子午线轮胎综合接地性能评价体系与方法研究
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摘要
轮胎标签法的实施,对轮胎产品质量提出了更高的要求。中国制造商生产的轮胎36%达不到欧盟第一阶段标准,50%达不到欧盟第二阶段标准。其根本原因在于企业自主研发能力不足,缺失相应的轮胎性能评价体系。目前对轮胎接地性能的评价主要依据试验,评价结果与轮胎结构之间尚缺乏必要的桥梁,亟需一种对轮胎综合接地性能进行评价与预测的方法。
运用Tekscan压力分布测量系统对轮胎接地压力分布展开了试验研究,以某型号轮胎为例研究了充气压力及负荷对接地压力分布的影响。结果表明,接地面积随负荷的增加呈线性规律增加；接地面积随充气压力的增加而减小,但不存在线性关系。
进行轮胎综合接地性能评价的前提是采用合适的方法对轮胎接地压力特征进行描述。本文对轮胎接地压力分布特征进行了研究,提出采用10个接地压力几何特征指标与5个接地压力力学特征指标对其进行描述的方法。基于接地压力特征描述方法,开发了接地压力特征处理软件—-TFAS,实现了对接地压力特征指标的自动化处理。
以全钢载重子午线轮胎385/55R22.5为研究对象,运用有限元方法对轮胎接地压力分布进行了仿真试验研究。进行了轮胎橡胶材料及钢丝帘线材料拉伸力学特性的试验研究,探索了有效的有限元所需轮胎材料参数试验方法,选用Yeoh本构模型描述橡胶材料,Rebar模型描述帘线-橡胶材料,建立了轮胎有限元分析模型。从轮胎的充气外轮廓、负荷-下沉量及接地压力分布方而对有限元分析模型进行了验证,结果表明本文所采用的有限元模型建模方法是正确的,有限元模型的计算精度满足研究需要。
以385/55822.5型轮胎现行设计断面与实际测绘断面为基础,分别建立了有限元分析模型,分析了气压、负荷、带束层结构、胎冠弧结构及断而轮廓设计等参数对接地压力分布的影响规律。研究结果表明,随着负荷的增加或气压的降低,该轮胎接地压力分布都呈现内凹的蝴蝶型,容易导致胎肩部位的旱期破坏：带束层宽度的增加对接地压力分布形状无明显改善；带束层角度的增加,对轮胎胎面的箍紧作用减弱,使轮胎胎肩处的接地压力减小,接地压力分布趋于知形；结合带束层宽度增加及角度增加可以带来较好的改善压力分布的效果：胎冠弧结构对改善接地压力分布最有效,通过胎冠弧的控制可以得到任何接地压力分布形状；断面轮廓设计对改善轮胎在接地面内的接地压力分布有重要作用,可以增加轮胎接地面积,使接地压力分布更加均匀。
研究轮胎综合接地性能,即抓地性能、磨损性能及滚动阻力性能的虚拟试验方法,提出以轮胎制动时的切向力值来度量轮胎抓地性能,以接地面摩擦能量损失值来度量轮胎磨损性能,以滚动阻力值来度量轮胎滚动阻力性能。分析轮胎接地压力分布特征对抓地性能、磨损性能及滚动阻力性能的影响规律。结果表明,静态加载工况下,轮胎与路而间法向及切向作用力均呈中心对称分布；制动工况下,接地面内的法向力分布与切向力分布相似,轮胎接地压力中心前移,在胎面中心处的切向力向接地区后缘凸出,而两侧胎肩处的切向力则向接地区前端凸出；轮胎在制动工况下胎肩处应力集中现象比静态加载工况更明显,接地面积比静态加载工况高出了7%左右。轮胎磨损是在与路面的接触区内切向力和胎面滑移的共同作用下产生的,路面切向力的大小不直接影响轮胎的磨损。在自由滚动工况下,滚动阻力随着气压的减小或负荷的增加而增加。相比静态加载工况,滚动工况下胎面中部不再出现应力集中现象,接地压力向胎肩处移动。
运用相关分析理论研究了轮胎接地性能与接地压力分布特征指标之间的关系,结果表明,较宽行驶面设计的轮胎,具有更优秀的抓地能力；平均接地压力和接地压力偏度值越大,磨损性能越差：硬度系数对轮胎滚动阻力的影响最显著。在此基础上,结合仿真试验结果,提出轮胎综合接地性能评价层次分析法(AHP)模型及其判断知阵构造方法,建立了轮胎综合接地性能评价的AHP模型,对判断矩阵的一致性检验表明,本文提出的AHP模型判断矩阵构造方法是准确有效的。运用所建立的轮胎综合接地性能评价体系,对4种轮胎设计方案进行子评价与预测,评价结论与仿真试验结论一致性良好,表明本文提出的轮胎综合接地性能评价体系的构建方法是可行的。为完善轮胎综合性能评价体系提供了研究工作基础,为提升我国轮胎产业的研发效率与轮胎质量等级提供了技术支持。
The tires labeling regulation has set requirements of tire quality. It is reported that there are36%of tires produced by Chinese factories cannot meet the standard of the first stage and50%of the tires cannot meet the standard of the second stage of the regulation. The basic reason to the situation is the lacking of independent innovation and tire performance evaluation system. Nowadays tire performance evaluation is mainly according to the test. The relationship between evaluation results and tire structure requires exploring. It is urgent to put forward an evaluation and prediction method of tire ground performance.
