宗教与美国政治关系综论
摘要
美国是一个宗教气氛浓厚且宗教多元的国家，宗教的存在及其变化对于美国政治一直发挥着重要的影响。六十年代以来，伴随美国国内社会政治的剧烈变化，美国宗教群体的政治倾向和政治参与程度都有了很大的变化，并对美国的政党政治、国内政策产生了一定的影响。鉴于冷战之后国内政治对于外交政策影响上升的趋势，其国内社会的变化也必然反映到对外关系中。对于我国来说，美国的国际地位和影响力决定了在很长的时间内它将是我国最大的和战略对手。深入研究美国国内社会政治的变化，对于正确判断美国外交政策的走向，前瞻性、综合性地制订中国对美政策，对于维护中国的国家安全、扩大对外交往、实现国家统一等，无疑具有较强的现实意义。同时，这一研究还具有一定的理论价值。七十年代以来，世界各地出现的宗教政治化趋势，以及美国国内因宗教问题而发生的政治冲突和争斗，引起了国内学术界的重视，出现了一些有价值的研究成果。但是，与宗教问题在美国的重要性相比，这些研究还显得不够，尤其是在理论阐述方面国内还没有进行专门性的研究。因此，对于宗教与美国政治关系进行一般意义上的抽象，是笔者着手进行这项研究的基本出发点。
本文的研究以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为指导，理论研究与实证分析相结合、历史研究与现状分析相结合，充分吸收和借鉴宗教学、政治学的相关研究成果，进行跨学科的研究。从宗教与国家政治、宗教与群体行为两个角度，综合论述宗教与美国政治的关系。
全文的主体部分共分为七章：
第一章，旨在提出较为明晰的分析框架。首先，阐明宗教在美国社会中的地位。从组织、实践、观念三方面来看，宗教在美国社会中仍然具有广泛的影响。宗教能够满足人们群体的文化的认同需求，而且宗教独立于政治、宗教多元竞争，共同造就了宗教的兴盛。其次，提出影响宗教群体政治参与的主要因素。宗教价值观的引导、教会和宗教群体利益为宗教参与政治提供了动力；三权分立、联邦制、选举制提供了机遇；教会的精神号召力、教会组织能力和培养政治人才的能力共同为宗教参与政治提供了资源基础。
第二章，探讨宗教与政治文化之间的关系。通过分析清教在北美殖民地社会政治实践中的地位与作用，以及神学契约论与有限忠诚政府论、原罪说与有限政府论、以及国民宗教与政治道德化传统之间的思想联系，指出宗教促进了美国政治文化的形成。
第三章，探讨教会与政府的关系。通过辨析有关教会与政府关系的宪法基本原则及其形成背景，分析这一原则的历史演变轨迹和促动因素，以及有关宗教问题的宪法争论及其性质，指出六十年代以来宗教影响上升的趋势没有导致政教分离和信教自由原则及其政教关系现实的根本变化；围绕宪法的争论没有超越分离派和协调派的传统之争。
第四章，探讨宗教与公共政策之间的关系。通过分析宗教群体的政治策略与方法，以及宗教对于决策者行为和政策的影响，指出宗教所拥有的道德号召力、组织能力为其进行政治动员提供了基础，三权分立制度、选举制为其施加影响提供了多种途径；决策者的政治行为体现了宗教价值观的影响，尽管这一影响因人因事存在着差异；从公共政策的一般特点，到具体政簧的形成过程，都带有宗教影响的痕迹，当这一政策涉及社会价值观时更是如此。
第五章，探讨宗教与群体政治倾向之间的关系。首先按民族经历、信仰体系、种族构成的
综合标准将美国公众划分为天主教、犹太教、主流新教、福音新教、黑人新教、非信教者六大
群体。分析各大群体在政治认同、政治问题、“社会”问题三方面的倾向及其形成原因，指出
不同宗教群体的政治倾向具有不同的特点，且某一宗教群体在政治倾向的不同层次上也存在着
不同的倾向。宗教群体的社会地位、教会与群体利益、宗教价值观是影响宗教群体政治倾向的
主要因素。
第六章，探讨福音新教的政治参与。重点分析了福音新教政治参与的历史演变及其影
响，指出六十年代以来人们对于社会道德水平下降的不满是基督教右翼逐步兴起的重要诱
因。为了推动政府制定与其宗教价值观相一致的政策，基督教右翼与共和党结成盟友，并
逐渐改变了宗教参与者所特有的政治道德化方式。在基督教右翼运动的兴起过程中，群体
社会地位的上升、教会功能的扩大、保守的宗教价值观起了重要的推动作用。基督教右翼
运动的政治影响表现在：它得到了社会公众包括福音新教内部一定程度的支持；福音新教
群体对于共和党支持率上升，加强了共和党的实力；在与共和党合作方面，由于观念及目
标上的分歧，基督教右翼运动不得不对自身的政策主张加以限制，同时基督教右翼的加入
也使共和党难以形成统一的竟选纲领；宗教右翼与共和党的结盟使得基督教右翼主张限制
堕胎和公立学校祈祷的政策主张得到了部分实现。
第七章，扼要分析其它宗教群体政治参与。传统上，天主教由于教会和群体对于东欧国家
天主教徒命运的关注、社会地位的不安全感、以及反对“解放主义”的宗教价值观，它坚持政
治保守主义立场，这尤其表现在支持美国的对外军事干预方面。但为获取经济利益与民主党结
The United States of America is a multi-religion country with a strong religious color. The existence and changes of religions have been exerting important influence on the politics of the United States. Ever since the 1960s, the political inclination and participation of the religious groups in the United States have changed greatly in accordance with the radical domestic social and political changes, which have played an important role in the U.S. party politics and the making of the domestic policies. Now that the influence of domestic politics on foreign policies has been increasing since the end of the Cold War, the social changes will surely be reflected hi foreign relations. The United States, with its position and influence hi the world, will be China's strongest
