导论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1991.
[58]叶依广.区域经济学[M].北京:中国广播电视出版社,1991苏江明.产业集群生态相研究[D].2005.
[59]陈德敏,戴为梁,曾国平.区域经济[M].重庆大学出版社1997.
[60] Carlsson Technological Systems and Industrial Dynamics [M].1997.
[61]杨志刚.技术的系统观[J].科研管理,2003(3):111.
[62]秦书生,陈凡.复杂性视野中的技术[J].科学技术与辩证法,2003(2),61.
[63]刘友金,易秋平.技术创新生态系统结构的生态重组,湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版)2005(9):67-69.
[64]杨忠直著.企业生态学引论[M].科学出版社,2003. 27. 28.
[65] James Fleck, Artefact activity: the coevolution of artefacts,knowledge and organization in technological innovation[C]. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
[66] Abernathy, W.& Clark, K. Innovation: mapping the winds of creativedestruction[J].Research Policy, 1985.
[67]陈青松,沈江.创新路径——技术创新战略、流程与案例[M].天津大学出版社,2007(5).
[68] J. Utterback and N. Abernathy, A Dynamical Model of Process and Product Innovation, Omega, Vol. 3, No.6, 1975.
[69]谢伟.A-U模型及其对技术学习研究的启示[J].科研管理,2000(11):24-27.
[70] Anderso P. Michael L. Tushman. Managing Through Cycles of Technological Change [J]. Research Technology Management. 1991, 34(3): 26-31.
[71]西奥多?W?舒尔茨.论人力资本投资[M].北京经济学院出版社,1992
[72]蔡希贤,史焕伟.技术创新扩散及其模型研究[J].科研管理,1995(16).
[73] Mansfield. E. Teehnical Changes and the Rate of Innovation. Econometrics. 1961.
[74]聂荣,钱克明,潘德惠.基于Logistic方程的创新技术创膊模式及其稳定性分析[J].管理工程学报,2006(1):41-42.
[75]张昀.生物进化[M].北京大学出版社,1998.
[76]葛永林.生物进化的动力机制研究[D].华南师范大学,2002.6.
[77]约翰.希克斯.经济史理论(英)[M].商务印书馆,1999.
[78]胡俊成,侯峻.创新诱导模型、技术烟花阶段及其对转型国家的启示[J].现代管理科学,2007(5).
[79]张宗庆.技术创新研究综合趋势[J].国外社会科学,2000年第6期
[80] C. Freeman. The Eeonomies of idustrial Iunovation.Hannonds worth: Penguin, 1974.
[81] J.M.Utterbaek,W.J.Abernat. A Dynamic Model of Product and Proeess Innovation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1988.
[82]谢光亚.技术创新[M].湖南科学技术出版社,2000.
[83] N.Rosenberg: Inside the Black Box, London: Cambridge University Press,1982,p.203.
[84] R.Rothwell and W.Zegveld: Reindustralization and Technology, London: Longman, 1985, p.65.
[85] N.Rosenberg: Inside the Black Box, London: Cambridge University press, 1982,p.195.
[86] N.Rosenberg: Perspectives on Technology, London: Cambridge University Press, 1976, p.273.
[87]谢光亚.技术创新[M].湖南科学技术出版社,2000年.
[88] N.Rosenberg: Inside the Black Box, London: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
[89] S.Kline and N?Rosenberg:“An Overview of Innovation”in R?Landon and N?Rosenberg(eds.): The Positive Sum Strategy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy press,1986.
[90]陈克晶.一种统一的进化学说——耗散结构理论概述[M].武汉:湖北人民出版社,1989.
[91] Prigogine I.Introduction to the modynamics of Irreverible Proeesses[M].3rd ed.New York: Interscines Pub.1967.
[92] Charles Edquist.Systems of Innovation:Technologies Institutions and Organizations[M]. London: Wellington House.1997.
[93]张培富,李艳红.技术创新过程的自组织进化[J].科学管理究,2000(12).
[94]王崇梅,毛荐其.基于涨落机理探析技术创新自组织进化[J].科技进步与对策,2007(7).
[95]黄鲁成.区域技术创新生态系统的特征[J].中国科技论坛,2003(1):23,26.
[96]李兆友.技术创新的系统性研究[J].系统科学学报,2006(1).
[97]韩福荣,辛彦.企业防生化研究综述[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2001(3).
[98]郑秀凤.企业管理仿生与研究方法探讨[J].
[99]路洋谊,郑大庆,胡建绩.企业DNA遗传与变异探究[J].企业管理,2007.23.
[100]周三多.管理学——原理与方法[M].复旦大学出版社,1999.6.
[101]杨毅、赵红.企业集群的生态学诠释[J].工业技术经济,2004(05).