Tire-ground pressure distribution test is carried out by Tekscan system. Taking a tire as an example, the laws of tire inflation pressure and load affecting the pressure distribution are studied. The results show that the contact area increases linearly with the load. But there is no linear relationship between the contact area decreasing and the inflation pressure increasing.
To evaluate tire ground performance, a proper way of describing the footprint characters needs to be put forward. This paper adopts10footprint geometrical indexes and5mechanical characters indexes to describe the tire-ground pressure distribution. Based on the describing method, the software called TFAS (Tire Footprint Analyze System) has been invented. The footprint character indexes can be calculated automatically.
Taking the TBR tire385/55R22.5as the study object, the tire-ground pressure distribution is analyzed by finite element method. The mechanical properties of rubber material and steel cord material are studied by experiments. An effective testing method of getting material parameters for FEA is explored. The Yeoh model is chose for describing rubber material and Rebar model is chose for cord-rubber material to establish the FEA model. The validation of the FEA model is proved by tire contour dimensions, load-deflection and tire-ground pressure distribution. The calculation accuracy of the FEA model meets the research needs.
Based on the current design cross section and the actual mapping cross section of tire385/55R22.5, FEA models are built to study the law of inflation pressure, load, belt structure, crown arc and contour profile working upon the tire-ground pressure distribution. The conclusions show that the footprint becomes concave with the decrease of inflation pressure and increase of load. This phenomenon often leads to tire tread shoulder early wear. The increase of belt width brings little improvement to footprint while the increase of belt angle makes the pressure of tread shoulder decrease and the footprint becoming rectangle. The tire-ground pressure distribution can be well improved by increasing the belt width and angle at the same time. The crown arc can modify the footprint directly and almost any footprint can be acquired by control the crown arc parameters. The contour profile of cross section has great importance of improving the tire-ground pressure distribution, increasing the contact area and making the contact pressure well-distributed.
The tire ground performance is studied by using the virtual test method of simulating tire grip performance, wear performance and rolling resistance. The value of the tangential force is put forward to measure grip performance, the friction energy loss to measure wear performance and the rolling resistance to measure the rolling resistance performance. The results show that normal and tangential forces on tire-ground contact surface both show a center symmetric distribution during static-load condition. While the normal and tangential forces on the contact surface show a similar tendency that the force on tread center moving back and the forces on tread shoulder moving front during the braking condition. Comparing with the static-load condition the stress concentration of the tread shoulder during braking condition is more obvious and the contact area is7%larger. Tire wear happens in the joint action of tangential force and tread slippage. The value of tangential force doesn't determine the friction energy loss, thus tread wear. During free rolling condition, the rolling resistance increases with the increase of load and decrease of inflation pressure and the forces on tread center becomes even and the forces on tread shoulder is higher.
The relation between the tire ground performances and the pressure distribution characters is studied by correlation analysis. The conclusions show that tire with wider tread has better grip performance. The lager the average pressure and the pressure deviation value are, the worse wear performance is. The stiffness of tire has the most important influence on the rolling resistance. On the basis of correlation analysis and the finite element analysis conclusions, the analytic hierarchy process model and judgment matrix of evaluating tire ground performance are built. The method accuracy of building judgment matrix is proved by consistency check. The tire-ground performances of4tires with different structure designs are predicted and evaluated by the evaluation system. The evaluation conclusions show good consistency with the virtual test result acquired from finite element analysis. The conclusions have provided research foundation of completing tire comprehensive performance evaluation system and technique support of improving R&D efficiency of China's tire industry and tire quality.
