基于全面风险管理的柔性战略研究
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摘要
20世纪90年代以来,企业面临的环境随着信息、技术的迅猛发展和飞速扩散而发生了翻天覆地的变化,而且,环境变化的速度越来越快。面对越来越不确定的环境和动态竞争的压力,以创造未来为特征的柔性战略必将成为21世纪超竞争环境下企业的基本战略选择。
和传统战略相比,柔性战略面临的是更为不确定的环境,战略的实施更强调变化,所以也就面临着更大、更多和更加难以管理的风险,柔性战略从形成、选择、实施到控制都受制于战略主体的风险管理水平。因此,完善的风险管理对柔性战略的成功实施起着至关重要的作用的,但就笔者所检索的大量资料来看,对柔性战略的研究都将重点放在如何创造未来上,而对在创造未来的过程中如何应对风险关注的还很少;在论述柔性战略和企业风险的关系时,柔性战略的思想和方法通常是作为风险管理的一种指导思想和方法支持,尚未有人全面系统地讨论过柔性战略相对于传统战略所特有的风险管理问题。本文正是基于企业全面风险管理作为企业免疫系统的强大功能和其广泛的应用领域,尝试将其应用到柔性战略中来,为柔性战略的顺利实施提供理论和方法上的支持。
由于柔性战略的核心是处理未知的未来,而这一过程中涉及的因素太多并且无法准确预测。在混乱的竞争环境中,利用机会和规避风险的速度迫使战略的形成不再可能同战略的实施相分离。本文针对柔性战略的这一特点,提出了基于全面风险管理的柔性战略一体化模式。这种整合模式强调针对柔性战略的特点,构建与之紧密结合的全面风险管理体系,使其“嵌入”柔性战略形成、实施、评价与控制的各个环节,以确保每个环节通过战略转换并行而连续地进行。首先,从基于全面风险管理的柔性战略思想的形成、资源和能力的分析等方面阐述了基于全面风险管理的柔性战略的形成;接着,从全面风险管理的角度出发,通过柔性战略的设计原则、设计方案和配套全面风险管理方案的选择等几方面论述了基于全面风险管理的柔性战略的选择;然后从柔性战略实施的前提——强大的风险管理能力和柔性战略实施的主要手段——模块化等方面讨论了基于全面风险管理的柔性战略的实施;运用战略期权思想介绍了如何在企业全面风险管理的保障下评价和控制柔性战略;最后,阐述了以上各步骤通过战略转换并行而连续地进行的一体化过程。
Since the 1990s, with the fast development of technology and information, the environments that enterprises face have changed extremely. The speed of changes, mean-while, is faster and faster. Faced with increasingly uncertain environment and dynamic competitive pressure, the creating-future characteristics of the flexible strategy will become the basic strategic choice for enterprises of the 21st century under uncertain environment.
Compared to the traditional strategic, flexible strategy is facing a more uncertain environment, put more emphases on the implementation of strategy changes, so it's facing a greater, more and more difficult to manage risk. Flexible strategy from the formation, the choice and the implementation to the control of the flexible strategy all are subjected to the capability of the enterprise risk management. Therefore, a sound risk management strategy plays a vital role in the successful implementation of flexible strategic. After crawling on the large volume of data, the author find the study of flexible strategy mainly focus on how to create the future, but fewer focus on how to deal with the risk. When concerned the relations between flexible strategy and business risk, the flexible strategic thinking and method are usually as guiding ideology and methods of risk management. Therefore it has not yet been discussed comprehensively and systematically that how to control the enterprise risk about the flexible strategy. This article is trying to deal flexible strategy with comprehensive risk management method, which is the power immune system of business enterprise and is widely used, and give the theoretical and methodological support for the smooth implementation of flexible strategy.
As the core of flexible strategy is dealing with the unknown future and involves too many factors, it can not be accurately forecast. This means that it is no longer possible to separate the formation and implementation of the strategy in the confusion and competitive environment when taking advantage of opportunities and avoiding risks. In this paper, the author proposed the integration model of the flexible strategy and comprehensive risk management strategy. This integration model of flexible strategies addresses the construction of a comprehensive risk management system, which is“embed”in each stage of a flexible strategy, and makes sure each stage smoothly work.
