摘要
随着绿地面积的不断增加,其用水量也不断扩大,导致水资源紧缺日益突出,特别是我国北方城市,水资源短缺已成为社会经济与生态环境可持续发展的重要限制因子。因此,确立科学的绿化观,合理利用当地适应性强、耐旱的本土地被植物资源,实现可持续绿化和人与自然的和谐发展,日益被人们所关注。
本研究对兰州市主要优良乡本地被植物进行了调查和评价,并对本土地被植物白草的部分生物生态学特性作了重点研究,得出如下结论。
(1)本土地被植物具有非常大的应用和推广价值,经过初步调查与筛选,我们推荐对兰州优良的、极具开发利用潜力的25种本土地被植物进行更深入的研究。
(2)在实验设置的几个不同的条件下,白草(Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel)的发芽率没有显著的不同,但是不同温度条件下白草的发芽指数、活力指数、胚根长度、胚芽长度以及萌发苗的鲜重都有所不同,在25℃条件下,白草发芽效果最好。
(3)在白草的整个生殖生长时期,白草的生物量分配一直为营养枝>根茎>生殖枝,在各个物候期,不管是营养枝还是生殖枝,各构件的生物量分配基本都表现为叶、茎和叶鞘所占比例较大。
(4)白草有性繁殖性状的变异系数的大小排序如下:单穗粒重>结实数>结实率>穗重>小花数>穗长>千粒重。对各个性状进行了相关分析,穗长、小花数、结实数、穗重均与单穗粒重有显著正相关,并且单穗结实数比结实率和其它性状更为重要,应当作为评价白草有性繁殖的重要指标。
(5)白草的光合日变化为单峰曲线,中午最高,光合速率与光照强度呈极显著的正相关。白草蒸腾作用日变化也为单峰曲线,其最高值出现在午后14时,白草蒸腾日变化与温度、叶温呈显著正相关,与光强呈极显著正相关。白草的水分利用效率的日变化为双峰曲线,其最高值出现在上午10时,次高值出现在下午18时。白草蒸腾速率季节变化为抛物线,7月份达到最大值,并且与光照、温度呈显著正相关。水分利用效率为5月和9月明显高于其它月份,与气温和叶温呈显著的负相关。
With the increase in green area, water consumption is also growing, the shortage of water resources is more and more serious, especially for the cities locate on the North in China, it has become an important limiting factor in sustainable development of socio-economic and ecological environment. Therefore, a scientific concept should be established. It has became a hot topic to use the native ground-cover which has high adaptability and drought-tolerant capacity.
The study has been conducted an investigation and evaluation on the main ground-cover plant in Lanzhou City, and a part of ecological and biological characteristics of Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel were conducted, the results was follows.
(1) Ground-cover plants have very large value for application and promotion, accordding to investagation, we recommend that the excellent and potential 25 kinds of ground-cover plants should be developed and used in lanzhou.
(2) In the different conditions, the germination rate of the Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel was not significantly different, but the germination index, the activity index, the radicle length and the fresh weight of Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel is different under different temperatures, the Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel has the best germination at 25°C.
(3) In the entire reproductive growth period of Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel, the allocation rate of the biomass in Pennisetum centrasiaticum for its rhizome and vegetative growth was much higher , and that for sexual growth was less. The ratio of the biomass of leaf, vagina and shoot was large during reproductive growth.
(4) The coefficient of variation of sexual reproduction traits of Pennisetum centrasiaticum was as follows: sseed weight of single spike> number of seed setting> seed setting percentage >weight of spike > number of floret > length of spike > thousand seed weight. Length of spike, number of floret, number of seed setting and weight of spike had a significantly correlated with Seed weight of single spike. Number of seed setting was more important, it should be as an important indicator of sexual reproduction.
(5) Daily variation of net photosynthetic rate in Pennisetum centrasiaticum presented a single peak curve, no midday depression. The peak value of the net photosynthetic rate was occurred at 12 :00, and photosynthetic rate was a significant positive correlation with PAR. Daily variation of transpiration rate in Pennisetum centrasiaticum was also a single peak curve. The peak value of the transpiration rate was occurred at 14 :00, and transpiration rate was a significant positive correlation with PAR and temperature. The changes of water use efficiency of Pennisetum centrasiaticum is double curve. Seasonal variation of transpiration rate in Pennisetum centrasiaticum had the cignificant law, it reached the maximum in July , and was positively correlated with the PAR and emperature. The water use efficiency in May and September was higher than that in others, was significantly negative correlation with temperature.