运用Tekscan压力分布测量系统对轮胎接地压力分布展开了试验研究,以某型号轮胎为例研究了充气压力及负荷对接地压力分布的影响。结果表明,接地面积随负荷的增加呈线性规律增加；接地面积随充气压力的增加而减小,但不存在线性关系。
进行轮胎综合接地性能评价的前提是采用合适的方法对轮胎接地压力特征进行描述。本文对轮胎接地压力分布特征进行了研究,提出采用10个接地压力几何特征指标与5个接地压力力学特征指标对其进行描述的方法。基于接地压力特征描述方法,开发了接地压力特征处理软件—-TFAS,实现了对接地压力特征指标的自动化处理。
以全钢载重子午线轮胎385/55R22.5为研究对象,运用有限元方法对轮胎接地压力分布进行了仿真试验研究。进行了轮胎橡胶材料及钢丝帘线材料拉伸力学特性的试验研究,探索了有效的有限元所需轮胎材料参数试验方法,选用Yeoh本构模型描述橡胶材料,Rebar模型描述帘线-橡胶材料,建立了轮胎有限元分析模型。从轮胎的充气外轮廓、负荷-下沉量及接地压力分布方而对有限元分析模型进行了验证,结果表明本文所采用的有限元模型建模方法是正确的,有限元模型的计算精度满足研究需要。
以385/55822.5型轮胎现行设计断面与实际测绘断面为基础,分别建立了有限元分析模型,分析了气压、负荷、带束层结构、胎冠弧结构及断而轮廓设计等参数对接地压力分布的影响规律。研究结果表明,随着负荷的增加或气压的降低,该轮胎接地压力分布都呈现内凹的蝴蝶型,容易导致胎肩部位的旱期破坏：带束层宽度的增加对接地压力分布形状无明显改善；带束层角度的增加,对轮胎胎面的箍紧作用减弱,使轮胎胎肩处的接地压力减小,接地压力分布趋于知形；结合带束层宽度增加及角度增加可以带来较好的改善压力分布的效果：胎冠弧结构对改善接地压力分布最有效,通过胎冠弧的控制可以得到任何接地压力分布形状；断面轮廓设计对改善轮胎在接地面内的接地压力分布有重要作用,可以增加轮胎接地面积,使接地压力分布更加均匀。
研究轮胎综合接地性能,即抓地性能、磨损性能及滚动阻力性能的虚拟试验方法,提出以轮胎制动时的切向力值来度量轮胎抓地性能,以接地面摩擦能量损失值来度量轮胎磨损性能,以滚动阻力值来度量轮胎滚动阻力性能。分析轮胎接地压力分布特征对抓地性能、磨损性能及滚动阻力性能的影响规律。结果表明,静态加载工况下,轮胎与路而间法向及切向作用力均呈中心对称分布；制动工况下,接地面内的法向力分布与切向力分布相似,轮胎接地压力中心前移,在胎面中心处的切向力向接地区后缘凸出,而两侧胎肩处的切向力则向接地区前端凸出；轮胎在制动工况下胎肩处应力集中现象比静态加载工况更明显,接地面积比静态加载工况高出了7%左右。轮胎磨损是在与路面的接触区内切向力和胎面滑移的共同作用下产生的,路面切向力的大小不直接影响轮胎的磨损。在自由滚动工况下,滚动阻力随着气压的减小或负荷的增加而增加。相比静态加载工况,滚动工况下胎面中部不再出现应力集中现象,接地压力向胎肩处移动。
运用相关分析理论研究了轮胎接地性能与接地压力分布特征指标之间的关系,结果表明,较宽行驶面设计的轮胎,具有更优秀的抓地能力；平均接地压力和接地压力偏度值越大,磨损性能越差：硬度系数对轮胎滚动阻力的影响最显著。在此基础上,结合仿真试验结果,提出轮胎综合接地性能评价层次分析法(AHP)模型及其判断知阵构造方法,建立了轮胎综合接地性能评价的AHP模型,对判断矩阵的一致性检验表明,本文提出的AHP模型判断矩阵构造方法是准确有效的。运用所建立的轮胎综合接地性能评价体系,对4种轮胎设计方案进行子评价与预测,评价结论与仿真试验结论一致性良好,表明本文提出的轮胎综合接地性能评价体系的构建方法是可行的。为完善轮胎综合性能评价体系提供了研究工作基础,为提升我国轮胎产业的研发效率与轮胎质量等级提供了技术支持。
The tires labeling regulation has set requirements of tire quality. It is reported that there are36%of tires produced by Chinese factories cannot meet the standard of the first stage and50%of the tires cannot meet the standard of the second stage of the regulation. The basic reason to the situation is the lacking of independent innovation and tire performance evaluation system. Nowadays tire performance evaluation is mainly according to the test. The relationship between evaluation results and tire structure requires exploring. It is urgent to put forward an evaluation and prediction method of tire ground performance.
