典型黑土耕地土壤优先流特征研究
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摘要
以典型黑土耕地土壤为试验样地,采用双环入渗仪和染色示踪相结合的方法来探讨耕地土壤中优先流的环绕特征；和对土壤不同深度的土柱进行水分穿透试验来探讨耕地土壤中优先流的非平衡特征；以及刘hood入渗仪设置不同的压力水头,来测试染色示踪结合hood入渗仪的方法在田间是否是一种研究大孔隙流的有效方法。通过对染色宽度、横纵剖面染色百分比、田间最大染色深度、入渗速率、出流速率等指标的测定与分析,及对土壤染色图片的判读,系统认识典型黑土耕地土壤中的水分运移形式和分布特点,为黑土耕地土壤在农业管理和经营中如何提高水肥利用效率提供理论基础。
研究结果表明：在0-15.0cm土层范围内,水分的运移以基质流为主；15.0-20.0cm范围内,有侧向入渗发生,染色宽度和染色百分比均在此层达到最大值,分别为25.6cm和20.73%。20.0-67.0cm范围内,水分的运移则以大孔隙流为主,优先路径主要是裂缝和大孔隙,其中,20.0-35.0cm范围内的大量裂缝,使优先流表现出明显的环绕特征；而在40.0～67.0cm范围内,优先路径的形成则以连通性良好的大孔隙为主。由于裂缝和大孔隙2种优先路径的存在,使水分在土壤中的运移速度增加了4.5倍,这不仅可能造成水分损失,而且可能加速农药迁移及造成地下水污染。
在0～5.0cm,15.0～20.0cm,20.0～25.0cm,40.0～45.0cm的土壤中,尽管水分运移形式不同,但都存在某种不稳定的非平衡流。其中通过20.0～25.0cm,40.0～45.0cm深度范围内土柱的水分速率随时间的波动表明优先流的非平衡特征。且水分在这两层土壤中的入渗速率和出流速率之间,累积入渗量和出流量之间存在较大差值,这一差值是由于水分在经过这两层土壤中的优先路径时,有部分水分渗入到土壤基质中引起的,这种现象的存在有可能是导致非平衡特征出现的根本原因。
在三个压力下(-5.0cm,-3.0cm和-1.Ocm)均发生大孔隙流,且在存较低的压力下(-5.0cm和-3.0cm)侧流更明显。不同压力下侧流程度之间达到显著性差异(p<0.05)。深度为40.0-74.3cm的土壤中具有发育良好的各种孔隙,有效大孔隙度达到0.007%。三个压力下,最大染色深度分别为74.3cm,60.7cm和64.7cm,在深度为14.0-28.0cm的土壤中染色宽度分别为45.9cm,45.0cm和52.1cm。-3.0cm的压力下,初始入渗速率达到最大值(7.6mm/min),但稳渗速率是最小值(2.4mm/min)。-5.0cm的压力下大孔隙表现出最好的连通性。在田间采用染色示踪结合hood入渗仪的方法能够有效研究大孔隙流。
Taking the cultivated soils in typical black soil region of Northeast China as test objects, by using dye tracer and double-ring infiltrometer techniques to research the surrounding characteristic; and by using breakthrough of water on the soil column from different depth to discuss the non-equilibrium characteristic of preferential flow; and testing the combining method of dye traces and hood infiltrometer on studying macropore flow. Through measuring and analyzing the dye stained width、dye coverage of soil transverse and longitudinal sections、the field maximum dye stained depth、infiltration rate、outflow rate and photograph interpretation, this paper aimed to approach the water flow movement pattern and distribution characteristics in typical black cultivated soils. The results may serve as theoretical basis for scientifically improving the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency during management and operation of agricultural soil.
The results showed that:At soil depth 0～15.0cm, matrix flow was the main soil water flow movement pattern; at depth 15.0～20.0cm, lateral flow was observed, and the dye stained width and dye coverage reached their maximum, being 25.6cm and 20.73% respectively. At depth 20.0-67.0cm, the main soil water flow movement pattern was macropore flow, with cracks and macropores as the main preferential routes. The cracks at depth 20.0～35.0cm made the preferential flow have distinct surrounding characteristic and the macropores at depth 40.0～67.0cm were the main preferential routes. Due to the existence of the preferential routes of cracks and macropores, the migration velocity of water in soil increased by 4.5 times, which could not only cause water loss, but also accelerate the migration of pesticides to ground water.
Although the differences among the water flow movement patterns, the non-equilibrium flow was appeared on the soil depth of 0～5.0cm、15.0～20.0cm、20.0～25.0cm、40.0～45.0cm. The fluctuation of rate that water flow through soil at depth of 20.0～25.0cm、40.0～45.0cm changed over time, which indicated the non-equilibrium characteristic of preferential flow, especially the bigger differential value between the infiltration rate and outflow rate, the cumulative infiltration and cumulative outflow of water flow through this two layers soil. This was because the part of water was entering into the soil matrix when the water flow through the preferential routes that existing in this two layers soil. It was the basic reason that caused the non-equilibrium characteristic to appear.
The macropore flows initiated under three pressures heads of -5.0cm,-3.0cm and -1.0cm, and lower pressure (-5.0cm and -3.0cm) resulted in more lateral flow. Amount of lateral flow between different pressures was significant at 25cm depth (p<0.05). Soil of 40.0～74.3cm was less disturbed giving rise to good continuity with effective macro porosity of 0.007%. For the pressure heads of -5.0cm,-3.0cm and -1.0cm, the maximum depths of dye staining were 74.3cm,60.7cm and 64.7cm and the dye stained width were 45.9cm,45.0cm and 52.1cm at the depth of 14.0～28.0cm respectively. Soil under pressure head of -3.0cm had the biggest initial infiltration rate of 7.6mm/min but smallest steady infiltration rate of 2.4mm/min. Soil under pressure heads of -5.0cm had best connectivity of macropore paths. The combining method was a better method on studying macropore flow in field.
