重庆市农业优势产业选择与布局研究
摘要
农业是对区域自然条件依赖较强的产业,一个地区要发展现代农业,必须要根据区域农业发展条件、农业产品的市场需求、农业生产的效益,筛选具有比较优势的农业产业。因地制宜、科学布局,方能集中优势资源形成有区域竞争力、能让农民致富增收的农业产业。
一、主要目的意义
本文针对区域农业产业发展存在的生命周期不长、区域特色不明、空间结构不合理、市场波动大等问题,应用比较优势理论及其分析方法,归纳区域优势农业产业的内涵和特征,提出区域优势农业选择依据、选择原则和选择方法,并用于分析重庆市各地区农业产业、主要农产品的比较优势及特征,对筛选出的优势农业产业进行多方面评价,并研究重庆农业优势产业的结构和空间布局调整,从而为重庆农业优势产业发展提供科学依据,为农业产业结构与布局调整提出建议,同时也为类似地区农业优势产业选择提供参考。
二、主要研究内容
根据拟定的研究目标和任务,本文的主要研究内容如下：
1、农业优势产业选择理论分析。借鉴斯密、李嘉图、赫克歇尔-俄林等提出的优势理论和学说,从不同视角及空间、时间维度探讨农业产业的比较优势。从不同侧面与角度,分析农业产业在生产成本与生产效益、产品质量与价格、产业规模与市场占有能力等方面的绝对优势和相对优势。从产业束和空间角度,分析单个产业、产业集群、区域产业的比较优势。从历史和时间维视角,分析农业产业比较优势的演变,以及市场需求、设施条件、技术、生产成本与效益等因素对其变动的影响。
2、农业优势产业内涵、特征分析。在总结归纳已有研究成果的基础上,界定了农业优势产业的概念,分析了农业优势产业的类型及判定标准。探讨了农业优势产业对特定资源和环境的选择性、产品的差异性、生产的低成本与高效率、产业的可成长性、产业的弱模仿性等五个方面的特征。分析了农业优势产业在区域农业资源优化配置、区域农业结构调整、农业主导产业发展、区域农业现代化中的地位,以及在增加区域农产品供给、提高区域农产品质量、增加区域农业竞争力、增加农民收入中的作用。探讨了影响农业优势产业培育和发展的资源禀赋、基础设施条件、科学技术支撑、农业生产组织形式、政府公共服务等因素及其影响机制。
3、农业优势产业选择方法体系建构研究。在理论分析基础上,对农业优势产业选择的方法体系进行了探讨。分析了区域农业优势产业选择的资源禀赋、发展基础、市场需求、宏观政策等依据,明确了农业优势产业选择的市场需求导向、经济效益优先、兼顾社会效益、产业发展的可持续性和成长性等原则,研究了农业优势产业选择应包括的优势测度、优势比较、优势评价、优势筛选程序,比选了农业优势产业生产效率优势、生产效益优势、生产规模优势、综合优势的测度方法,从农业优势产业评价指标体系构建、评价模型、综合评价等方面构建了评价体系,从自然条件、产业优势、宏观政策等方面分析了农业优势产业的选择。
4、重庆农业优势产业选择研究。应用构建的农业优势产业选择方法体系,对重庆农业优势产业进行了选择。从生产效率、生产效益、市场竞争力分析了重庆农业产业发展基础和现状,从光、温、水、土、气等分析了重庆农业发展资源禀赋,从交通、通讯、水利、技术、投资分析重庆农业发展的支撑条件。在发展基础、支撑条件研究基础上,应用农业产业优势测度方法,对重庆主要粮油、蔬菜、水果、养殖业进行优势测度。按照农业优势产业选择的原则,根据测度结果,进行了重庆农业优势产业的选择。
5、重庆农业优势产业评价研究。在重庆农业优势产业选择的基础上,对优势农业产业进行综合评价,以确定其发展的可能性、市场需求性和生态环境适宜性。从气候、生态环境、地形地貌等方面评价了农业优势产业的生态适应性；从市场需求数量、需求质量、市场波动等评价了农业优势产业市场适应性；从资源约束、环境限制、市场需求、投资影响评价了农业优势产业的成长性；从土地产出效率、劳动产出效率、投资回报效率等评价了农业优势产业的效率；从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益及综合效益评价了农业优势产业的效益；从自然风险、市场风险、社会风险评价了农业优势产业风险。
6、重庆农业优产业布局及调控研究。依据重庆农业优势产业选择和评价,研究了重庆农业优势产业布局落地及调控思路和措施。在分析重庆农业优势产业布局现状基础上,提出优化布局总体思路和优势粮油、蔬菜、水果、特产、养殖产业的布局方案,并相应分析了自然资源、土地、投资等要素的优化配置。从规划引导、资金诱导、科研支持等方面研究了推进重庆农业优势产业空间优化布局、要素优化配置的调控思路和办法。
三、主要研究结论
1、农业产业的优势性主要表现在生产成本与生产规模、产品质量与价格、市场占有能力等方面,其比较优势是相对性和绝对性的统一,受市场需求、设施条件、技术、生产成本、效益等因素影响而动态变化,比较优势理论是农业优势产业选择和发展的理论基础。
