Al/TiAl_3复合材料的连续等通道角挤压技术研究
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摘要
颗粒增强铝基复合材料因具有制备工艺简单、增强体成本低廉、性能高等优点,已成为当今世界金属基复合材料研究领域中的一个最为重要的热点。但制备出的颗粒增强复合材料也有一些不易克服的缺点：如致密度比较低,工件中密度分布不均匀等。因此,严重地影响了材料的力学性能,从而影响了它应用生产的潜能。
本文利用一种连续等通道角挤压(Conform-ECAP)新技术对Al/TiAl3颗粒增强铝基复合材料进行8道次的挤压,实现Al/TiAl3复合材料的连续大挤压变形,制备了超细晶结构材料。运用光学显微镜(0M)和透射电镜(TEM)等先进的显微分析手段,观察并研究了变形前后Al/TiAl3复合材料微观结构的变化,探讨了基体金属晶粒细化的一般过程,测试了挤压后各道次的硬度和强度及耐磨性,研究了TiAl3增强颗粒在Conform-ECAP变形中的变化、与形变的交互作用以及对细晶形成的影响。
实验发现,Conform-ECAP工艺可以有效细化Al/TiAl3复合材料的基体金属,Al/TiAl3复合材料经8次挤压后,基体金属晶粒尺寸由原始退火态的～35μm减小到0.4～0.8μm。形变诱导是Al/TiAl3复合材料在Conform-ECAP工艺过程中最主要的晶粒细化机理。
在经过Conform-ECAP挤压之后,Al/TiAl3复合材料的强度和硬度明显提高,耐磨性也显著增强,综合机械性能得到了很大改善。增强颗粒TiAl3的尺寸被大幅减小,平均尺寸从原始的8～10μm破碎到3～4μm,且在基体组织上分布的均匀度也有了很大的改善。在挤压8道次试样中发现,TiAl3颗粒出现了孪晶组织,增强颗粒TiAl3与基体金属形变相互协调,发生了孪生变形,大颗粒TiAl3不可能被完全消除,挤压8道次后的组织仍是由大量细小的TiAl3颗粒和少量相对较大的TiAl3颗粒组成。
使用Conform-ECAP技术对Al/TiAl3复合材料进行挤压后,得到的超细晶组织在热力学上处于不稳定状态,通过对热处理后Al/TiAl3复合材料试样硬度的测定,确定出挤压后Al/TiAl3复合材料的热稳定性参数：1道次的材料选择250℃为去应力退火温度,退火保温时间为4h；4道次的材料选择250℃为去应力退火温度,退火保温时间为2h。
The particulate reinforcing Al metal matrix composites have some advantages such as simple produce technics, low cost and high performance et al, which has been a hot topic on researching in the MMCs. But there have some disadvantages such as lower density and unequable destributing, which has impaired the mechanics property and limited the apply in the industry.
This paper developed a new continuous equal channel angular pressing (Conform-ECAP) technique, which successfully produced severe plastic deformation (SPD) of Al/TiAl3 composite with ultra-fine grains (UFG), Al/TiAl3 composite was pressed by eight passes. The evolutions of Al/TiAl3 composite before and after deformation were researched by using optical microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The grain refinement mechanism was further researched. The ultimate hardness and wear-resisting property were tested after pressing. The change of TiAl3 particulates and deformation inter-action in the Conform-ECAP were studied.
The results indicate that the grains of Al/TiAl3 composite were reduced effectively by the Conform-ECAP technique. The grain sizes were reduced from original annealing～35μm to 0.4～0.8μm after pressing by eight passes. The deformation induction is the most important grains refinement mechanism of Conform-ECAP.
After Conform-ECAP deformation, the hardness and the strength were increased consumedly and improved the mechanics property. The proportion of the big TiAl3 reinforcing particulates reinforcement was suddenly decreased, and the reinforcing particulate sizes were broken from the original annealing 8～10μm to 3～4μm, and the distribution of the reinforcing particulates in the Al/TiAl3 composite were improved awfully. However, twinning TiAl3 was found after pressing by eight passes, which suggested that some larger reinforcing particulates could not be eliminated entirely, and some compatibility of deformation mechanism was presented. The microstructure after eight passes was composed of large quantity of small reinforcing particulates and small quantity of big reinforcing particulates.