strategic competitor for a long time in the future. The study of the domestic social and political changes is of great significance for China to make correct judgment of the trend of the U.S. foreign policy, to make perspective and comprehensive policy towards the United States, to maintain her national security, to enlarge her foreign exchanges, and to reunite the whole country. Meanwhile, this study has also some theoretical value. The politicization of religions became popular in the world after the 1970s. The political conflicts caused by domestic religious issues draw the attention of some of the scholars in the United States. Some valuable research papers and books were published. Nevertheless, the researches seemed insufficient compared with the importance of the religious issues, what's
more, there was no theoretical exposition in China. Therefore, theoretical research will contribute to the thorough grasp of the relation between religions and politics, and better understanding of the political changes in the United States.
The main research method of this dissertation is a combination of theoretical research and positive analysis and a combination of historical study and analysis of current affairs. This dissertation, assimilating and using the related achievements in religious and political studies, expounds comprehensively the relationship between religion and politics from the viewpoint of politics, religion and group behavior.
The main body of this dissertation consists of seven chapters.
Chapter One sets up a clear frame for the research. First, it explains the social status of religion. With organization, practice and ideology in consideration, religions still play an important role in American society and can meet people's desire for cultural identity. The independence of religions from politics and the competition among multiple religions gave rise to the flourishing of religions. Secondly, it puts forward the factors that influenced the political participation of the religious groups. Guided by the religious value, the interests of the churches and religious groups served as the motive for the participation in politics.
Chapter Two inquiries into the social and political position and role of the Puritans in North American colony and the relations between the Puritan's value and the theories of limited government, limited loyalty to the government, etc.. It also points out that religion is an important factor in the forming of American political culture. However, its influence is limited because other political thoughts and practical interests also played an important role in the forming of American political system and culture.
Chapter Three analyzes the changes and its promoting effect and the constitutional debate on religious issues after the 1960s and its nature by analyzing the basic principles of the U.S. constitution concerning the relations between religion and the government and the ideological background against which these principles were formed. It also points out that the increase of the rise of religion did not lead to radical changes of the related principles of the U.S. constitution and the debate on the constitution did not go beyond the traditional scope.