2、区域农业优势产业是一个地区内,经过努力而形成的具有相对较低要素成本、较高生产效率和效益、较高市场份额和影响力的产业,是以独特自然资源和生态环境为基础、以完善基础设施为条件、以先进适用技术为支撑、以高劳动生产率和土地生产率为特征的特色化、规模化产业；具有产品的差异性、生产低成本与高效率性、产业可成长性和弱模仿性五大特征；其优势性的发展的培育受区域资源禀赋、农业基础设施条件、农业业科学技术支撑、农业生产组织形式、政府公共服务等因素影响。
3、农业优势产业选择应遵循市场需求导向、经济效益优先、产业发展可持续性、产业可成长性等原则,农业优势产业选择程序应按农业优势产业测度、农业产业优势比较、农业产业优势评价、农业优势产业调控等环节进行。
4、研究表明,重庆水稻生产的规模、效率优势和综合优势明显,重庆小麦生产不具有比较优势,重庆玉米生产的规模优势和综合优势都不明显,重庆大豆生产的规模优势差、综合优势也不明显；重庆市蔬菜生产的规模优势不明显、但具有一定综合优势,重庆市瓜类生产的优势不明显、特别是规模优势较差,重庆马铃薯生产有很强的综合比较优势及较高的规模优势和一定的效率优势；重庆柑桔生产具有明显的比较优势,重庆梨和葡萄生产的比较优势不明显；重庆烤烟生产的规模优势和综合优势明显；重庆生猪生产的比较优势明显,牛和禽具有一定比较优势,羊不具有比较优势,重庆的禽蛋和牛奶生产无优势,淡水鱼具有明显的比较优势。
5、优质水稻布局在綦江、巴南、南川、涪陵、江津、荣昌、大足、丰都、万州、忠县、秀山、长寿、垫江、梁平、开县、奉节16个区(县)的方山丘陵区、平行岭谷区和盆边山地区。马铃薯布局在万州、巫溪、巫山、云阳、开县、丰都、武隆、酉阳、秀山、城口、渝北、江津和綦江等13个区(县)海拔800m～1200m的山区。柑桔布局在江津、巴南、渝北、长寿、涪陵、丰都、万州、垫江、梁平、忠县、奉节、云阳、开县、巫山等14个区(县)海拔<400m、年均气温≥18℃、无霜期≥330天、基本无柑橘黄龙病、溃疡病和大实蝇等检疫性病虫害的优势地区。优质生猪布局在合川、潼南、铜梁、大足、荣昌、永川、梁平、垫江、长寿、巴南、江津、綦江、南川和涪陵、万州、忠县、开县、云阳、奉节、武隆、秀山等共计21个区(县)。
6、布局调控思路和措施包括：①转变观念、加强领导,强化规划调控；②利用各种资金,发挥财政对农业优势产业的支持与诱导作用；③加强科研与开发,为农业优势产业提供有力技术支持和保障；④大力推进农业生产经营体制机制创新。
四、主要创新点
1、重庆与其他地区在生态环境和资源禀赋上差异明显,选择适宜本地条件而又与其他地区不同的产业,与其他地区农业产业进行差异化发展,以提高重庆农业优势产业的市场竞争力。
2、研究发现,除水稻等个别产品外,重庆市在总体上粮油生产优势较弱,特色农业产业优势较强,应在保证水稻生产继续发展基础上,大力发展特色农业产业,提升重庆农业的总体竞争力。
3、分析表明,重庆在相同的生态环境区域,把最适宜的农业产业集中布局、进行专业化生产、形成农业优势产业带,可以突破土地零碎和不连片的限制,获得农业发展的规模效益。
五、政策建议
1、围绕区域农业优势产业发展调整农业结构。各区县应围绕自己的农业优势产业,制定发展规划,通过发展农业优势产业推进农业产业结构优化。
2、推进农业优势产业带建设,实现区域农业专业化、规模化生产。将农业优势产业集中布局在最适宜区域发展,形成农业优势产业带、大型生产基地,实现区域农业专业化和规模化发展。
3、集中优惠政策和资金,加大对农业优势产业支持力度。把各种补贴、奖励资金,有效地集中用于区域农业优势产业,在农业保险、土地规模经营、农业融资等方面出台优惠政策,推进农业优势产业发展。
4、加强农业优势产业科研和推广,及时解决技术瓶颈。设立农业优势产业科研专项,为其研究开发专用和先进技术、特别是核心技术；加强农业技术服务基础设施建设,建立农业优势产业技术推广和服务体系。
六、进一步研究展望
1、农业优势产业发展的政策支持、资金支持、技术支持和制度创新需要进行专门研究。
2、如何充分调动农民参与农业优势产业发展进程需要进一步深入研究。
Agriculture is highly dependent on natural conditions of the region's industry, a region to develop modern agriculture, agricultural development must be based on regional conditions, market demand for agricultural products, agricultural production efficiency, screening has a comparative advantage in agricultural industry. Local conditions, scientific layout, superior resources can only focus on the formation of a regional competitiveness and allow farmers to increase income of the rich agricultural industry.