The tissue of the Al/TiAl3 composite was instable by the Conform-ECAP, the parameter of heating stability was ensured by testing the hardness after pressing:the annealing for four hours at 250℃and two hours at 250℃respectively after pressing by one pass and four passes.
本文利用一种连续等通道角挤压(Conform-ECAP)新技术对Al/TiAl3颗粒增强铝基复合材料进行8道次的挤压,实现Al/TiAl3复合材料的连续大挤压变形,制备了超细晶结构材料。运用光学显微镜(0M)和透射电镜(TEM)等先进的显微分析手段,观察并研究了变形前后Al/TiAl3复合材料微观结构的变化,探讨了基体金属晶粒细化的一般过程,测试了挤压后各道次的硬度和强度及耐磨性,研究了TiAl3增强颗粒在Conform-ECAP变形中的变化、与形变的交互作用以及对细晶形成的影响。
实验发现,Conform-ECAP工艺可以有效细化Al/TiAl3复合材料的基体金属,Al/TiAl3复合材料经8次挤压后,基体金属晶粒尺寸由原始退火态的～35μm减小到0.4～0.8μm。形变诱导是Al/TiAl3复合材料在Conform-ECAP工艺过程中最主要的晶粒细化机理。
在经过Conform-ECAP挤压之后,Al/TiAl3复合材料的强度和硬度明显提高,耐磨性也显著增强,综合机械性能得到了很大改善。增强颗粒TiAl3的尺寸被大幅减小,平均尺寸从原始的8～10μm破碎到3～4μm,且在基体组织上分布的均匀度也有了很大的改善。在挤压8道次试样中发现,TiAl3颗粒出现了孪晶组织,增强颗粒TiAl3与基体金属形变相互协调,发生了孪生变形,大颗粒TiAl3不可能被完全消除,挤压8道次后的组织仍是由大量细小的TiAl3颗粒和少量相对较大的TiAl3颗粒组成。
使用Conform-ECAP技术对Al/TiAl3复合材料进行挤压后,得到的超细晶组织在热力学上处于不稳定状态,通过对热处理后Al/TiAl3复合材料试样硬度的测定,确定出挤压后Al/TiAl3复合材料的热稳定性参数：1道次的材料选择250℃为去应力退火温度,退火保温时间为4h；4道次的材料选择250℃为去应力退火温度,退火保温时间为2h。
The particulate reinforcing Al metal matrix composites have some advantages such as simple produce technics, low cost and high performance et al, which has been a hot topic on researching in the MMCs. But there have some disadvantages such as lower density and unequable destributing, which has impaired the mechanics property and limited the apply in the industry.
This paper developed a new continuous equal channel angular pressing (Conform-ECAP) technique, which successfully produced severe plastic deformation (SPD) of Al/TiAl3 composite with ultra-fine grains (UFG), Al/TiAl3 composite was pressed by eight passes. The evolutions of Al/TiAl3 composite before and after deformation were researched by using optical microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The grain refinement mechanism was further researched. The ultimate hardness and wear-resisting property were tested after pressing. The change of TiAl3 particulates and deformation inter-action in the Conform-ECAP were studied.
The results indicate that the grains of Al/TiAl3 composite were reduced effectively by the Conform-ECAP technique. The grain sizes were reduced from original annealing～35μm to 0.4～0.8μm after pressing by eight passes. The deformation induction is the most important grains refinement mechanism of Conform-ECAP.
After Conform-ECAP deformation, the hardness and the strength were increased consumedly and improved the mechanics property. The proportion of the big TiAl3 reinforcing particulates reinforcement was suddenly decreased, and the reinforcing particulate sizes were broken from the original annealing 8～10μm to 3～4μm, and the distribution of the reinforcing particulates in the Al/TiAl3 composite were improved awfully. However, twinning TiAl3 was found after pressing by eight passes, which suggested that some larger reinforcing particulates could not be eliminated entirely, and some compatibility of deformation mechanism was presented. The microstructure after eight passes was composed of large quantity of small reinforcing particulates and small quantity of big reinforcing particulates.
The tissue of the Al/TiAl3 composite was instable by the Conform-ECAP, the parameter of heating stability was ensured by testing the hardness after pressing:the annealing for four hours at 250℃and two hours at 250℃respectively after pressing by one pass and four passes.
引文
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[4]Koch C C. The synthesis and structure of nanocrystalline materials produced by mechanical attition a review [J], Nanostruct. Mater.,1993,1(2):109-120.
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