引文
[1]陈煌初.浙江省野生花卉资源开发概述.浙江大学出版社出版,1999,(10):290-293.
[2]陈世苹,高玉葆.科尔沁沙地农田-沙丘交错区白草无性系的生态适应性分析.植物生态学报,2002,13(1):45-49.
[3]陈有民.园林树木学.北京:中国林业出版社,1988.
[4]崔延堂,任毅,岳明.秦岭野生草坪植物-羊茅的引种驯化.草业科学,2002,19(2):64-65.
[5]董厚德,宫莉君.中国结缕草生态学及其资源开发应用.中国林业出版社,2001.
[6]杜润所,贾建国,王福喜.包头地区野生草坪资源.内蒙古林业勘测设计,2003,26(12):41-44.
[7]高俊平,姜伟贤.中国花卉科技进展.北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[8]韩建国.牧草种子学.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2000.
[9]韩建国,倪小琴.结缕草种子打破休眠方法的研究.草地学报,1996,4(4):246-251.
[10]韩建国,浦心春,李敏.结缕草种子的休眠机理.植物杂志,1994,(1):29-31.
[11]胡中华,刘师汉.草坪与地被植物.北京:中国林业出版社,1994.
[12]黄苏珍,顾胭,善安.莺尾属植物的杂交育种闭.植物资源与环境学报,1997,7(1):35-36.
[13]黄丹.关于城市园林地被植物配置的要点分析.广西园艺,2002,44(5):12-13.
[14]霍尚峰,白史且,张新全等.我国假俭草的特性和开发利用.四川草原,2003,(6):32-34.
[15]和太平.广西草坪植物种质资源及其开发利用建议.广西林业科学,1997,26(1):47-51.
[16]江洪.云杉种群生态学.北京:中国林业出版社,1992.
[17]金进,吴宏敬,王行政.药用观赏地被植物在园林绿化中的应用.中国野生植 物源,2002,21(3):20-21.
[18]巨关升,武菊英,赵军锋等.观赏狼尾草光合特性的研究.核农学报 2005,19(6):451-455.
[19]孔杨勇,夏宜平,张玲慧.杭州城市绿地中的地被植物应用现状调查.中国园林,2004,(5):57-60.
[20]李博.内蒙古地带性植被的基本类型及其生态生理规律.内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),1962,(2):41-72.
[21]李海,朱春玲,谭小海等.伊犁地区天然草地禾本科牧草和草坪草植物资源与利用.草业科学,2001,20(9):5-8.
[22]李彦,邵伯琴,陈经才.美国草地型野生花卉-齐纳花引种栽培研究.草业科学,2000,17(3):30-32.
[23]李阳春,吴天德.甘肃野生草坪及地被植物种质资源的调查.草原与草坪,2001,(3):26-30.
[24]刘建宁,王运琦,白元生等.优良草坪植物-卵穗苔草.草业科学,2005,22(8):87-89.
[25]刘建秀,周久亚,郭海林等.草坪·地被植物·观赏草.南京:东南大学出版社,2001.
[26]刘爽,高玉葆,陈世苹等.科尔沁沙地白草、赖草无性系生长及适应对策的初步研究.中国沙漠,1996,19(1):75-78.
[27]刘艳玲,倪学明,徐立铭等.3种野生耐荫地被植物的调查与评价.草业科学,21(9):77-79.
[28]刘秀峰,唐成斌,蒋明凤.两种优良野生草坪植物生态生物学特性分析.四川草原,2002,(1):37-39.
[29]罗富成,魏宝祥.云南省主要野生禾草类草坪植物.中国草地,1995,(4):74-75.
[30]马春晖.结缕草繁殖特性及其种子生产技术的研究.中国农大博士论文,2004.
[31]马万里,韩烈保,罗菊春.草坪植物的新资源-苔草属植物.草业科学,2001,18(2):43-45.
[32]马宗仁,阳承胜,常向前等.野生豆科草坪植物三点金的坪用性状初报.西北 农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(3):54-58.
[33]牛海山,旭日,宋炳煜.羊草种群的水分利用动态.草地学报,2000,8(3):226-231.
[34]牛月波,卫凌志,高尚军.几种耐盐碱绿化地被植物.中国林副特产,2005,(3):5-6.