Chapter Four, by analyzing the political
本文的研究以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为指导，理论研究与实证分析相结合、历史研究与现状分析相结合，充分吸收和借鉴宗教学、政治学的相关研究成果，进行跨学科的研究。从宗教与国家政治、宗教与群体行为两个角度，综合论述宗教与美国政治的关系。
全文的主体部分共分为七章：
第一章，旨在提出较为明晰的分析框架。首先，阐明宗教在美国社会中的地位。从组织、实践、观念三方面来看，宗教在美国社会中仍然具有广泛的影响。宗教能够满足人们群体的文化的认同需求，而且宗教独立于政治、宗教多元竞争，共同造就了宗教的兴盛。其次，提出影响宗教群体政治参与的主要因素。宗教价值观的引导、教会和宗教群体利益为宗教参与政治提供了动力；三权分立、联邦制、选举制提供了机遇；教会的精神号召力、教会组织能力和培养政治人才的能力共同为宗教参与政治提供了资源基础。
第二章，探讨宗教与政治文化之间的关系。通过分析清教在北美殖民地社会政治实践中的地位与作用，以及神学契约论与有限忠诚政府论、原罪说与有限政府论、以及国民宗教与政治道德化传统之间的思想联系，指出宗教促进了美国政治文化的形成。
第三章，探讨教会与政府的关系。通过辨析有关教会与政府关系的宪法基本原则及其形成背景，分析这一原则的历史演变轨迹和促动因素，以及有关宗教问题的宪法争论及其性质，指出六十年代以来宗教影响上升的趋势没有导致政教分离和信教自由原则及其政教关系现实的根本变化；围绕宪法的争论没有超越分离派和协调派的传统之争。
第四章，探讨宗教与公共政策之间的关系。通过分析宗教群体的政治策略与方法，以及宗教对于决策者行为和政策的影响，指出宗教所拥有的道德号召力、组织能力为其进行政治动员提供了基础，三权分立制度、选举制为其施加影响提供了多种途径；决策者的政治行为体现了宗教价值观的影响，尽管这一影响因人因事存在着差异；从公共政策的一般特点，到具体政簧的形成过程，都带有宗教影响的痕迹，当这一政策涉及社会价值观时更是如此。
第五章，探讨宗教与群体政治倾向之间的关系。首先按民族经历、信仰体系、种族构成的
综合标准将美国公众划分为天主教、犹太教、主流新教、福音新教、黑人新教、非信教者六大
群体。分析各大群体在政治认同、政治问题、“社会”问题三方面的倾向及其形成原因，指出
不同宗教群体的政治倾向具有不同的特点，且某一宗教群体在政治倾向的不同层次上也存在着
不同的倾向。宗教群体的社会地位、教会与群体利益、宗教价值观是影响宗教群体政治倾向的
主要因素。
第六章，探讨福音新教的政治参与。重点分析了福音新教政治参与的历史演变及其影
响，指出六十年代以来人们对于社会道德水平下降的不满是基督教右翼逐步兴起的重要诱
因。为了推动政府制定与其宗教价值观相一致的政策，基督教右翼与共和党结成盟友，并
逐渐改变了宗教参与者所特有的政治道德化方式。在基督教右翼运动的兴起过程中，群体
社会地位的上升、教会功能的扩大、保守的宗教价值观起了重要的推动作用。基督教右翼
运动的政治影响表现在：它得到了社会公众包括福音新教内部一定程度的支持；福音新教
群体对于共和党支持率上升，加强了共和党的实力；在与共和党合作方面，由于观念及目
标上的分歧，基督教右翼运动不得不对自身的政策主张加以限制，同时基督教右翼的加入
也使共和党难以形成统一的竟选纲领；宗教右翼与共和党的结盟使得基督教右翼主张限制
堕胎和公立学校祈祷的政策主张得到了部分实现。
第七章，扼要分析其它宗教群体政治参与。传统上，天主教由于教会和群体对于东欧国家
天主教徒命运的关注、社会地位的不安全感、以及反对“解放主义”的宗教价值观，它坚持政
治保守主义立场，这尤其表现在支持美国的对外军事干预方面。但为获取经济利益与民主党结
The United States of America is a multi-religion country with a strong religious color. The existence and changes of religions have been exerting important influence on the politics of the United States. Ever since the 1960s, the political inclination and participation of the religious groups in the United States have changed greatly in accordance with the radical domestic social and political changes, which have played an important role in the U.S. party politics and the making of the domestic policies. Now that the influence of domestic politics on foreign policies has been increasing since the end of the Cold War, the social changes will surely be reflected hi foreign relations. The United States, with its position and influence hi the world, will be China's strongest
strategic competitor for a long time in the future. The study of the domestic social and political changes is of great significance for China to make correct judgment of the trend of the U.S. foreign policy, to make perspective and comprehensive policy towards the United States, to maintain her national security, to enlarge her foreign exchanges, and to reunite the whole country. Meanwhile, this study has also some theoretical value. The politicization of religions became popular in the world after the 1970s. The political conflicts caused by domestic religious issues draw the attention of some of the scholars in the United States. Some valuable research papers and books were published. Nevertheless, the researches seemed insufficient compared with the importance of the religious issues, what's
more, there was no theoretical exposition in China. Therefore, theoretical research will contribute to the thorough grasp of the relation between religions and politics, and better understanding of the political changes in the United States.
The main research method of this dissertation is a combination of theoretical research and positive analysis and a combination of historical study and analysis of current affairs. This dissertation, assimilating and using the related achievements in religious and political studies, expounds comprehensively the relationship between religion and politics from the viewpoint of politics, religion and group behavior.
The main body of this dissertation consists of seven chapters.