[102]伊恰克?阿迪兹.企业生命周期,台湾长河出版社,1996.
[103]阿里·得赫斯著,王晓霞译.长寿公司[M].经济日报出版社,1998.
[104]王文平,张燕.知识型企业持续生存和发展的仿生学原理及其生命体模型分析[J].中国管理科学,2002(2).
[105]王立志.企业仿生的机理和表型研究[D].北京工业大学,2003.2.
[106]罗启义.企业生理学[M].新华出版社,2001.
[107]刘凤军.试论市场协同发展学术研究[J].1998(6):12-16.
[108]周晖,彭星闾.企业生命模型初探[J].中国软科学,2000(10).
[109]韩福荣,徐艳梅.企业仿生学[M].北京:企业管理出版社,2002.
[110]宫丽华.企业生态与企业生态分析[J].科技与管理,2005.
[111]谭凌,高雯.谈企业生态系统[J].合作经济与科技,2007(1).
[112]黄鲁成.区域技术创新生态系统的特征[J].中国科技论坛,2003(1).
[113]关于区域创新系统研究内容的探讨[J].科研管理,2000(2).
[114]刘友金.集群式创新形成与演化机理研究[J].中国软科学,2003,(2):91-95.
[115]黄鲁成.创新群落及其特征[J].科学管理研究,2004(8).
[116]黄鲁成.区域技术创新系统研究:生态学的思考[J].科学学研究,2003(4).
[117]柳卸林.技术创新经济学[J].中国经济出版社,1993.
[118]王素馨.区域创新系统研究[D].武汉理工大学,2003.
[119]赵志模,郭依泉.群落生态学原理与方法[M].重庆技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990.
[120]李京文,叶裕民.区域创新与地方政府职能[J].重庆商学院学报,2002,(3).
[121]付晓东.区域创新系统的构建——以淄博市为例[J].地域研究与开发,2001(6).
[122]中国统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,2001.
[123] Lynn, L.H., Reddy, N.M., Aram,J.D., 1996.Linking technology and institutions: the innovation community framework. Researeh Poliey 25, P91-106.
[124]苏江明.产业集群生态相研究[D].2005.
[125]肖雁飞,沈玉芳.台湾技术创新群落发函模式及其对大陆的启示[J].世界经济研究,2005(07).
[126]程新章.创新、产业集群与区域创新系统[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(11).
[127]贝塔朗非.一般系统论[M].社会科学文献出版社,1987.
[128]刘国平.经济系统进化及动因[D].南京农业大学,2001.6.
[129]周天勇.结合西部资源特点发展特色区域经济http://www.sn.xinhuanet. com/ 200505mon/2005-11/26/content_5680881.htm.
[130]中部地区发展优势与劣势的比较分析http://www.lun-wen.cn/ Economic/ localstrategy/200703/88627.asp?id=1.
[131] 2006年我国区域经济发展趋势及特点http://www.cfn.com.cn/statics_pub/ 1511/255244.asp
[132]自然辫证法[M].1971.
[133]高丹.区域创新系统与区域经济发展研究——佛山为例[D].暨南大学,2006.5.
[134]石油化学工业/http://invest.jl.gov.cn/gygk/syhxgy/index.htm.
[135]吉林省资源优势明显,100个石化项目待字闺中/http://www.jilin.cei.gov.cn.
[136]吉林石化行业,未来发展形势看好/http://www.35mc.com/info/110401.html.
[137]关于壮大吉林省石油化工产业的思考/http://www1.cei.gov.cn/rei/doc/ DQJLYJ/200408121399.htm.
[138]吉林石油化工“十一五”再创辉煌/http://news.oilnews.com.cn/system /2006/09/04/001009568.shtml.
[139]石化:关于壮大吉林省石油化工产业的思考/http://218.83.152.122 /dongtai/content/200488211093049806734.html.
[140]曲然,张少杰.区域创新系统建设与运行系统动力学研究[J].工业技术经济,2008(8)[M].
[141]何晓群.多元统计分析[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[142] Hudgens JC,Tesar D.A Fully-Parallel Sex Degree-of-Fressdom Micro- manipulator:Kinematic Analysis and Dynamic Model.Proc.20th Biennal ASML, Me- chanisms Conf.Trends and Development in Mechanisms Machines and Robotics. 1988, 15(3):29-37.
[143]于秀林,任雪松.多元统计分析[J].北京:中国统计出版社,2004:154-198.
[144]王浩,王继红.吉林省区域创新能力分析[J].东北亚论坛,2006(7).
[145]冯庆斌.基于群落生态学的产学研合作创新研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学.
[146]董维春.现代化进程中区域经济非均衡与协调发展[D].南京农业大学.
[147]徐强.中国产业集聚形成机理与发展对策研究[D].厦门大学.