Ⅰ. Purpose and Significance of the Study
In this paper, the development of regional agricultural industry, there is not a long life cycle, regional characteristics is unknown, spatial structure is irrational, market fluctuations and other issues, the application of comparative advantage theory and analytic methods, summarized the content of the regional advantages and characteristics of agricultural industries, for regional advantage selected on the basis of agriculture, the principle of selection and choice of method, and for the analysis of Chongqing City, the region's agricultural industry, the main comparative advantages and characteristics of agricultural products, the advantage of screening out the evaluation of various agricultural industries, and agricultural industries of Chongqing, the structure and space readjustment to the development of Chongqing agricultural industries to provide a scientific basis for the adjustment of agricultural structure and layout recommendations, but also for a similar regional agricultural industries choose to provide information.
Ⅱ. Main Contents
Under the proposed research objectives and tasks, main contents of this paper as follows:
1. A technical analysis of selected agricultural industries. Learn from Smith, Ricardo, Heckscher-Ohlin theory and the advantages of such proposed theory, from a different perspective and space, the time dimension of agricultural comparative advantage. Different sides and angles, analysis of agricultural industry in the production cost and production efficiency, product quality and price, industry size and market share capacity and other aspects of absolute and comparative advantages. Beam and space from the industrial point of view, analysis of individual industries, industry clusters, regional industry's comparative advantage. From a historical perspective and time dimension, analysis of the evolution of comparative advantage in agriculture, industry, and market demand, facility conditions, technical, and other factors of production costs and benefits of their movements.
2. The content of agricultural industries, characteristic analysis. In the research results have been summarized on the basis of defining the concept of agricultural industries, analysis of the types of agricultural industries and criteria. Analysis of the agricultural industries in the region the optimal allocation of agricultural resources, regional restructuring of agriculture, agriculture-led industrial development, agricultural modernization in the region's position as the region in increasing the supply of agricultural products, improve the regional quality of agricultural products, increase the competitiveness of regional agriculture and increase farmers'income in the role. Impact of the cultivation and development of agricultural industries of natural resources, infrastructure, science and technology support, the organizational form of agricultural production, government and public services, and other factors affecting the mechanism.
3. The selection method of agricultural industries of system construction. In the theoretical analysis based on the agricultural industries selected methodology are discussed. Analysis of regional agriculture, natural resources industries choose the foundation for development, market demand, based on macroeconomic policies, a clear choice of agricultural industries in the market demand-oriented, economic priority, taking into account social, industrial development, sustainability and growth principles, study of the agricultural industries should be chosen to include the advantages of measure, the advantage of comparison, evaluation of advantages, advantages screening process, comparison and selection of agricultural production efficiency advantages of competitive industries, the production efficiency advantage, the production scale advantages, comprehensive advantages of the measurement methods, from agricultural industries evaluation index system, the evaluation model, to build a comprehensive evaluation of other aspects of the evaluation system, from the natural conditions, industrial advantages, and other aspects of macroeconomic policy analysis of the agricultural industries of choice.
4. Selection of Chongqing agricultural industries. Applications built system selection method of agricultural industries, agricultural industries of Chongqing, a selection. From the production efficiency, production efficiency, market competitiveness analysis of the Chongqing-based industrial development and current status of agriculture, from light, temperature, water, soil, air and other analysis of natural resources, agricultural development in Chongqing, from transportation, communications, water, technology, investment analysis supporting conditions for agricultural development in Chongqing. In the development of foundation support conditions based on the study, application of agricultural advantages of measurement methods, the Chongqing mainly grain, vegetables, fruits, aquaculture industry in advantage measure.
5. Evaluation of Chongqing agricultural industries. On the basis of agricultural industries in Chongqing the advantages of agriculture, industry, a comprehensive evaluation to determine the possibility of its development, market demand and environmental suitability. From climate, ecology, topography and other aspects of evaluation of the agricultural industries of the ecological adaptability; from the market demand quantity, demand quality, evaluation of market volatility and other market adaptability of agricultural industries; from resource constraints, environmental constraints, market demand, impact assessment of the advantages of investment in agriculture, industry growth; output efficiency from the land, labor output efficiency, return on investment efficiency evaluation of the efficiency of agricultural industries; from the economic, social and ecological benefits and advantages of comprehensive benefit evaluation of agricultural industry efficiency; from the natural risk, market risk, social risk assessment of the risks of agricultural industries.
6. Chongqing, the industrial distribution and regulation of agricultural research priorities. Agricultural industries in the analysis of the layout of the status quo, Chongqing is proposed based on the general idea and advantages of optimizing the layout of grain, vegetables, fruits, specialty, fish farming layout program, and the corresponding analysis of the natural resources, land, investment and other elements of the optimal allocation. From the planning guidance, funds induction, research support and other aspects of the agricultural industries of Chongqing to promote space layout optimization, optimization of the control elements of ideas and approaches.
Ⅲ. Main Conclusions
1. The agriculture industry, mainly in the advantage of production costs and production scale, product quality and price, market share and other capabilities, its comparative advantage relative and absolute unity, subject to market demand, facility conditions, technology, production costs, benefits and other factors and dynamics, theory of comparative advantage in agricultural industries and the development of the theoretical basis for selection.