Chapter One sets up a clear frame for the research. First, it explains the social status of religion. With organization, practice and ideology in consideration, religions still play an important role in American society and can meet people's desire for cultural identity. The independence of religions from politics and the competition among multiple religions gave rise to the flourishing of religions. Secondly, it puts forward the factors that influenced the political participation of the religious groups. Guided by the religious value, the interests of the churches and religious groups served as the motive for the participation in politics.
Chapter Two inquiries into the social and political position and role of the Puritans in North American colony and the relations between the Puritan's value and the theories of limited government, limited loyalty to the government, etc.. It also points out that religion is an important factor in the forming of American political culture. However, its influence is limited because other political thoughts and practical interests also played an important role in the forming of American political system and culture.
Chapter Three analyzes the changes and its promoting effect and the constitutional debate on religious issues after the 1960s and its nature by analyzing the basic principles of the U.S. constitution concerning the relations between religion and the government and the ideological background against which these principles were formed. It also points out that the increase of the rise of religion did not lead to radical changes of the related principles of the U.S. constitution and the debate on the constitution did not go beyond the traditional scope.
Chapter Four, by analyzing the political
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35．董丛林：《龙与上帝：基督教与中国传统文化》，北京·三联书店1992年版
36．俞可平：《西方政治分析新方法论》，人民出版社1989年版
37．体谟：《人性论》，商务印书馆1997年版
38．刘澎：《当代美国宗教》，中国社会科学文献出版社2001年版
39．雷雨田：《上帝与美国人》，上海人民出版社1994版
40．王缉思：《美国意识形态的新趋势》，《美国年鉴2000》，中国社会科学院美国研究所编，中国社会科学出版社2000年版
41．徐以骅：《美国关于国民宗教的一场辩论》，《复旦学报》1990年第5期
42．颜昌友：《美国国民宗教”管见》，《世界宗教研究》1986年第3期
43．吕大吉：《宗教是什么?——宗教的本质、基本要素及其逻辑结构》，《世界宗教研究》1998年第2期
44．赵梅：《“重选择”与“重生命”：美国有关堕胎问题的论争》，《美国研究》1997年第4期、
45．刘澎：《美国的政教关系》，《美国研究》2001年第3期
46．金灿荣：《市民社会与美国民主关系初探》，《美国研究》2001年第1期
47．冯春凤：《美国宗教与政治关系现状》，《世界宗教研究》2000年第3期
48．董国强：《当代美国宗教现象》。《读书》2000年第8期
1. Adams, James L., The Growing Lobby in Washington, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1970.
2. Anderson, Victor, Pragmatic Theology: Negotiating the Intersections of an American Philosophy of Religion and Public Theology, State University of New York Press, Albany,1998.
3. Barkun, Michael, Religion and Racist Right, Chapel Hill: Universuty of North CarolinaPress, 1994
4. Baumann, Fred E. and Kenneth M. Jensen eds., Religion and Politics, the University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1989.
5. Bellah, Robert N., The Broken Covernant: American Civil Religion in a Time of Trial New York: Seabury,1975.
6. Berger, Peter L., and Richard John Neuhaus, To Empower People: The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy, Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1977.
7. Carter, Paul A., Politics, Religion, and Rockets: Essays in Twenty-century American History, The University of Arizona Press, Tueson, 1991.
8. Chidester, David, Patterns of Power: Religion and Politics in American Culture, PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1998.
9. Cigler, Allan J. and Burdett A. Loomis eds., Interest Group Politics, Congressional Quarterly Inc,, 1991.
10. Cohen, Naomi, Jews in Christian America, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
11. Cohen, Stephen. M., American Modernity and Jewish Jewish Idenlity, New York: Tavistock, 1983.
12. Columbo, Furio, God in America: Religion and Politics in the United States, Columbia University Press, New York, 1884.
