基于公路主体的公路规模决策机理研究
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摘要
公路是社会经济发展的重要基础设施,合理的公路规模是公路发挥显著社会经济效益的重要前提,如何确定合理的公路规模成为理论界和实务界关心的重要课题。从掌握的文献资料看,对宏观角度政府规制公路规模的研究较多,对微观角度市场机制调节公路规模的研究较少,市场机制与政府规制在公路领域并存已经成为社会主义市场经济运行的一个重要特征,市场机制能够更好地适应经济环境、资源配置的动态性和不确定性的要求,能够有效地实现包括运输资源在内的各类资源的优化配置。宏观角度政府规制公路规模的研究主线为:一是依据准确的交通量预测数据,按照总行驶费用最小或出行时间最小确定公路规模;二是在个人效用最大化假设下,采用非集计模型确定公路规模;三是依据公路规模与外部影响因素之间的关系直接构建模型。宏观角度政府规制公路规模的研究缺陷为:首先是抽象掉了微观公路主体;其次是忽略了资源的稀缺性,公路只是经济主体社会经济生活的一部分,经济主体需要将有限资源分配于包括公路在内的所有经济活动中,以实现效用最大化。依据宏观角度政府规制公路规模理论的公路规划产生了实务中的诸多不协调:政府在债务负担过重和收费公路效率偏低的情况下持续扩张收费公路规模,而公路使用者呼吁减少收费公路规模。市场是一种依靠流通和价格把独立的利益单位和行为主体有效地联系起来实行资源分配的机制,克服了政府规制公路规模理论的缺陷,能够充分考虑微观公路主体在资源稀缺情况下的决策过程。如何运用市场机制调节公路规模?不同公路主体在资金约束下如何进行公路规模决策?公路实务中不协调的原因及对策等成为亟待解决的问题。
     为了研究市场机制对公路规模的调节机理,本文力图运用西方经济学对经济主体经济行为的研究思路,借鉴Gary Stanley Becker在《人类行为的经济分析》一书中关于运用经济理论分析人类行为的研究方法,探讨了公路主体实现效用最大化的决策过程以及均衡条件,发现市场机制调节公路规模的途径。
     为了研究不同公路主体在资金约束下的公路规模决策机理,构建了公路使用者在资金约束条件下的2项Logit(Binary logit:BL)模型,并结合图形探讨了价格对农村公路和收费公路规模的影响机理;构建了“服务型”政府效用最大化的农村公路规模决策模型;将Gary Stanley Becker关于人类行为的经济分析方法用于政府的公路规模决策,并结合图形对农村公路融资结构、农村城镇化建设和农村经济结构调整、农村公路等级、农村公路养护成本市场化运作等影响因素进行分析;通过绘制政府的社会边际收入和社会边际成本,公路经营企业的边际收入和边际成本曲线,分析政府的收费公路结构决策机理,提出政府的优惠政策范围;根据公路经营企业利润最大化目标构建民间资本提供收费经营公路规模的决策模型。
     为了研究收费公路实务中不协调的原因及对策,在综合公路使用者和政府公路规模决策机理的基础上,提出收费公路产生供求矛盾的原因在于政府和道路使用者的收费公路效用函数存在差异、政府和道路使用者的预算线斜率存在差异,进而提出一系列解决措施。
Highway is critical infrastructure for social–economic development, the reasonablehighway scale is an important prerequisite for significant social–economic belefits, how todetermine the reasonable highway scale becomes the important subject which theory andpractice circle focus on. By analyzing the existing literature, more literature study highwayscale from the perspective of macroscopic government regulation, few literature studyhighway scale from the perspective of microscopic market mechanisms, the coexistence ofmarket mechanism and government regulation is an important feature of socialist marketeconomy, market mechanisms can better adapt to the dynamics and uncertainty of economicenviroment and resouce configuration, realize efficient the optimal allocation of resouceincluding the transportation.The study on the main line of highway scale from theperspective of macroscopic government regulation are as follows: one is that highway scaleis planned according to minimum travel cost or minimum travel time based on accuratetraffic data; two is that highway scale is planned by disaggregate model with the assumptionof the maximum individual utility; three is that models are directly built basec on therelationship between highway scale and external factors. The defects of highway scale fromthe perspective of macroscopic government regulation are as follows: on the one hand,highway subjects are not considered; on the other hand, resource scarcity is ignored,highway only is part of social–economic life, economic agents realize maximum utility byallocating limited resouce to all economic activities including highway investment. Thehighway planning based on the existing theory causes more incoordination in practice:government expands scale of toll highway with the heavy debt burden and the lowefficiency of toll highway, while highway users call for the fewer toll highway. Marketing isan effective resource allocation mechanism which contacts independent interests and actorsby circulation and prices, which overcomes the defects of highway scale theory from theperspective of macroscopic government regulation and can fully consider thedecision-making process of the highway users and government under the scarceresources.How to regulate the highway scale by market mechanism? How do differenthighway subjects make decision on highway scale with capital limitation? What are thereasons and countermeasures of incordination in highway practice? The above problemsneed to be solve urgently.
     In order to study regulation mechanism of market to highway scale, by drawing lessonsfrom ideas of Western economics studying economic behavior of economic agents and research methods how to analyze human behavior by economic theory from the book《Economic Analysis of Human Behavior》written by Gary Stanley Becker, this paperdiscusses decision-making process how do highway subjects realize maximum utility andequilibrium conditions of highway subjects, finds the way for market mechanism to regulatehighway scale.
     In order to study decision-making mechanism to highway scale with highway subjects’capital limitation, this paper builds Binary logit model with highway users’ capitallimitation and analyzes impact mechanism of price to rural highway and toll highway byfigures; this paper builds decision-making model of rural highway to realize the maximumutility of service government; this paper applies research methods of Gary Stanley Becker tohighway scale decision of government, and analyzes the related factors of affecting highwayscales by figures; by drawing social marginal revenue and marginal cost of government,marginal revenue and marginal cost of highway operating enterprise, this paper analyzesdecision-making mechanism of toll highway structure and put forward the scope of thepreferential policies; builds decision-making model of toll operation highway according tothe maximum profit of highway operating enterprise.
     In order to study the reasons and countermeasures of incordination in highway practice,based on highway users’ decision-making mechanism of highway scale and government’sdecision-making mechanism of highway scale, the study shows that the reasons ofcontradiction between demand and supply of toll highway are the different utility functionand budget line slope between government and highway users, futher put forward a series ofcounermeasures.
引文
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