2.Is a regional agricultural industries within the region, through the efforts and the formation of elements with relatively low costs, high productivity and efficiency, higher market share and influence the industry, based on unique natural resources and ecological environment based to improve infrastructure conditions to apply advanced technology to support high rate of labor productivity and production characteristics of land features, large-scale industry; with product differentiation, low cost and efficient production of reckless, growth of the industry can and weak imitative five characteristics; its advantages of fostering the development of natural resources by region, agricultural infrastructure, agriculture, industry, science and technology support, the organizational form of agricultural production, the government's public service and other factors.
3. Agricultural industries should be chosen to follow the market demand-oriented, economic priority, the sustainability of industrial development, industrial growth and so can the principle of the selection process of agricultural industries should measure agricultural industries, comparative advantage of agricultural industry, agriculture, industrial advantages evaluation agricultural industries and other aspects of regulation.
4. Studies have shown that the size of rice production in Chongqing, efficiency, advantages and obvious comprehensive advantages, Chongqing does not have a comparative advantage in wheat production, corn production in Chongqing and the comprehensive advantages of scale advantages are not obvious, the scale advantages of soybean production in Chongqing poor, comprehensive advantage not obvious; Chongqing obvious advantages of scale in production of vegetables, but with some comprehensive advantages, the advantages of producing melons in Chongqing is not obvious, especially in poor scale advantages, Chongqing integrated potato production has a strong comparative advantage and higher scale advantages and the efficiency of certain advantages; Chongqing citrus production has a clear comparative advantage, Chongqing, pear and grape production comparative advantage is not obvious; Chongqing flue-cured tobacco production scale advantages and comprehensive obvious advantages; Chongqing obvious comparative advantage in the production of pigs, cattle and Poultry has a comparative advantage, the sheep do not have a comparative advantage, Chongqing, eggs and milk production without advantage, freshwater fish has a clear comparative advantage.
5. the layout of high-quality rice in Qijiang, Banan, Nanchuan, Fuling, Jiangjin, Rongchang, big foot, Fengdu, Wanzhou, Zhongxian, Xiushan, longevity, Dianjiang, Liangping, Kai County, Fengjie16districts (counties) in Fangshan hilly area, parallel to the Ridge and Valley basin Edge Hill area. Potato layout in Wanzhou, Wuxi, Wushan, Yunyang, Kaixian, Fengdu, Wulong, Youyang, Xiushan, the city population, Yubei, Jiangjin and Qijiang in13districts (counties)800m-1200m above sea level mountain. Citrus layout in Jiangjin, Banan, Yubei, longevity, Fuling, Fengdu, Wanzhou, Dianjiang, Liangping, Zhong County, Fengjie, Yunyang, Kaixian, Wushan14districts (counties) altitude<400m, an average annual temperature≥18℃, frost-free period≥330days, almost no citrus disease, ulcer disease, and large fruit fly quarantine pests such as the advantages of regions. Quality in pigs layout Hechuan, Tongnan, Tongliang, big foot, Rongchang, Yongchuan, Liangping, Dianjiang, longevity, Banan, Jiangjin, Qijiang, Nanchuan and Fuling, Wanzhou, Zhongxian, Kai County, Yunyang, Fengjie, Wulong, Xiushan total of21districts (counties).
6. Layout ideas and control measures include:①ideas, strengthen leadership, planning control;②use of funds, use of financial support for agricultural industries and induced effects;③strengthen research and development for agricultural industries to provide strong technical support and security;④vigorously promote agriculture production management system and mechanism innovation.
IV. Main Innovation
1. Chongqing and other regions on the ecological environment and natural resources, significant differences in the choice of appropriate local conditions but with other regions of the industry, and other regional differences in development of agricultural industries, to improve agricultural industries in Chongqing market competitiveness.
2. The study found, with the exception of rice and a few other products, Chongqing City, in general, less grain and oil production advantages, characteristics, advantages of a strong agricultural industry, should be to ensure the continued development of rice production on the basis of characteristic agriculture industry to develop and enhance agriculture in Chongqing overall competitiveness.
3. The analysis indicates that the ecological environment of Chongqing in the same area, the agricultural industry to focus on the most appropriate layout for professional production, with the formation of agricultural industries, can not break through the fragmented and contiguous land restrictions, access to agricultural development scale.
Ⅴ, Some issues which should be further studied in the future
1. Around the development of regional agricultural industries to adjust the agricultural structure. The county should focus on their own agricultural industries, development planning, through the development of agricultural industries to-promote the agricultural industrial structure.
2. To promote agricultural industries with construction, regional agricultural specialization, large-scale production. Agricultural industries concentrated in the most appropriate layout of regional development, agriculture, industries with the formation of large-scale production base, to achieve regional agricultural specialization and scale development.
3. Focus incentives and funding to increase support to agriculture industries. The various subsidies, incentive funds, effectively focused on regional agricultural industries, in agriculture, insurance, large-scale land management, agricultural finance and other aspects of preferential policies to promote the development of agricultural industries.
4. Strengthen agricultural research and promotion of industries, to promptly resolve technical bottlenecks. The establishment of agricultural research and special industries, and its dedicated research and development of advanced technologies, especially the core technology; enhance agricultural technology services, infrastructure construction; promote the establishment of agricultural industries and technology service system.