13． Cooney, John, American Pope, New York: Times Books, 1984．
14． Cousin, Norman, In God We Trust :The Religious Beliefs and Idea of the American Founders, New York; Harper and Brothers, 1958．
15． Coutin, Susan Biber, The Culture of Protest: Religious Activism and the U.S. Santuctury Movement, Boulder: Westview, 1993．
16． Crawford, Alan, Thunder on the Right, New York: Pantheon, 1980．
17． Crotty, William, Mildred A. Schwartz and John C. Green eds., Representing Interests and Interest Group Representation, University Press of America, Inc., 1994．
18． Diggins, John P., The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-interest, and the Foudations of Liberalism, New York: Basic Books, 1984．
19． Dunn, Charles W., American Political Theology, New York: Praeger, 1992．
20． Dunn, Charles W., Religion in American Politics, Congressional Quarterly Press, Washington D.C., 1989．
21． Elizabeth, Linell, Religion, Theology, and American Public Life, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1993．
22． Everson, David H., Public Opinion and Interest Groups in American Politics, Franklin Watts, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, 1982．
23． Fowler, Robert Booth and Allen D. Hertzke, Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture and Strategy Choice, Westview Press, A Division of HarperCollins Publichers, 1995．
24． Fowler, Robert Booth, Believing Skeptics: American Political Intellectuals, 1945-1964, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut and London, England, 1978．
25． Fowler, Robert Booth, Religion and Politics in America, New Jercy and London, 1995．
26． Fowler, Robert Booth, Unconventional Partners: Religion and Liberal Culture in the United States, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdman's, 1989．
27． Fowler, Ronald B., That Godless Court? Louisville, Ky,: Westminister-John Knox, 1994．
28． Ganin, Zvi, Truman, American Jewry, and Israel, 1945-1948, New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979．
29． Goldwin, Robert A. and Art Kaufman, How Does the Constitution Protect Religious Freedom? Washington, D.C.: American Emerprise Institute, 1987．
30． Greeley, Andrew, Religion: A Secular Theory, New York: Free Press, 1982．
31． Guth James L. and John C. Green eds. The Bible and the Ballot Box, Boulder: Westview, 1992．
32． Hamilton, Malcolm B., The Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives, Routledge, London, USA, Canada, 1995．
33． Hammond, Phillip E., The Dynamics of Religious Organizations: The Extravasation of the Sacred and Other Essays, Oxford University Press, 2000．
34． Handy, Robert T., A Christian America? New York: Oxford University Press, 1984．
35． Hanna, Mary T., Catholics and American Politics, Cambridge: Harvard Univenity Press, 1979．
36． Henry, Chales P., Culture and African American Politics, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990．
37． Hero, Alfred O. Jr., American Religious Groups View Foreign Policy: Trends in Rank-and-File Opinion, 1937-1969, Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 1973．
38． Hertzke, Allen D., Representing God in Washington, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988．
39． Hodgkinson, Virginnia A., Murray S. Weitzman and Arthur D.Kirsch, From Belief to Commitment: Activities and Finances of Religious Congregations in the United States, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988．
40． Horwitz, Robert, The Moral Foundation of the American Repulic, Charlittesville: University Press of Virginia, 1977．
41． Hrebenar, Ronald J., Interest Group Politics in America, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York, London, England, 1997．
42． Hunt, George L. ed., Calvinism and the Political Order, Philadelphia: Westminster, 1965．
43． Hunter, James D., Culture War: The Struggle to Define America, New York: Basic Books, 1991．
44． Jelen, Ted G. and Clyde Wilcox, Public Attitude Toward Church and State, M. E. Sharpe,
Armonk, New York, London, England, 1995．
45． Men, Ted G. eds., Religion and Political Behavior in the United States, Praeger, New York Westport, Conneticut and London, 1989．
46． John, Stephen D. and Joseph B. Tamney eds., The Political Role of Religion in the United States, Boulder Westview, 1986．
47． Kelley, Dean M., Why Conservative Churches Are Growing? Second Edition. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1977．