Tire-ground pressure distribution test is carried out by Tekscan system. Taking a tire as an example, the laws of tire inflation pressure and load affecting the pressure distribution are studied. The results show that the contact area increases linearly with the load. But there is no linear relationship between the contact area decreasing and the inflation pressure increasing.
To evaluate tire ground performance, a proper way of describing the footprint characters needs to be put forward. This paper adopts10footprint geometrical indexes and5mechanical characters indexes to describe the tire-ground pressure distribution. Based on the describing method, the software called TFAS (Tire Footprint Analyze System) has been invented. The footprint character indexes can be calculated automatically.
Taking the TBR tire385/55R22.5as the study object, the tire-ground pressure distribution is analyzed by finite element method. The mechanical properties of rubber material and steel cord material are studied by experiments. An effective testing method of getting material parameters for FEA is explored. The Yeoh model is chose for describing rubber material and Rebar model is chose for cord-rubber material to establish the FEA model. The validation of the FEA model is proved by tire contour dimensions, load-deflection and tire-ground pressure distribution. The calculation accuracy of the FEA model meets the research needs.
Based on the current design cross section and the actual mapping cross section of tire385/55R22.5, FEA models are built to study the law of inflation pressure, load, belt structure, crown arc and contour profile working upon the tire-ground pressure distribution. The conclusions show that the footprint becomes concave with the decrease of inflation pressure and increase of load. This phenomenon often leads to tire tread shoulder early wear. The increase of belt width brings little improvement to footprint while the increase of belt angle makes the pressure of tread shoulder decrease and the footprint becoming rectangle. The tire-ground pressure distribution can be well improved by increasing the belt width and angle at the same time. The crown arc can modify the footprint directly and almost any footprint can be acquired by control the crown arc parameters. The contour profile of cross section has great importance of improving the tire-ground pressure distribution, increasing the contact area and making the contact pressure well-distributed.
The tire ground performance is studied by using the virtual test method of simulating tire grip performance, wear performance and rolling resistance. The value of the tangential force is put forward to measure grip performance, the friction energy loss to measure wear performance and the rolling resistance to measure the rolling resistance performance. The results show that normal and tangential forces on tire-ground contact surface both show a center symmetric distribution during static-load condition. While the normal and tangential forces on the contact surface show a similar tendency that the force on tread center moving back and the forces on tread shoulder moving front during the braking condition. Comparing with the static-load condition the stress concentration of the tread shoulder during braking condition is more obvious and the contact area is7%larger. Tire wear happens in the joint action of tangential force and tread slippage. The value of tangential force doesn't determine the friction energy loss, thus tread wear. During free rolling condition, the rolling resistance increases with the increase of load and decrease of inflation pressure and the forces on tread center becomes even and the forces on tread shoulder is higher.
The relation between the tire ground performances and the pressure distribution characters is studied by correlation analysis. The conclusions show that tire with wider tread has better grip performance. The lager the average pressure and the pressure deviation value are, the worse wear performance is. The stiffness of tire has the most important influence on the rolling resistance. On the basis of correlation analysis and the finite element analysis conclusions, the analytic hierarchy process model and judgment matrix of evaluating tire ground performance are built. The method accuracy of building judgment matrix is proved by consistency check. The tire-ground performances of4tires with different structure designs are predicted and evaluated by the evaluation system. The evaluation conclusions show good consistency with the virtual test result acquired from finite element analysis. The conclusions have provided research foundation of completing tire comprehensive performance evaluation system and technique support of improving R&D efficiency of China's tire industry and tire quality.
引文
[1]http://data.chyxx.com/201302/194024.html
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