VI. Further research prospects
1. The agriculture industries development policy support, financial support, technical support and system innovation requires special study.
2. How to mobilize the peasants to participate in the process of development of agricultural industries require further study.
一、主要目的意义
本文针对区域农业产业发展存在的生命周期不长、区域特色不明、空间结构不合理、市场波动大等问题,应用比较优势理论及其分析方法,归纳区域优势农业产业的内涵和特征,提出区域优势农业选择依据、选择原则和选择方法,并用于分析重庆市各地区农业产业、主要农产品的比较优势及特征,对筛选出的优势农业产业进行多方面评价,并研究重庆农业优势产业的结构和空间布局调整,从而为重庆农业优势产业发展提供科学依据,为农业产业结构与布局调整提出建议,同时也为类似地区农业优势产业选择提供参考。
二、主要研究内容
根据拟定的研究目标和任务,本文的主要研究内容如下：
1、农业优势产业选择理论分析。借鉴斯密、李嘉图、赫克歇尔-俄林等提出的优势理论和学说,从不同视角及空间、时间维度探讨农业产业的比较优势。从不同侧面与角度,分析农业产业在生产成本与生产效益、产品质量与价格、产业规模与市场占有能力等方面的绝对优势和相对优势。从产业束和空间角度,分析单个产业、产业集群、区域产业的比较优势。从历史和时间维视角,分析农业产业比较优势的演变,以及市场需求、设施条件、技术、生产成本与效益等因素对其变动的影响。
2、农业优势产业内涵、特征分析。在总结归纳已有研究成果的基础上,界定了农业优势产业的概念,分析了农业优势产业的类型及判定标准。探讨了农业优势产业对特定资源和环境的选择性、产品的差异性、生产的低成本与高效率、产业的可成长性、产业的弱模仿性等五个方面的特征。分析了农业优势产业在区域农业资源优化配置、区域农业结构调整、农业主导产业发展、区域农业现代化中的地位,以及在增加区域农产品供给、提高区域农产品质量、增加区域农业竞争力、增加农民收入中的作用。探讨了影响农业优势产业培育和发展的资源禀赋、基础设施条件、科学技术支撑、农业生产组织形式、政府公共服务等因素及其影响机制。
3、农业优势产业选择方法体系建构研究。在理论分析基础上,对农业优势产业选择的方法体系进行了探讨。分析了区域农业优势产业选择的资源禀赋、发展基础、市场需求、宏观政策等依据,明确了农业优势产业选择的市场需求导向、经济效益优先、兼顾社会效益、产业发展的可持续性和成长性等原则,研究了农业优势产业选择应包括的优势测度、优势比较、优势评价、优势筛选程序,比选了农业优势产业生产效率优势、生产效益优势、生产规模优势、综合优势的测度方法,从农业优势产业评价指标体系构建、评价模型、综合评价等方面构建了评价体系,从自然条件、产业优势、宏观政策等方面分析了农业优势产业的选择。
4、重庆农业优势产业选择研究。应用构建的农业优势产业选择方法体系,对重庆农业优势产业进行了选择。从生产效率、生产效益、市场竞争力分析了重庆农业产业发展基础和现状,从光、温、水、土、气等分析了重庆农业发展资源禀赋,从交通、通讯、水利、技术、投资分析重庆农业发展的支撑条件。在发展基础、支撑条件研究基础上,应用农业产业优势测度方法,对重庆主要粮油、蔬菜、水果、养殖业进行优势测度。按照农业优势产业选择的原则,根据测度结果,进行了重庆农业优势产业的选择。
5、重庆农业优势产业评价研究。在重庆农业优势产业选择的基础上,对优势农业产业进行综合评价,以确定其发展的可能性、市场需求性和生态环境适宜性。从气候、生态环境、地形地貌等方面评价了农业优势产业的生态适应性；从市场需求数量、需求质量、市场波动等评价了农业优势产业市场适应性；从资源约束、环境限制、市场需求、投资影响评价了农业优势产业的成长性；从土地产出效率、劳动产出效率、投资回报效率等评价了农业优势产业的效率；从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益及综合效益评价了农业优势产业的效益；从自然风险、市场风险、社会风险评价了农业优势产业风险。
6、重庆农业优产业布局及调控研究。依据重庆农业优势产业选择和评价,研究了重庆农业优势产业布局落地及调控思路和措施。在分析重庆农业优势产业布局现状基础上,提出优化布局总体思路和优势粮油、蔬菜、水果、特产、养殖产业的布局方案,并相应分析了自然资源、土地、投资等要素的优化配置。从规划引导、资金诱导、科研支持等方面研究了推进重庆农业优势产业空间优化布局、要素优化配置的调控思路和办法。
三、主要研究结论
1、农业产业的优势性主要表现在生产成本与生产规模、产品质量与价格、市场占有能力等方面,其比较优势是相对性和绝对性的统一,受市场需求、设施条件、技术、生产成本、效益等因素影响而动态变化,比较优势理论是农业优势产业选择和发展的理论基础。