First of all, this article gives the formation of flexible strategy from many aspects, then from a comprehensive risk management point of view, presents the options of comprehensive risk management of flexible strategy, and then discussed the implementation of flexible strategy and introduced how to evaluate and control flexible strategy by using strategic options thinking method. Finally, this article interprets the continuous integration process of the above steps.
和传统战略相比,柔性战略面临的是更为不确定的环境,战略的实施更强调变化,所以也就面临着更大、更多和更加难以管理的风险,柔性战略从形成、选择、实施到控制都受制于战略主体的风险管理水平。因此,完善的风险管理对柔性战略的成功实施起着至关重要的作用的,但就笔者所检索的大量资料来看,对柔性战略的研究都将重点放在如何创造未来上,而对在创造未来的过程中如何应对风险关注的还很少;在论述柔性战略和企业风险的关系时,柔性战略的思想和方法通常是作为风险管理的一种指导思想和方法支持,尚未有人全面系统地讨论过柔性战略相对于传统战略所特有的风险管理问题。本文正是基于企业全面风险管理作为企业免疫系统的强大功能和其广泛的应用领域,尝试将其应用到柔性战略中来,为柔性战略的顺利实施提供理论和方法上的支持。
由于柔性战略的核心是处理未知的未来,而这一过程中涉及的因素太多并且无法准确预测。在混乱的竞争环境中,利用机会和规避风险的速度迫使战略的形成不再可能同战略的实施相分离。本文针对柔性战略的这一特点,提出了基于全面风险管理的柔性战略一体化模式。这种整合模式强调针对柔性战略的特点,构建与之紧密结合的全面风险管理体系,使其“嵌入”柔性战略形成、实施、评价与控制的各个环节,以确保每个环节通过战略转换并行而连续地进行。首先,从基于全面风险管理的柔性战略思想的形成、资源和能力的分析等方面阐述了基于全面风险管理的柔性战略的形成;接着,从全面风险管理的角度出发,通过柔性战略的设计原则、设计方案和配套全面风险管理方案的选择等几方面论述了基于全面风险管理的柔性战略的选择;然后从柔性战略实施的前提——强大的风险管理能力和柔性战略实施的主要手段——模块化等方面讨论了基于全面风险管理的柔性战略的实施;运用战略期权思想介绍了如何在企业全面风险管理的保障下评价和控制柔性战略;最后,阐述了以上各步骤通过战略转换并行而连续地进行的一体化过程。
Since the 1990s, with the fast development of technology and information, the environments that enterprises face have changed extremely. The speed of changes, mean-while, is faster and faster. Faced with increasingly uncertain environment and dynamic competitive pressure, the creating-future characteristics of the flexible strategy will become the basic strategic choice for enterprises of the 21st century under uncertain environment.
Compared to the traditional strategic, flexible strategy is facing a more uncertain environment, put more emphases on the implementation of strategy changes, so it's facing a greater, more and more difficult to manage risk. Flexible strategy from the formation, the choice and the implementation to the control of the flexible strategy all are subjected to the capability of the enterprise risk management. Therefore, a sound risk management strategy plays a vital role in the successful implementation of flexible strategic. After crawling on the large volume of data, the author find the study of flexible strategy mainly focus on how to create the future, but fewer focus on how to deal with the risk. When concerned the relations between flexible strategy and business risk, the flexible strategic thinking and method are usually as guiding ideology and methods of risk management. Therefore it has not yet been discussed comprehensively and systematically that how to control the enterprise risk about the flexible strategy. This article is trying to deal flexible strategy with comprehensive risk management method, which is the power immune system of business enterprise and is widely used, and give the theoretical and methodological support for the smooth implementation of flexible strategy.