48． Kersten, Lawrence K., The Lutheran Ethic, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970．
49． Kosmin, Barry A., and Seymour P. Lachman, One Nation Under God? Religion in Contemporary American Society, New York: Harmony, 1993．
50． Ladd, Everett, Where Have All the Voter Gone? New Yor: Norton 1982．
51． Larson, David L., The Puritan Ethic in the United States Foreign Policy, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. Princeton, New Jersey ,New York·Toronto· London, 1966．
52． Leege, David C. and Lyman A. Kellstedt, Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York, London England, 1993．
53． Leuchtenburg, William E., The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-1932, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958．
54． Lichtman, Allan J., Prejudice and the Old Palitics: The Presidential Election of 1928, Chapel Hill: University al North Cmolina Press, 1992．
55． Liebman, Charles S., The Ambivalent American Jews, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1973．
56． Lippy, Charles H., Being Religious, American Style: A History of Popular Religiosity in the United States, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, London, 1995．
57． Lopatto, Paul, Religion and Presidential Election, Praeger, New York, 1985．
58． Mark A. Noll, One Nation Under God? Chritian Faith and Political Action In the United States, San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1988．
59． Mead, Sidney E., The Lively Experiment: The Shaping of Christianity in America, New York: Harper and Row, 1976．
60． Meconis, Charles A., With CIumy Grace: The American Catholic Left, 1961-1975 , New York: Seabury, 1979．
61． Miller, Perry, Errand into the Wildness, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967．
62． Moen, Matthew C., The Christian Right and Congress, Tuscaloose: University of Alabama Press, 1989．
63． Morgan, Richard E., The Politics of Religious Conflict. New York: Pegasus, 1968．
64． Murphy, Walter F., Josepgh Tanenhaus, and Daniel L. Kastner, Public Evaluations of Constitutional Court: Alternative Explanations, Berverly Hills: Sage, 1973．
65． Noll, Mark A. ed., Religion and American Politics, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990．
66． Olson, Laura R. and Ted G.Jelen, The Religious Dimension of Political Behavior: a Critical Analysis and Annotated Bibliography, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut and London, 1998．
67． Preffer, Leo, Church, State, and Freedom, Boston: Beacon, 1967．
68． Ribuffo, Leo, The Old Christian Right, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983．
69． Richey, Russell and Donald G. Jones eds., American Civil Religion, New York: Harper and Row, 1976．
70． Richey, Russell E. and Donald G.Jones, American Civil Religion, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York· Evanston· San Francisco· London, 1974．
71． Roof, Wade Clark, and William McKinney, American Mainline Religion: Its Changing Shape and Future, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987．
72． Roof, Wade Clark, World Order and Religion, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1991．
73． Rozell, Mark J., and Clyde Wilcox eds, God at the Grassroot: The Christian Right in the 1994 Election, Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Litllefield, 1995．
74． Sandoz, Ellis, A Government of Laws: Political Theory, Religion, and American Founding, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990．
75． Schapps, Morriss U., ed., A Documentary History of the Jew in the United States, New York: Schocken, 1971．
76． Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation, Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday-Anchor, 1967．
77． Silk, Mark, Spiritual Politics: Religion and American Since World War Ⅱ, Simon and Schuster, New York, London, Tonoto Sydney Tokyo, 1988．
78． Slan, Martin, and Susan Duffy eds., Morality and Conviction in American Politics: A Reader, Prentice Hall, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1990．
79． Sorauf, Frank J., The Wall of Separation: Politics of Church and State, Princeton: N.J. Princeton University Press, 1976．
80． Sorauf, Frank J., The Wall of Seperation: The Constitutional Politics of Church and State, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976．