2、区域农业优势产业是一个地区内,经过努力而形成的具有相对较低要素成本、较高生产效率和效益、较高市场份额和影响力的产业,是以独特自然资源和生态环境为基础、以完善基础设施为条件、以先进适用技术为支撑、以高劳动生产率和土地生产率为特征的特色化、规模化产业；具有产品的差异性、生产低成本与高效率性、产业可成长性和弱模仿性五大特征；其优势性的发展的培育受区域资源禀赋、农业基础设施条件、农业业科学技术支撑、农业生产组织形式、政府公共服务等因素影响。
3、农业优势产业选择应遵循市场需求导向、经济效益优先、产业发展可持续性、产业可成长性等原则,农业优势产业选择程序应按农业优势产业测度、农业产业优势比较、农业产业优势评价、农业优势产业调控等环节进行。
4、研究表明,重庆水稻生产的规模、效率优势和综合优势明显,重庆小麦生产不具有比较优势,重庆玉米生产的规模优势和综合优势都不明显,重庆大豆生产的规模优势差、综合优势也不明显；重庆市蔬菜生产的规模优势不明显、但具有一定综合优势,重庆市瓜类生产的优势不明显、特别是规模优势较差,重庆马铃薯生产有很强的综合比较优势及较高的规模优势和一定的效率优势；重庆柑桔生产具有明显的比较优势,重庆梨和葡萄生产的比较优势不明显；重庆烤烟生产的规模优势和综合优势明显；重庆生猪生产的比较优势明显,牛和禽具有一定比较优势,羊不具有比较优势,重庆的禽蛋和牛奶生产无优势,淡水鱼具有明显的比较优势。
5、优质水稻布局在綦江、巴南、南川、涪陵、江津、荣昌、大足、丰都、万州、忠县、秀山、长寿、垫江、梁平、开县、奉节16个区(县)的方山丘陵区、平行岭谷区和盆边山地区。马铃薯布局在万州、巫溪、巫山、云阳、开县、丰都、武隆、酉阳、秀山、城口、渝北、江津和綦江等13个区(县)海拔800m～1200m的山区。柑桔布局在江津、巴南、渝北、长寿、涪陵、丰都、万州、垫江、梁平、忠县、奉节、云阳、开县、巫山等14个区(县)海拔<400m、年均气温≥18℃、无霜期≥330天、基本无柑橘黄龙病、溃疡病和大实蝇等检疫性病虫害的优势地区。优质生猪布局在合川、潼南、铜梁、大足、荣昌、永川、梁平、垫江、长寿、巴南、江津、綦江、南川和涪陵、万州、忠县、开县、云阳、奉节、武隆、秀山等共计21个区(县)。
6、布局调控思路和措施包括：①转变观念、加强领导,强化规划调控；②利用各种资金,发挥财政对农业优势产业的支持与诱导作用；③加强科研与开发,为农业优势产业提供有力技术支持和保障；④大力推进农业生产经营体制机制创新。
四、主要创新点
1、重庆与其他地区在生态环境和资源禀赋上差异明显,选择适宜本地条件而又与其他地区不同的产业,与其他地区农业产业进行差异化发展,以提高重庆农业优势产业的市场竞争力。
2、研究发现,除水稻等个别产品外,重庆市在总体上粮油生产优势较弱,特色农业产业优势较强,应在保证水稻生产继续发展基础上,大力发展特色农业产业,提升重庆农业的总体竞争力。
3、分析表明,重庆在相同的生态环境区域,把最适宜的农业产业集中布局、进行专业化生产、形成农业优势产业带,可以突破土地零碎和不连片的限制,获得农业发展的规模效益。
五、政策建议
1、围绕区域农业优势产业发展调整农业结构。各区县应围绕自己的农业优势产业,制定发展规划,通过发展农业优势产业推进农业产业结构优化。
2、推进农业优势产业带建设,实现区域农业专业化、规模化生产。将农业优势产业集中布局在最适宜区域发展,形成农业优势产业带、大型生产基地,实现区域农业专业化和规模化发展。
3、集中优惠政策和资金,加大对农业优势产业支持力度。把各种补贴、奖励资金,有效地集中用于区域农业优势产业,在农业保险、土地规模经营、农业融资等方面出台优惠政策,推进农业优势产业发展。
4、加强农业优势产业科研和推广,及时解决技术瓶颈。设立农业优势产业科研专项,为其研究开发专用和先进技术、特别是核心技术；加强农业技术服务基础设施建设,建立农业优势产业技术推广和服务体系。
六、进一步研究展望
1、农业优势产业发展的政策支持、资金支持、技术支持和制度创新需要进行专门研究。
2、如何充分调动农民参与农业优势产业发展进程需要进一步深入研究。
Agriculture is highly dependent on natural conditions of the region's industry, a region to develop modern agriculture, agricultural development must be based on regional conditions, market demand for agricultural products, agricultural production efficiency, screening has a comparative advantage in agricultural industry. Local conditions, scientific layout, superior resources can only focus on the formation of a regional competitiveness and allow farmers to increase income of the rich agricultural industry.
