人力资本、网络能力与企业竞争优势的整合关系研究
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摘要
优胜劣汰是市场经济基本法则。竞争优势重要性与中国企业竞争优势短缺的巨大反差吸引我们研究企业竞争优势等相关问题。当代企业竞争优势的新特点与网络能力、人力资本的战略地位不仅使我们从人力资本、网络能力视角研究企业竞争优势成为可能,而且成为必要。通过回顾人力资本、网络能力和企业竞争优势相关研究,本文发现,现有研究往往是单独应用人力资本理论或网络能力理论去解释企业竞争优势,缺少同时将这两大理论纳入企业竞争优势的整合性研究。因此,人力资本与企业网络能力的内在联系以及它们在解释企业竞争优势上的层次关系等问题至今仍是一个理论黑箱。基于此,我们提出了本文的研究主题：人力资本、网络能力与企业竞争优势的整合关系。
针对此研究主题,本文采用了规范研究和实证研究相结合的方法,通过文献回顾、实地访谈、问卷分析,试图更为深刻揭示人力资本、网络能力与企业竞争优势的整合关系。
通过研究,本文得出以下结论：
(1)作为整体而非个体概念的企业人力资本,是一个二阶六维变量,企业家人力资本、管理型人力资本、专业型人力资本、人力资本投资、人力资本配置、人力资本激励均属于其重要维度。
(2)市场全球化、技术全球化、生产全球化、环境不确定性等外部压力和资源获取、风险制约、过度竞争避免等内部需求有力推动了企业网络能力的形成。企业网络能力是网络经验惯例化、组织过程和组织学习协同作用的结果,为高阶多维变量,网络柔性决策能力、网络协控能力和网络营运能力均属于其重要维度。网络柔性决策能力可分为网络意会与网络战略决策,网络协控能力可分为网络战略协同与网络战略控制,网络营运能力可分为组织间关系启动、资源交流与关系协同。企业网络能力的形成和演化是建立在人力资本存量之上的知识积累和人力资本流量之上的知识更新。
(3)企业竞争优势是企业整体价值创造优势和实现优势协同演化的结果,可以用企业整体价值优势来衡量,其本身是一个二阶四维变量,股东价值优势、人力资本价值优势、合作伙伴价值优势、顾客价值优势均属于其重要维度。目前,中国企业实现竞争优势的主要障碍是人力资本价值优势和合作伙伴价值优势。
(4)网络能力越强,企业越有利于实现竞争优势。各种网络能力对企业竞争优势的直接影响程度不一样,网络营运能力对企业竞争优势的影响最大,网络柔性决策能力次之,网络协控能力次次之。人力资本存量和流量越强,企业越有利于实现竞争优势。各种人力资本存量不仅对企业竞争优势产生直接影响,而且通过网络能力对企业竞争优势产生间接影响,其整体影响程度不一样,专业型人力资本对企业竞争优势的整体影响最大,其次企业家人力资本,最小为管理型人力资本；各种人力资本流量对企业竞争优势不产生直接影响,而是通过各种人力资本存量和网络能力对企业竞争优势产生间接影响,其间接影响程度也不一样,人力资本配置对企业竞争优势的间接影响最大,其次人力资本激励,最小为人力资本投资。企业人力资本存量和流量越强,越有利于网络能力的形成和演化。各种人力资本存量影响企业网络能力的具体内容不同,企业家人力资本影响企业网络柔性决策能力,管理型人力资本影响企业网络协控能力,专业型人力资本影响企业网络营运能力；人力资本流量对企业网络能力不产生直接影响,而是通过人力资本存量对企业网络能力产生间接影响。动态的人力资本投资、人力资本配置、人力资本激励对静态的企业家人力资本、管理型人力资本、专业型人力资本产生正向直接影响。
(5)综合应用人力资本流量、人力资本存量与网络能力,并考虑它们之间的关系,较应用其中少数因素对企业竞争优势的解释力更强,能更为深刻揭示人力资本流量、人力资本存量与网络能力在解释企业竞争优势上的层次关系及其作用机理。
(6)环境不确定性和企业规模影响企业竞争优势,而行业类型对企业竞争优势的影响不大。环境越不确定,企业越有利于实现竞争优势。企业规模越大,企业越有利于实现竞争优势。
The survival of the fittest is the basic law of market economy. The great contrast between the importance of competitive advantage and the shortage of Chinese enterprise competitive advantage attracts us to make researches on enterprise competitive advantage and other related issues. Nowdays, the new characters of enterprise competitive advantage and the strategic status of network capacity or human capital not only make it possible for us to study enterprise competitive advantage from the view of network capacity or human capital, but also make it necessary. In related literature review of human capital, network capacity and enterprise competitive advantage, we find that existing study is often a separate application of human capital theory or network capacity theory to explain enterprise competitive advantage, lacking of integrated research which applies these two major theories of human capital, network capacity to enterprise competitive advantage at the same time. Therefore, the intrinsic relation between human capital and enterprise network capacity, as well as their interpretation of competitive advantage in the level of relations is still a theoretical black box. Based on this, we put forward the main issue:the integrated relationship among human capital, network capacity and the enterprise competitive advantage. According to this issue, Attempting profoundly to reveal the integrated relationship among human capital, network capacity and enterprise competitive advantage, this paper adopted the way combining theoretical analysis and empirical testing, through literature review, on-the-spot interview and questionnaire analyses.