[35]彭行梅,郭尔祥,蔡汉香.地被植物及其在武钢生态园林建设中的应用.湖北林业科技,2001,(3):38-40.
[36]屈凤兰,徐庆林,徐雪茹等.乡土草坪草生物学特性及繁殖技术研究报告.宁夏农林科技,2002,(4):1-4.
[37]尚以顺,陈燕萍,杨泽新.贵州草坪草种质资源调查研究.贵州农业科学,1995,(4):40-44.
[38]苏培林,苏蓉.地被植物过路黄研究初报.湖北农学院学报,2000,(11):326--327.
[39]苏雪痕.植物造景.北京:中国林业出版社,1994.
[40]苏雪痕.园林植物耐荫性及其配置.北京林学院学报,1981,(2):63-70.
[41]王莲英,秦魁杰.花卉学.北京:中国林业出版社,1990.
[42]王建伟,陈功,干友民.野生狗牙根与假俭草电导率测定.四川草原,2005,(5):40-44.
[43]王军利,崔延堂,李方民等.野生草坪植物-秦岭苔草的引种驯化初报.草业科学,2006,23(1):97-99.
[44]王钦,干友民,杨啸枫.四川野生马蹄金坪用特性研究.安徽农业科学,2005,33(4):630-631.
[45]王仁忠,祖元刚.羊草种群生物量生殖分配的初步研究.应用生态学报,1999,10(5):553-555.
[46]汪天,李万莲.地被植物在园林中的选择与应用.安徽农业大学学报,1997,24(4):391-394.
[47]王赞,毛凯,吴彦奇等.攀西地区野生狗牙根遗传多样性研究.草地学报,2004,(2):120-123.
[48]王志红.地被植物在园林中的应用.山西林业科技,2001,(12):40-42.
[49]魏学红.西藏波伐早熟禾草坪坪用性状研究.草原与草坪,2004,(1):70-71.
[50]吴佳海,尚以顺,唐成斌.优良天然草坪地被植物-假俭草的研究.中国园林,2000,16(3):76-77.
[51]吴锦华.何首乌的驯化栽培与园林应用研究.南京农专学报,1997,13(4):32-35.
[52]武涛.地被植物的抗旱性研究.东北林业大学,2002 6
[53]吴征镒.中国植被.北京:科学出版社,1980.
[54]萧运峰,高洁,孙发政.耐荫湿的草坪地被植物-蛇莓的研究.四川草原,1995,(3):20-23.
[55]萧运峰,陈茂庆.野生草坪植物-寸草苔的研究.生物学杂志,1996,(4):15-17.
[56]萧运峰,孙发政,高洁.野生草坪植物-青绿苔草的研究.四川草原,1995,(2):29-33.
[57]徐成文.特种草坪植物-常夏石竹.园林花卉,2003,31(1):33.
[58]徐敏,张江里.地被植物马蹄金在昆明的栽培应用.云南农业科技,2003,(1):22-23.
[59]徐泽荣,张刚,黄建梅等.四川主要野生观赏草.四川草原,2005,(7):45-48.俞洋.地被植物.中国园林,1989,(2):36-39.
[60]严玲璋,范连琴,方利根.上海:上海植物园野生地被植物调查报告,1986.
[61]杨世杰.植物生物学.北京:科学出版社,2000.
[62]杨允菲,李建东.松嫩平原寸草苔无性系种群分株的结构.草业学报,2001,10(1):35-41.
[63]于金平,刘金秀,韩福贵等.几种优良药用观赏地被植物及其应用.中国野生植物源,2003,22(2):17-18.
[64]俞洋.地被植物.中国园林,1989,(2):36-39.
[65]张春华,杨允菲.松嫩平原光稃茅香种群生殖分蘖株数量特征分析.草业学报,2001,10(3):127.
[66]张玲慧,夏宜平.地被植物在园林中的应用及研究现状.中国园林,2003,(9):54-57.
[67]张巨明,张小虎,刘朝慧.暖季型草坪草的引种与评价.草业科学,1996,13(6):35-39.
[68]张巨明,赵鸣,徐正强.高尔夫球盘草坪建植管理技术初探.草业科学,1994,11(4):61-62..
[69]张巨明,赵鸣.兰引3号草坪型结缕草与日本结缕草的比较研究.草业科学,1996,13(2):47-50.
[70]张巨明,任继周.暖季型草坪草营养体建坪方法的研究.草业学报,1997,6(1):38-43.