As the core of flexible strategy is dealing with the unknown future and involves too many factors, it can not be accurately forecast. This means that it is no longer possible to separate the formation and implementation of the strategy in the confusion and competitive environment when taking advantage of opportunities and avoiding risks. In this paper, the author proposed the integration model of the flexible strategy and comprehensive risk management strategy. This integration model of flexible strategies addresses the construction of a comprehensive risk management system, which is“embed”in each stage of a flexible strategy, and makes sure each stage smoothly work.
First of all, this article gives the formation of flexible strategy from many aspects, then from a comprehensive risk management point of view, presents the options of comprehensive risk management of flexible strategy, and then discussed the implementation of flexible strategy and introduced how to evaluate and control flexible strategy by using strategic options thinking method. Finally, this article interprets the continuous integration process of the above steps.
引文
[1]刘益,李垣,汪应洛..柔性战略的理论、分析方法及其应用[M] .北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005
[2]方红星,王红.企业风险管理——整合框架[M] .大连:东北财经大学出版社,2005,4
[3]张守凤..基于超竞争环境下的企业柔性战略研究.博士学位论文[P] .武汉理工大学,2005,4
[4]连远强.企业组织系统柔性及其重构研究[D].硕士学位论文.沈阳工业大学,2004,3
[5]杨雄胜.内部控制发展问题研究.博士学位论文[P].东北财经大学,2004,6
[6]梁广华,李冠峰,程晓栋,赵伟利.对企业风险化解(转移)的模型柔性战略[J].经济丛林,2006,8:P121-122.
[7]张春华.不确定环境下的企业战略研究[D].硕士学位论文.中国海洋大学,2006,6
[8]詹姆斯·德阿克著,丁一兵译.企业的泛风管理[M].长春:吉林人民出版社, 2001.
[9]张志强.期权理论与公司理财[M].北京:华夏出版社, 2000.
[10]叶建木,邓明然.战略风险的维度空间与柔性控制[J].武汉理工大学学报·信息与管理工程版,2006,10:P109-111
[11]朱焕忠.高新技术企业战略联盟的柔性管理研究[D].硕士学位论文.黑龙江:哈尔滨理工大学,2006年
[12]Cooper, Lynne P.A Research Agenda to Reduce Risk in New Product Development Through Knowledge Management: A Practitioner Perspective.Journal of Engineering And Technology Management, June, 2003, 20(1-2): P 117-140
[13]赵茜.恒大集团柔性战略模式研究[D]:硕士学位论文.武汉科技大学研究与发展,2006年
[14]石立伟.基于资源观的战略柔性研究[D]:硕士学位论文.湖北:武汉大学,2004年.
[15]王晓燕.EWRM的应用及其对我国风险管理的启示[J].商业经济,2006,1:P 11-12
[16]Myers S C. Determinants of corporate borrowing [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1977
[17]刘艳梅.“战略期权”思想在企业战略更新中的应用[J],中国人民大学学报,2006,1
[18]杨卫东,刘启君.基于战略期权的战略转换—一种新的战略风险方法[J],工业技术经济,2004.5
[19] (美)Jmaes.M.Uttebrack著.高建,李明译.把握创新[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999: P54-66
[20]张青山.曹智安.企业动态联盟风险的防范与预控研究.管理科学,2004,6: P46-51
[21]汪应洛.企业柔性战略——跨世纪战略管理研究与实践的前言[J].《管理科学学报》,1998.1
[22]侯玉莲.不确定性环境中的战略柔性[J].《河别大学学报》,2004.1
[23]黄仁懿,黄丹.在不确定环境下战略期权对战略决策的应用研究[J].安徽农业科技,2006.
[24]游金.企业动态联盟风险的转移及其管理的激励与约束机制研究[D]:硕士学位论文.沈阳工业大学,2006年
[25]史浩江,韩志丽.高科技企业风险管理模式创新—一种价值链视角[J].湖南人文科技学院学报,2005,3
[26]周永生,李晓龙.企业柔性竞争战略和决策思路研究[J].企业论坛,2006,4
[27]卢才武.高新技术企业风险管理理论与应用研究[P.]博士学位论文.华中科技大学,2004
[28]COSO著,方红星,王宏译.企业风险管理———整合框架[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2005
[29]王宏伟,余建星.海洋工程全面风险管理方法体系研究[J].海洋技术,2006,25,(1).