Ⅰ. Purpose and Significance of the Study
In this paper, the development of regional agricultural industry, there is not a long life cycle, regional characteristics is unknown, spatial structure is irrational, market fluctuations and other issues, the application of comparative advantage theory and analytic methods, summarized the content of the regional advantages and characteristics of agricultural industries, for regional advantage selected on the basis of agriculture, the principle of selection and choice of method, and for the analysis of Chongqing City, the region's agricultural industry, the main comparative advantages and characteristics of agricultural products, the advantage of screening out the evaluation of various agricultural industries, and agricultural industries of Chongqing, the structure and space readjustment to the development of Chongqing agricultural industries to provide a scientific basis for the adjustment of agricultural structure and layout recommendations, but also for a similar regional agricultural industries choose to provide information.
Ⅱ. Main Contents
Under the proposed research objectives and tasks, main contents of this paper as follows:
1. A technical analysis of selected agricultural industries. Learn from Smith, Ricardo, Heckscher-Ohlin theory and the advantages of such proposed theory, from a different perspective and space, the time dimension of agricultural comparative advantage. Different sides and angles, analysis of agricultural industry in the production cost and production efficiency, product quality and price, industry size and market share capacity and other aspects of absolute and comparative advantages. Beam and space from the industrial point of view, analysis of individual industries, industry clusters, regional industry's comparative advantage. From a historical perspective and time dimension, analysis of the evolution of comparative advantage in agriculture, industry, and market demand, facility conditions, technical, and other factors of production costs and benefits of their movements.
2. The content of agricultural industries, characteristic analysis. In the research results have been summarized on the basis of defining the concept of agricultural industries, analysis of the types of agricultural industries and criteria. Analysis of the agricultural industries in the region the optimal allocation of agricultural resources, regional restructuring of agriculture, agriculture-led industrial development, agricultural modernization in the region's position as the region in increasing the supply of agricultural products, improve the regional quality of agricultural products, increase the competitiveness of regional agriculture and increase farmers'income in the role. Impact of the cultivation and development of agricultural industries of natural resources, infrastructure, science and technology support, the organizational form of agricultural production, government and public services, and other factors affecting the mechanism.
3. The selection method of agricultural industries of system construction. In the theoretical analysis based on the agricultural industries selected methodology are discussed. Analysis of regional agriculture, natural resources industries choose the foundation for development, market demand, based on macroeconomic policies, a clear choice of agricultural industries in the market demand-oriented, economic priority, taking into account social, industrial development, sustainability and growth principles, study of the agricultural industries should be chosen to include the advantages of measure, the advantage of comparison, evaluation of advantages, advantages screening process, comparison and selection of agricultural production efficiency advantages of competitive industries, the production efficiency advantage, the production scale advantages, comprehensive advantages of the measurement methods, from agricultural industries evaluation index system, the evaluation model, to build a comprehensive evaluation of other aspects of the evaluation system, from the natural conditions, industrial advantages, and other aspects of macroeconomic policy analysis of the agricultural industries of choice.
4. Selection of Chongqing agricultural industries. Applications built system selection method of agricultural industries, agricultural industries of Chongqing, a selection. From the production efficiency, production efficiency, market competitiveness analysis of the Chongqing-based industrial development and current status of agriculture, from light, temperature, water, soil, air and other analysis of natural resources, agricultural development in Chongqing, from transportation, communications, water, technology, investment analysis supporting conditions for agricultural development in Chongqing. In the development of foundation support conditions based on the study, application of agricultural advantages of measurement methods, the Chongqing mainly grain, vegetables, fruits, aquaculture industry in advantage measure.
5. Evaluation of Chongqing agricultural industries. On the basis of agricultural industries in Chongqing the advantages of agriculture, industry, a comprehensive evaluation to determine the possibility of its development, market demand and environmental suitability. From climate, ecology, topography and other aspects of evaluation of the agricultural industries of the ecological adaptability; from the market demand quantity, demand quality, evaluation of market volatility and other market adaptability of agricultural industries; from resource constraints, environmental constraints, market demand, impact assessment of the advantages of investment in agriculture, industry growth; output efficiency from the land, labor output efficiency, return on investment efficiency evaluation of the efficiency of agricultural industries; from the economic, social and ecological benefits and advantages of comprehensive benefit evaluation of agricultural industry efficiency; from the natural risk, market risk, social risk assessment of the risks of agricultural industries.
6. Chongqing, the industrial distribution and regulation of agricultural research priorities. Agricultural industries in the analysis of the layout of the status quo, Chongqing is proposed based on the general idea and advantages of optimizing the layout of grain, vegetables, fruits, specialty, fish farming layout program, and the corresponding analysis of the natural resources, land, investment and other elements of the optimal allocation. From the planning guidance, funds induction, research support and other aspects of the agricultural industries of Chongqing to promote space layout optimization, optimization of the control elements of ideas and approaches.
Ⅲ. Main Conclusions
1. The agriculture industry, mainly in the advantage of production costs and production scale, product quality and price, market share and other capabilities, its comparative advantage relative and absolute unity, subject to market demand, facility conditions, technology, production costs, benefits and other factors and dynamics, theory of comparative advantage in agricultural industries and the development of the theoretical basis for selection.