[71]张庆费.城市绿地系统生物多样性保护的策略探讨.城市环境与城市生态,1996,12(3):36-38.
[72]张陶,刘云龙,曹玉等.云南草坪地被植物真菌病害研究.云南农业大学(自然科学版),1998,(20):519-520.
[73]张志权,周毅,陈授柱等.广东沙质海岸优良地被植物-蔓茎栓果菊.植物学通报,1997,(14):68-71.
[74]赵锡惟.园林地被植物的应用与发展,中国花卉科技二十年(1978-1998).北京:科学出版社,2000
[75]赵雪宇,刘芳.适合北方地区栽植的优良地被植物.新农业,2001,(2):45-46.
[76]郑玉红,刘建秀,陈树元.中国狗牙根耐寒性及其变化规律.植物资源与环境学报,2002,11(2):48-52.
[77]钟声,奎嘉祥,薛世明.云南省禾本科暖季型草坪草及水土保持植物种质资源.中国草地,1999,36(1):29-31.
[78]周寿荣.草坪地被与人类环境.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1996
[79]周禾,牛建忠.我国草坪科学研究与发展.中国农学通论,2001,17(5):41-43.
[80]周守标,朱胜东,王义彰.马蹄金光合特性及有性繁殖的初步研究.安徽师大学报(自然科学版),1996,19(1):37-41.
[81]朱志诚.陕北黄土高原上森林草原的范围.植物生态学与地植物学报.1983,7(2):122-131.
[82]朱志诚.陕北黄土高原森林草原地带植被恢复演替初步研究.山西大学学报,1993,16(1):94-100.
[83]殷立娟,王萍.中国东北草原植物中的C3和C4光合作用途径.生态学报,1997,17(2):113-123.
[84]Acar C,Var M.Astudy on the adaptations of some natural ground cover plants and on their implications in landscape architecture in the ecological conditions of Trabzon.Journal ofAgriculture&Forestry,2001,25(4):235-245.
[85]Arisum K J.Breeding for Heat Resistant Rhododendron(V.)Cross-compatibiliy and Evaluation of Breeding Materials in Section.Rhododendron of subgenus of the faculty of Kagoshima Unversity,1992,(28):61-73.
[86]Ashman T L,Baker I.V.Ariation in floral sex allocation with time of season and currency.Ecology,1992,73(4):1237-1243.
[87]David.S.MacKenzie,PERENNIAL GROUND COVERS,TimberPress,Portland,Oregon,1997.
[88]Delph L F.Sexual 2 differental resource allocation patterns in the subdioecious shrub Iiebe subalpina.Ecology,1990,71(4):1342-1351.
[89]Dikey R D.Select Ground covers for Floreda Homes Bulletion.Florida Experiment Stations,1971,(41):135-138.
[90]Falcinelli M..Temperate forage seed production:conventional and potential breeding strategies.New Seeds,1999,1(1):37-66.
[91]Fortgens.Thymus investigation of the range.Dendroflora,1992,(29):19-33.
[92]Greipsson S,Davy A J.Responses of Leymus arenarius to nutrients:improvement of seed production and seedling establishment for land reclamation.Ecology,1997,34(5):1165-1176.
[93]Kolb W,Schwarz T,Trunk R.Trial of Bound-cover roses.[German]Deutscher Gartenbau,1987(41):2194-2198.
[94]Mas T,MercaderM.D.Wild species for ground cove r.Partl.Horticulture,Revista de Hortalizas,Floresy Plantas Ornamentales,1996,(117):112-114.
[95]Noack R.Variety:Noalesa syn Gold Ground Cover.Plant-Varieties-Journal.,2003,(16):46-47.
[96]Powell R H.Ground covers for Australia.Seedand Nursery Trader,1973,(71):167-186.
[97]Spnryt J.Herbaceous plants as ground cover.Verbondsnieuws Voorde Belgische Sierteett,1982,26(5):185-187.
[98]Spruyt J.Herbaceous plants as ground cover.Verbondsnieuws Voorde Belgische Sierteett,1982,26(5):185-187.
[99]Sultonova S.Y,Korotkov V N.Simachia nummularia,a promising ground cover plant.Byulleten Glavnogo Botaniche skogo sada,1992,(163):34-37.
[100]Uosukaimen M J.Breeding of rhododendrons.Agric Sci Finland.1998,60(4):235-254.
[101]Witte W T.Best ground cover ivies from our trials.Between the Vines Newsletter,1996