[30]江武成.论商业银行的全面风险管理[J].广西民族学院学报,2005,27,(1).
[31]慕继丰.复杂组织的全面风险管理初探[J].中国管理科学,2000,(11):293-295.
[2]方红星,王红.企业风险管理——整合框架[M] .大连:东北财经大学出版社,2005,4
[3]张守凤..基于超竞争环境下的企业柔性战略研究.博士学位论文[P] .武汉理工大学,2005,4
[4]连远强.企业组织系统柔性及其重构研究[D].硕士学位论文.沈阳工业大学,2004,3
[5]杨雄胜.内部控制发展问题研究.博士学位论文[P].东北财经大学,2004,6
[6]梁广华,李冠峰,程晓栋,赵伟利.对企业风险化解(转移)的模型柔性战略[J].经济丛林,2006,8:P121-122.
[7]张春华.不确定环境下的企业战略研究[D].硕士学位论文.中国海洋大学,2006,6
[8]詹姆斯·德阿克著,丁一兵译.企业的泛风管理[M].长春:吉林人民出版社, 2001.
[9]张志强.期权理论与公司理财[M].北京:华夏出版社, 2000.
[10]叶建木,邓明然.战略风险的维度空间与柔性控制[J].武汉理工大学学报·信息与管理工程版,2006,10:P109-111
[11]朱焕忠.高新技术企业战略联盟的柔性管理研究[D].硕士学位论文.黑龙江:哈尔滨理工大学,2006年
[12]Cooper, Lynne P.A Research Agenda to Reduce Risk in New Product Development Through Knowledge Management: A Practitioner Perspective.Journal of Engineering And Technology Management, June, 2003, 20(1-2): P 117-140
[13]赵茜.恒大集团柔性战略模式研究[D]:硕士学位论文.武汉科技大学研究与发展,2006年
[14]石立伟.基于资源观的战略柔性研究[D]:硕士学位论文.湖北:武汉大学,2004年.
[15]王晓燕.EWRM的应用及其对我国风险管理的启示[J].商业经济,2006,1:P 11-12
[16]Myers S C. Determinants of corporate borrowing [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1977
[17]刘艳梅.“战略期权”思想在企业战略更新中的应用[J],中国人民大学学报,2006,1
[18]杨卫东,刘启君.基于战略期权的战略转换—一种新的战略风险方法[J],工业技术经济,2004.5
[19] (美)Jmaes.M.Uttebrack著.高建,李明译.把握创新[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999: P54-66
[20]张青山.曹智安.企业动态联盟风险的防范与预控研究.管理科学,2004,6: P46-51
[21]汪应洛.企业柔性战略——跨世纪战略管理研究与实践的前言[J].《管理科学学报》,1998.1
[22]侯玉莲.不确定性环境中的战略柔性[J].《河别大学学报》,2004.1
[23]黄仁懿,黄丹.在不确定环境下战略期权对战略决策的应用研究[J].安徽农业科技,2006.
[24]游金.企业动态联盟风险的转移及其管理的激励与约束机制研究[D]:硕士学位论文.沈阳工业大学,2006年
[25]史浩江,韩志丽.高科技企业风险管理模式创新—一种价值链视角[J].湖南人文科技学院学报,2005,3
[26]周永生,李晓龙.企业柔性竞争战略和决策思路研究[J].企业论坛,2006,4
[27]卢才武.高新技术企业风险管理理论与应用研究[P.]博士学位论文.华中科技大学,2004
[28]COSO著,方红星,王宏译.企业风险管理———整合框架[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2005
[29]王宏伟,余建星.海洋工程全面风险管理方法体系研究[J].海洋技术,2006,25,(1).
[30]江武成.论商业银行的全面风险管理[J].广西民族学院学报,2005,27,(1).
[31]慕继丰.复杂组织的全面风险管理初探[J].中国管理科学,2000,(11):293-295.