81． Warner, Stephen, New Wine in Old Wineskins: Evangelicals and Liberals in a Small Town Church, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988．
82． Weber, Paul J., and W. Landis Jones, U.S. Religious Interest Groups: Institutional Profiles, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1994．
83． Weigel, George and John P. Langan eds., The American Search for Peace: Moral Reasoning, Religious Hope, and National Security, Georgetown University Press, Washington, D. C.,1991．
84． Wentz, Richard E., Religion in the New World: The Shaping of Religious Tradition in the United States, Fortress Press, Minneapolis, 1990．
85． White, John Kenneth, The New Politics of Old Values, Hanover, N. H.: University Press of New England, 1990．
86． Wilcbx, Clyde, The Christian Right in the Twenty-Century America, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1992．
87． Wilson, James Q., Negro Politics: The Search for Leadership, New York: Free Press, 1965．
2．吕大吉：《宗教学通论新编》，中国社会科学出版社1998年版
3．埃米尔·迪尔凯姆著，周秋良译：《迪尔凯姆论宗教》，华厦出版社2000年版
4．麦迪逊著：《联邦党人文集》，商务印书馆1991年版
5．阿列克西·托克维尔著：《论美国的民主》，商务印书馆1991年版
6．劳伦斯·迈耶等著：《比较政治学：变化世界中的国家和理论》，华夏出版社2001版
7．王缉思、李晓岗著：《霸权梦——美国的全球战略》，鹭江出版社2000年版
8．R·J·哈切森著：《白宫中的上帝》，中国社会科学出版社1992年版
9．柴惠庭著：《英国清教》，上海社会科学院出版社1994版
10．李寿祺著：《利益集团与美国政治》，中国社会科学出版社1988年版
11．吕亚力著：《政治学方法论》，台湾三民书局，中华民国六十八年版
12．罗伯特·鲍柯克、肯尼斯·汤普逊编，龚方震 陈耀庭译：《宗教与意识形态》，四川人民出版社1992年版
13．马克斯·韦伯著，韩水法、莫茜译：《社会科学方法论》，中央编译出版社1993年版
14．斯宾诺莎著，温锡增译：《神学政治论》，商务印书馆1963年版
15．陈麟书著：《宗教学基本理论》，四川大学出版社1994年版
16．程世平著：《文明之源：论广泛意义上的宗教》，四川人民出版社1994年版
17．莫里斯·迪韦尔热著，杨祖功 王大东译：《政治社会学——政治学的基本要素》，华厦出版社1987年版
18．洛克著，吴云贵译：《论宗教宽容》，高务印书馆1982年版。
19．弗里德里克·J·斯特伦著，徐钧尧等译：《宗教生活论》，今日中国出版社1992年版
20．迪尔凯姆著：《宗教生活的基本形式》，商务出版社2001年版
21．罗纳德·奇尔科特著，高恬、潘世强译：《比较政治学理论：新范式的探索》，社会科学文献出版社，1998年1月第1版。
22．彼得·贝格尔著，高师宁译，何光沪校：《神圣的帷幕：宗教社会学理论之要素》，上海人民出版社1991年版
23．詹姆士·里德著，蒋庆译：《基督的人生观》，三联书店，1998年10月北京第2版。
24．彼德·布劳著，孙非、张黎勤译：《社会生活中的交换与权力》，华厦出版社1988年版
25．陈荣富著：《比较宗教学》，世界知识出版社，1993年2月版
26．文庸著：《圣经蠡测》，今日中国出版社1992年3月第1版。
27．李道揆著：《美国政府与美国政治》，中国社会科学出版社。
28．张定河著：《美国政治制度的形成与演变》，中国社会科学出版社，1999年。
29．裴孝贤：《宗教在美国社会中的地位》，《美国研究》1998年第4期
30．董小川：《二十世纪的美国宗教与政治》，人民出版社2001年版
31．刘祚昌：《杰斐逊传》，中国社会科学出版社1990年版
32．罗纳德·L．约翰斯通著：《社会中的宗教》，尹令黎、张蕾译，四川人民出版社1991年版
33．秦家懿、孔汉思著，吴华译：《中国宗教与基督教》，北京·三联书店1990年版
34．雅罗斯拉夫斯基著：《圣经是怎样一部书》，北京·三联书店1988年版
35．董丛林：《龙与上帝：基督教与中国传统文化》，北京·三联书店1992年版
36．俞可平：《西方政治分析新方法论》，人民出版社1989年版
37．体谟：《人性论》，商务印书馆1997年版
38．刘澎：《当代美国宗教》，中国社会科学文献出版社2001年版
39．雷雨田：《上帝与美国人》，上海人民出版社1994版
40．王缉思：《美国意识形态的新趋势》，《美国年鉴2000》，中国社会科学院美国研究所编，中国社会科学出版社2000年版
41．徐以骅：《美国关于国民宗教的一场辩论》，《复旦学报》1990年第5期
42．颜昌友：《美国国民宗教”管见》，《世界宗教研究》1986年第3期
43．吕大吉：《宗教是什么?——宗教的本质、基本要素及其逻辑结构》，《世界宗教研究》1998年第2期
44．赵梅：《“重选择”与“重生命”：美国有关堕胎问题的论争》，《美国研究》1997年第4期、
45．刘澎：《美国的政教关系》，《美国研究》2001年第3期
46．金灿荣：《市民社会与美国民主关系初探》，《美国研究》2001年第1期
47．冯春凤：《美国宗教与政治关系现状》，《世界宗教研究》2000年第3期
48．董国强：《当代美国宗教现象》。《读书》2000年第8期
1. Adams, James L., The Growing Lobby in Washington, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1970.
2. Anderson, Victor, Pragmatic Theology: Negotiating the Intersections of an American Philosophy of Religion and Public Theology, State University of New York Press, Albany,1998.
3. Barkun, Michael, Religion and Racist Right, Chapel Hill: Universuty of North CarolinaPress, 1994
4. Baumann, Fred E. and Kenneth M. Jensen eds., Religion and Politics, the University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1989.
5. Bellah, Robert N., The Broken Covernant: American Civil Religion in a Time of Trial New York: Seabury,1975.
6. Berger, Peter L., and Richard John Neuhaus, To Empower People: The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy, Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1977.
7. Carter, Paul A., Politics, Religion, and Rockets: Essays in Twenty-century American History, The University of Arizona Press, Tueson, 1991.
8. Chidester, David, Patterns of Power: Religion and Politics in American Culture, PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1998.
9. Cigler, Allan J. and Burdett A. Loomis eds., Interest Group Politics, Congressional Quarterly Inc,, 1991.
10. Cohen, Naomi, Jews in Christian America, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
11. Cohen, Stephen. M., American Modernity and Jewish Jewish Idenlity, New York: Tavistock, 1983.
12. Columbo, Furio, God in America: Religion and Politics in the United States, Columbia University Press, New York, 1884.