研究结果表明：在0-15.0cm土层范围内,水分的运移以基质流为主；15.0-20.0cm范围内,有侧向入渗发生,染色宽度和染色百分比均在此层达到最大值,分别为25.6cm和20.73%。20.0-67.0cm范围内,水分的运移则以大孔隙流为主,优先路径主要是裂缝和大孔隙,其中,20.0-35.0cm范围内的大量裂缝,使优先流表现出明显的环绕特征；而在40.0～67.0cm范围内,优先路径的形成则以连通性良好的大孔隙为主。由于裂缝和大孔隙2种优先路径的存在,使水分在土壤中的运移速度增加了4.5倍,这不仅可能造成水分损失,而且可能加速农药迁移及造成地下水污染。
在0～5.0cm,15.0～20.0cm,20.0～25.0cm,40.0～45.0cm的土壤中,尽管水分运移形式不同,但都存在某种不稳定的非平衡流。其中通过20.0～25.0cm,40.0～45.0cm深度范围内土柱的水分速率随时间的波动表明优先流的非平衡特征。且水分在这两层土壤中的入渗速率和出流速率之间,累积入渗量和出流量之间存在较大差值,这一差值是由于水分在经过这两层土壤中的优先路径时,有部分水分渗入到土壤基质中引起的,这种现象的存在有可能是导致非平衡特征出现的根本原因。
在三个压力下(-5.0cm,-3.0cm和-1.Ocm)均发生大孔隙流,且在存较低的压力下(-5.0cm和-3.0cm)侧流更明显。不同压力下侧流程度之间达到显著性差异(p<0.05)。深度为40.0-74.3cm的土壤中具有发育良好的各种孔隙,有效大孔隙度达到0.007%。三个压力下,最大染色深度分别为74.3cm,60.7cm和64.7cm,在深度为14.0-28.0cm的土壤中染色宽度分别为45.9cm,45.0cm和52.1cm。-3.0cm的压力下,初始入渗速率达到最大值(7.6mm/min),但稳渗速率是最小值(2.4mm/min)。-5.0cm的压力下大孔隙表现出最好的连通性。在田间采用染色示踪结合hood入渗仪的方法能够有效研究大孔隙流。
Taking the cultivated soils in typical black soil region of Northeast China as test objects, by using dye tracer and double-ring infiltrometer techniques to research the surrounding characteristic; and by using breakthrough of water on the soil column from different depth to discuss the non-equilibrium characteristic of preferential flow; and testing the combining method of dye traces and hood infiltrometer on studying macropore flow. Through measuring and analyzing the dye stained width、dye coverage of soil transverse and longitudinal sections、the field maximum dye stained depth、infiltration rate、outflow rate and photograph interpretation, this paper aimed to approach the water flow movement pattern and distribution characteristics in typical black cultivated soils. The results may serve as theoretical basis for scientifically improving the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency during management and operation of agricultural soil.
The results showed that:At soil depth 0～15.0cm, matrix flow was the main soil water flow movement pattern; at depth 15.0～20.0cm, lateral flow was observed, and the dye stained width and dye coverage reached their maximum, being 25.6cm and 20.73% respectively. At depth 20.0-67.0cm, the main soil water flow movement pattern was macropore flow, with cracks and macropores as the main preferential routes. The cracks at depth 20.0～35.0cm made the preferential flow have distinct surrounding characteristic and the macropores at depth 40.0～67.0cm were the main preferential routes. Due to the existence of the preferential routes of cracks and macropores, the migration velocity of water in soil increased by 4.5 times, which could not only cause water loss, but also accelerate the migration of pesticides to ground water.
Although the differences among the water flow movement patterns, the non-equilibrium flow was appeared on the soil depth of 0～5.0cm、15.0～20.0cm、20.0～25.0cm、40.0～45.0cm. The fluctuation of rate that water flow through soil at depth of 20.0～25.0cm、40.0～45.0cm changed over time, which indicated the non-equilibrium characteristic of preferential flow, especially the bigger differential value between the infiltration rate and outflow rate, the cumulative infiltration and cumulative outflow of water flow through this two layers soil. This was because the part of water was entering into the soil matrix when the water flow through the preferential routes that existing in this two layers soil. It was the basic reason that caused the non-equilibrium characteristic to appear.
The macropore flows initiated under three pressures heads of -5.0cm,-3.0cm and -1.0cm, and lower pressure (-5.0cm and -3.0cm) resulted in more lateral flow. Amount of lateral flow between different pressures was significant at 25cm depth (p<0.05). Soil of 40.0～74.3cm was less disturbed giving rise to good continuity with effective macro porosity of 0.007%. For the pressure heads of -5.0cm,-3.0cm and -1.0cm, the maximum depths of dye staining were 74.3cm,60.7cm and 64.7cm and the dye stained width were 45.9cm,45.0cm and 52.1cm at the depth of 14.0～28.0cm respectively. Soil under pressure head of -3.0cm had the biggest initial infiltration rate of 7.6mm/min but smallest steady infiltration rate of 2.4mm/min. Soil under pressure heads of -5.0cm had best connectivity of macropore paths. The combining method was a better method on studying macropore flow in field.
引文
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