Through study, the paper reached the following conclusions:
(1) Enterprise human capital as a whole concept rather than a individual, is a second-order six-dimensional variable. Entrepreneurial human capital, managerial human capital, professional human capital, human capital investment, human capital allocation, and human capital incentives belong to important dimension of enterprise human capital.
(2)The external pressures of the globalization of markets，technology，production and the environmental uncertainty，as weU as the intemal demand of resource acquisition,risk constraints and excessiVe competition strongly motivate the formation of enterprise network capacity．Enterprise network capacity is the result of coordinated interaction among network experprience habituation，organizational processes and organizational learning, which is a high-order multi-dimensional variable．The network flexible decision-making capacity，the network coordinating and controlling capacity，the network operating capacity are its important dimensions．However,the network flexible decision-making capacity can be diVided into network sense-making and netWOrk strategic decisiOn-making．The network coordinating and controlling capacity can be divided into network strategic coordinating and network strategic controlling．The Network operating capacity can be divided into the relationship start，resource communication and relationship coordinatiOn of the inter-organizational．The formation and evolution Of enterprise network capacity is based on the knowledge accumulation of human capital stOck and the knowledge renewal of human capital flow．
(3)Enterprise competitiVe advantage is the result of coordination and co-evolution between overall value creation advantage and realization advantage，which can be measured by the enterprise overall value advantages，and is a second—order four-dimensional variable．The advantages of sharehOlder Value，human capital value，partnership value，customer value are its important dimensions．At present，the main obstacles for Chinese enterprises to achieve competitive advantage are the advantages of human capital value and partnerships value．
(4)The more intense the network capacity is，the more conducive to realizing enterprise competitive advantage the entelprise is．The direct impacts of varieties of network capacity on enterprise competitive advantage are not the same．The network Operating capacity mostly affected enterprise cornpetitive advantage，followed by network flexible decision-making capacity，and the minimum is network coordinating and controlling capacity．The more intense the human capital stock and flow is, the more conducive to realizing competitive advantage the enterprise is. Not only can the variety of human capital stock affect competitive advantage directly, but also can affect enterprise competitive advantage indirectly by network capacity, whose overall extent of impact are different. Professional human capital makes great overall impact on the enterprise competitive advantage, followed by the entrepreneurial human capital, the minimum is the managerial human capital. Varieties of human capital flow does not make a direct impact on enterprise competitive advantage, and makes indirect impact on enterprise competitive advantage through a variety of human capital stock and network capacity, whose extent of indirect impact is not the same. Human capital allocation makes great impact on enterprise competitive advantage, followed by human capital incentives, the minimum is human capital investment. The more intense the human capital stock and flow is, the more favorable to the formation and evolution of network capacity the enterprise is. The specific content of various human capital stock to affect enterprise network capacity is different. The entrepreneurial human capital makes impact on the enterprise network flexible decision-making capacity. The managerial human capital affects enterprise network coordinating and controlling capacity. The professional human capital affects enterprise network operating capacity. Human capital flow may not make direct impact on of enterprise network capacity, but it may make indirect impact on enterprise network capacity through human capital stock. The dynamic human capital investment, human capital allocation, and human capital incentives will have a direct positive relationship for static entrepreneurial human capital, managerial human capital, and professional human capital.
(5) For enterprise competitive advantage, comprehensively applying human capital flow, human capital stock, network capacity and considering their relationship is of mere intensive explanatory power than applying a few factor of them. It can profoundly reveal the order relationship and functional mechanism of human capital flow, human capital stock and network capacity which are used to explain enterprise competitive advantage.