13． Cooney, John, American Pope, New York: Times Books, 1984．
14． Cousin, Norman, In God We Trust :The Religious Beliefs and Idea of the American Founders, New York; Harper and Brothers, 1958．
15． Coutin, Susan Biber, The Culture of Protest: Religious Activism and the U.S. Santuctury Movement, Boulder: Westview, 1993．
16． Crawford, Alan, Thunder on the Right, New York: Pantheon, 1980．
17． Crotty, William, Mildred A. Schwartz and John C. Green eds., Representing Interests and Interest Group Representation, University Press of America, Inc., 1994．
18． Diggins, John P., The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-interest, and the Foudations of Liberalism, New York: Basic Books, 1984．
19． Dunn, Charles W., American Political Theology, New York: Praeger, 1992．
20． Dunn, Charles W., Religion in American Politics, Congressional Quarterly Press, Washington D.C., 1989．
21． Elizabeth, Linell, Religion, Theology, and American Public Life, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1993．
22． Everson, David H., Public Opinion and Interest Groups in American Politics, Franklin Watts, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, 1982．
23． Fowler, Robert Booth and Allen D. Hertzke, Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture and Strategy Choice, Westview Press, A Division of HarperCollins Publichers, 1995．
24． Fowler, Robert Booth, Believing Skeptics: American Political Intellectuals, 1945-1964, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut and London, England, 1978．
25． Fowler, Robert Booth, Religion and Politics in America, New Jercy and London, 1995．
26． Fowler, Robert Booth, Unconventional Partners: Religion and Liberal Culture in the United States, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdman's, 1989．
27． Fowler, Ronald B., That Godless Court? Louisville, Ky,: Westminister-John Knox, 1994．
28． Ganin, Zvi, Truman, American Jewry, and Israel, 1945-1948, New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979．
29． Goldwin, Robert A. and Art Kaufman, How Does the Constitution Protect Religious Freedom? Washington, D.C.: American Emerprise Institute, 1987．
30． Greeley, Andrew, Religion: A Secular Theory, New York: Free Press, 1982．
31． Guth James L. and John C. Green eds. The Bible and the Ballot Box, Boulder: Westview, 1992．
32． Hamilton, Malcolm B., The Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives, Routledge, London, USA, Canada, 1995．
33． Hammond, Phillip E., The Dynamics of Religious Organizations: The Extravasation of the Sacred and Other Essays, Oxford University Press, 2000．
34． Handy, Robert T., A Christian America? New York: Oxford University Press, 1984．
35． Hanna, Mary T., Catholics and American Politics, Cambridge: Harvard Univenity Press, 1979．
36． Henry, Chales P., Culture and African American Politics, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990．
37． Hero, Alfred O. Jr., American Religious Groups View Foreign Policy: Trends in Rank-and-File Opinion, 1937-1969, Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 1973．
38． Hertzke, Allen D., Representing God in Washington, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988．
39． Hodgkinson, Virginnia A., Murray S. Weitzman and Arthur D.Kirsch, From Belief to Commitment: Activities and Finances of Religious Congregations in the United States, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988．
40． Horwitz, Robert, The Moral Foundation of the American Repulic, Charlittesville: University Press of Virginia, 1977．
41． Hrebenar, Ronald J., Interest Group Politics in America, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York, London, England, 1997．
42． Hunt, George L. ed., Calvinism and the Political Order, Philadelphia: Westminster, 1965．
43． Hunter, James D., Culture War: The Struggle to Define America, New York: Basic Books, 1991．
44． Jelen, Ted G. and Clyde Wilcox, Public Attitude Toward Church and State, M. E. Sharpe,
Armonk, New York, London, England, 1995．
45． Men, Ted G. eds., Religion and Political Behavior in the United States, Praeger, New York Westport, Conneticut and London, 1989．
46． John, Stephen D. and Joseph B. Tamney eds., The Political Role of Religion in the United States, Boulder Westview, 1986．
47． Kelley, Dean M., Why Conservative Churches Are Growing? Second Edition. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1977．
48． Kersten, Lawrence K., The Lutheran Ethic, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970．
49． Kosmin, Barry A., and Seymour P. Lachman, One Nation Under God? Religion in Contemporary American Society, New York: Harmony, 1993．
50． Ladd, Everett, Where Have All the Voter Gone? New Yor: Norton 1982．
51． Larson, David L., The Puritan Ethic in the United States Foreign Policy, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. Princeton, New Jersey ,New York·Toronto· London, 1966．
52． Leege, David C. and Lyman A. Kellstedt, Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York, London England, 1993．
53． Leuchtenburg, William E., The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-1932, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958．
54． Lichtman, Allan J., Prejudice and the Old Palitics: The Presidential Election of 1928, Chapel Hill: University al North Cmolina Press, 1992．
55． Liebman, Charles S., The Ambivalent American Jews, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1973．
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