2.Is a regional agricultural industries within the region, through the efforts and the formation of elements with relatively low costs, high productivity and efficiency, higher market share and influence the industry, based on unique natural resources and ecological environment based to improve infrastructure conditions to apply advanced technology to support high rate of labor productivity and production characteristics of land features, large-scale industry; with product differentiation, low cost and efficient production of reckless, growth of the industry can and weak imitative five characteristics; its advantages of fostering the development of natural resources by region, agricultural infrastructure, agriculture, industry, science and technology support, the organizational form of agricultural production, the government's public service and other factors.
3. Agricultural industries should be chosen to follow the market demand-oriented, economic priority, the sustainability of industrial development, industrial growth and so can the principle of the selection process of agricultural industries should measure agricultural industries, comparative advantage of agricultural industry, agriculture, industrial advantages evaluation agricultural industries and other aspects of regulation.
4. Studies have shown that the size of rice production in Chongqing, efficiency, advantages and obvious comprehensive advantages, Chongqing does not have a comparative advantage in wheat production, corn production in Chongqing and the comprehensive advantages of scale advantages are not obvious, the scale advantages of soybean production in Chongqing poor, comprehensive advantage not obvious; Chongqing obvious advantages of scale in production of vegetables, but with some comprehensive advantages, the advantages of producing melons in Chongqing is not obvious, especially in poor scale advantages, Chongqing integrated potato production has a strong comparative advantage and higher scale advantages and the efficiency of certain advantages; Chongqing citrus production has a clear comparative advantage, Chongqing, pear and grape production comparative advantage is not obvious; Chongqing flue-cured tobacco production scale advantages and comprehensive obvious advantages; Chongqing obvious comparative advantage in the production of pigs, cattle and Poultry has a comparative advantage, the sheep do not have a comparative advantage, Chongqing, eggs and milk production without advantage, freshwater fish has a clear comparative advantage.
5. the layout of high-quality rice in Qijiang, Banan, Nanchuan, Fuling, Jiangjin, Rongchang, big foot, Fengdu, Wanzhou, Zhongxian, Xiushan, longevity, Dianjiang, Liangping, Kai County, Fengjie16districts (counties) in Fangshan hilly area, parallel to the Ridge and Valley basin Edge Hill area. Potato layout in Wanzhou, Wuxi, Wushan, Yunyang, Kaixian, Fengdu, Wulong, Youyang, Xiushan, the city population, Yubei, Jiangjin and Qijiang in13districts (counties)800m-1200m above sea level mountain. Citrus layout in Jiangjin, Banan, Yubei, longevity, Fuling, Fengdu, Wanzhou, Dianjiang, Liangping, Zhong County, Fengjie, Yunyang, Kaixian, Wushan14districts (counties) altitude<400m, an average annual temperature≥18℃, frost-free period≥330days, almost no citrus disease, ulcer disease, and large fruit fly quarantine pests such as the advantages of regions. Quality in pigs layout Hechuan, Tongnan, Tongliang, big foot, Rongchang, Yongchuan, Liangping, Dianjiang, longevity, Banan, Jiangjin, Qijiang, Nanchuan and Fuling, Wanzhou, Zhongxian, Kai County, Yunyang, Fengjie, Wulong, Xiushan total of21districts (counties).
6. Layout ideas and control measures include:①ideas, strengthen leadership, planning control;②use of funds, use of financial support for agricultural industries and induced effects;③strengthen research and development for agricultural industries to provide strong technical support and security;④vigorously promote agriculture production management system and mechanism innovation.
IV. Main Innovation
1. Chongqing and other regions on the ecological environment and natural resources, significant differences in the choice of appropriate local conditions but with other regions of the industry, and other regional differences in development of agricultural industries, to improve agricultural industries in Chongqing market competitiveness.
2. The study found, with the exception of rice and a few other products, Chongqing City, in general, less grain and oil production advantages, characteristics, advantages of a strong agricultural industry, should be to ensure the continued development of rice production on the basis of characteristic agriculture industry to develop and enhance agriculture in Chongqing overall competitiveness.
3. The analysis indicates that the ecological environment of Chongqing in the same area, the agricultural industry to focus on the most appropriate layout for professional production, with the formation of agricultural industries, can not break through the fragmented and contiguous land restrictions, access to agricultural development scale.
Ⅴ, Some issues which should be further studied in the future
1. Around the development of regional agricultural industries to adjust the agricultural structure. The county should focus on their own agricultural industries, development planning, through the development of agricultural industries to-promote the agricultural industrial structure.
2. To promote agricultural industries with construction, regional agricultural specialization, large-scale production. Agricultural industries concentrated in the most appropriate layout of regional development, agriculture, industries with the formation of large-scale production base, to achieve regional agricultural specialization and scale development.
3. Focus incentives and funding to increase support to agriculture industries. The various subsidies, incentive funds, effectively focused on regional agricultural industries, in agriculture, insurance, large-scale land management, agricultural finance and other aspects of preferential policies to promote the development of agricultural industries.
4. Strengthen agricultural research and promotion of industries, to promptly resolve technical bottlenecks. The establishment of agricultural research and special industries, and its dedicated research and development of advanced technologies, especially the core technology; enhance agricultural technology services, infrastructure construction; promote the establishment of agricultural industries and technology service system.
VI. Further research prospects
1. The agriculture industries development policy support, financial support, technical support and system innovation requires special study.
2. How to mobilize the peasants to participate in the process of development of agricultural industries require further study.
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