(6) Environmental uncertainty and enterprise size make impact on enterprise competitive advantage, but industry type does not make great impact on enterprise competitive advantage. The more uncertain the environment is, the more conducive to realizing competitive advantage the enterprise is. The larger the enterprise is, the more conducive to realizing competitive advantage the enterprise is.
针对此研究主题,本文采用了规范研究和实证研究相结合的方法,通过文献回顾、实地访谈、问卷分析,试图更为深刻揭示人力资本、网络能力与企业竞争优势的整合关系。
通过研究,本文得出以下结论：
(1)作为整体而非个体概念的企业人力资本,是一个二阶六维变量,企业家人力资本、管理型人力资本、专业型人力资本、人力资本投资、人力资本配置、人力资本激励均属于其重要维度。
(2)市场全球化、技术全球化、生产全球化、环境不确定性等外部压力和资源获取、风险制约、过度竞争避免等内部需求有力推动了企业网络能力的形成。企业网络能力是网络经验惯例化、组织过程和组织学习协同作用的结果,为高阶多维变量,网络柔性决策能力、网络协控能力和网络营运能力均属于其重要维度。网络柔性决策能力可分为网络意会与网络战略决策,网络协控能力可分为网络战略协同与网络战略控制,网络营运能力可分为组织间关系启动、资源交流与关系协同。企业网络能力的形成和演化是建立在人力资本存量之上的知识积累和人力资本流量之上的知识更新。
(3)企业竞争优势是企业整体价值创造优势和实现优势协同演化的结果,可以用企业整体价值优势来衡量,其本身是一个二阶四维变量,股东价值优势、人力资本价值优势、合作伙伴价值优势、顾客价值优势均属于其重要维度。目前,中国企业实现竞争优势的主要障碍是人力资本价值优势和合作伙伴价值优势。
(4)网络能力越强,企业越有利于实现竞争优势。各种网络能力对企业竞争优势的直接影响程度不一样,网络营运能力对企业竞争优势的影响最大,网络柔性决策能力次之,网络协控能力次次之。人力资本存量和流量越强,企业越有利于实现竞争优势。各种人力资本存量不仅对企业竞争优势产生直接影响,而且通过网络能力对企业竞争优势产生间接影响,其整体影响程度不一样,专业型人力资本对企业竞争优势的整体影响最大,其次企业家人力资本,最小为管理型人力资本；各种人力资本流量对企业竞争优势不产生直接影响,而是通过各种人力资本存量和网络能力对企业竞争优势产生间接影响,其间接影响程度也不一样,人力资本配置对企业竞争优势的间接影响最大,其次人力资本激励,最小为人力资本投资。企业人力资本存量和流量越强,越有利于网络能力的形成和演化。各种人力资本存量影响企业网络能力的具体内容不同,企业家人力资本影响企业网络柔性决策能力,管理型人力资本影响企业网络协控能力,专业型人力资本影响企业网络营运能力；人力资本流量对企业网络能力不产生直接影响,而是通过人力资本存量对企业网络能力产生间接影响。动态的人力资本投资、人力资本配置、人力资本激励对静态的企业家人力资本、管理型人力资本、专业型人力资本产生正向直接影响。
(5)综合应用人力资本流量、人力资本存量与网络能力,并考虑它们之间的关系,较应用其中少数因素对企业竞争优势的解释力更强,能更为深刻揭示人力资本流量、人力资本存量与网络能力在解释企业竞争优势上的层次关系及其作用机理。
(6)环境不确定性和企业规模影响企业竞争优势,而行业类型对企业竞争优势的影响不大。环境越不确定,企业越有利于实现竞争优势。企业规模越大,企业越有利于实现竞争优势。
The survival of the fittest is the basic law of market economy. The great contrast between the importance of competitive advantage and the shortage of Chinese enterprise competitive advantage attracts us to make researches on enterprise competitive advantage and other related issues. Nowdays, the new characters of enterprise competitive advantage and the strategic status of network capacity or human capital not only make it possible for us to study enterprise competitive advantage from the view of network capacity or human capital, but also make it necessary. In related literature review of human capital, network capacity and enterprise competitive advantage, we find that existing study is often a separate application of human capital theory or network capacity theory to explain enterprise competitive advantage, lacking of integrated research which applies these two major theories of human capital, network capacity to enterprise competitive advantage at the same time. Therefore, the intrinsic relation between human capital and enterprise network capacity, as well as their interpretation of competitive advantage in the level of relations is still a theoretical black box. Based on this, we put forward the main issue:the integrated relationship among human capital, network capacity and the enterprise competitive advantage. According to this issue, Attempting profoundly to reveal the integrated relationship among human capital, network capacity and enterprise competitive advantage, this paper adopted the way combining theoretical analysis and empirical testing, through literature review, on-the-spot interview and questionnaire analyses.
Through study, the paper reached the following conclusions:
(1) Enterprise human capital as a whole concept rather than a individual, is a second-order six-dimensional variable. Entrepreneurial human capital, managerial human capital, professional human capital, human capital investment, human capital allocation, and human capital incentives belong to important dimension of enterprise human capital.
(2)The external pressures of the globalization of markets，technology，production and the environmental uncertainty，as weU as the intemal demand of resource acquisition,risk constraints and excessiVe competition strongly motivate the formation of enterprise network capacity．Enterprise network capacity is the result of coordinated interaction among network experprience habituation，organizational processes and organizational learning, which is a high-order multi-dimensional variable．The network flexible decision-making capacity，the network coordinating and controlling capacity，the network operating capacity are its important dimensions．However,the network flexible decision-making capacity can be diVided into network sense-making and netWOrk strategic decisiOn-making．The network coordinating and controlling capacity can be divided into network strategic coordinating and network strategic controlling．The Network operating capacity can be divided into the relationship start，resource communication and relationship coordinatiOn of the inter-organizational．The formation and evolution Of enterprise network capacity is based on the knowledge accumulation of human capital stOck and the knowledge renewal of human capital flow．
(3)Enterprise competitiVe advantage is the result of coordination and co-evolution between overall value creation advantage and realization advantage，which can be measured by the enterprise overall value advantages，and is a second—order four-dimensional variable．The advantages of sharehOlder Value，human capital value，partnership value，customer value are its important dimensions．At present，the main obstacles for Chinese enterprises to achieve competitive advantage are the advantages of human capital value and partnerships value．
(4)The more intense the network capacity is，the more conducive to realizing enterprise competitive advantage the entelprise is．The direct impacts of varieties of network capacity on enterprise competitive advantage are not the same．The network Operating capacity mostly affected enterprise cornpetitive advantage，followed by network flexible decision-making capacity，and the minimum is network coordinating and controlling capacity．The more intense the human capital stock and flow is, the more conducive to realizing competitive advantage the enterprise is. Not only can the variety of human capital stock affect competitive advantage directly, but also can affect enterprise competitive advantage indirectly by network capacity, whose overall extent of impact are different. Professional human capital makes great overall impact on the enterprise competitive advantage, followed by the entrepreneurial human capital, the minimum is the managerial human capital. Varieties of human capital flow does not make a direct impact on enterprise competitive advantage, and makes indirect impact on enterprise competitive advantage through a variety of human capital stock and network capacity, whose extent of indirect impact is not the same. Human capital allocation makes great impact on enterprise competitive advantage, followed by human capital incentives, the minimum is human capital investment. The more intense the human capital stock and flow is, the more favorable to the formation and evolution of network capacity the enterprise is. The specific content of various human capital stock to affect enterprise network capacity is different. The entrepreneurial human capital makes impact on the enterprise network flexible decision-making capacity. The managerial human capital affects enterprise network coordinating and controlling capacity. The professional human capital affects enterprise network operating capacity. Human capital flow may not make direct impact on of enterprise network capacity, but it may make indirect impact on enterprise network capacity through human capital stock. The dynamic human capital investment, human capital allocation, and human capital incentives will have a direct positive relationship for static entrepreneurial human capital, managerial human capital, and professional human capital.
(5) For enterprise competitive advantage, comprehensively applying human capital flow, human capital stock, network capacity and considering their relationship is of mere intensive explanatory power than applying a few factor of them. It can profoundly reveal the order relationship and functional mechanism of human capital flow, human capital stock and network capacity which are used to explain enterprise competitive advantage.
(6) Environmental uncertainty and enterprise size make impact on enterprise competitive advantage, but industry type does not make great impact on enterprise competitive advantage. The more uncertain the environment is, the more conducive to realizing competitive advantage the enterprise is. The larger the enterprise is, the more conducive to realizing competitive advantage the enterprise is.
引文
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