复合微生物菌剂在污泥高温好氧堆肥中的应用
摘要
本课题共进行了两次堆肥试验，分别于2003年8月10日在山西省太原杨家堡污水净化厂和12月28日在中国农业大学进行堆制。论文设计了接种和不接种复合微生物菌剂两种处理，以污泥高温好氧堆肥过程中理化指标和生物指标的变化规律两部分为主要研究内容，分析接种复合微生物菌剂是否可以缩短堆肥时间，提高堆肥效率。第一部分以温度、水分、pH值、C／N为主要研究技术参数，通过这些参数的变化判断污泥堆肥进程的快慢，以及堆肥是否达到腐熟。第二部分主要从生物指标的角度进行研究，根据微生物数量随堆肥时间的变化曲线，分析堆肥过程中不同微生物的种群演替规律并判断出堆肥过程中的优势种群，同时根据大肠杆菌数量和雪里蕻种子发芽指数的变化规律，分析污泥高温好氧堆肥对大肠杆菌的杀灭效率以及最后堆肥产品对植物是否具有毒性。
研究结果表明：
1．接种与不接种复合微生物菌剂的处理同时进入高温期，但是前者高温期持续时间相对较长。
2．以C／N为腐熟指标，实际条件下堆肥试验中接种复合微生物菌剂的处理提前3d达到腐熟。
3．物料中自带的微生物种类繁多，数量极大。细菌数量最大，约为10~8个／克干重，真菌数量次之，约为10~4个／克干重，放线菌相对较少。
4．无论是发酵前、发酵后或发酵过程中，细菌的数量总是最大；发酵后真菌和放线菌相对较少。
5．发酵过程中，细菌是优势种群，对发酵升温具有重大作用。
6．保证堆肥顺利进行的条件下，强制通风好氧堆肥对大肠杆菌的杀灭率可达100％。
7．室内模拟堆肥试验结束时，堆肥产品未达到腐熟，对植物生长仍具有一定毒性。
Compost experiment had been done twice for this subject. The first experiment began in Aug 10 2003 in the Yangjiabao waste water disposal company in Taiyuan of Shanxi Province. The second experiment began in Dem 28 2003 in China Agriculture University. The paper designed two kinds of disposal methods which were disposal of inoculation of complex microbial inoculant and disposal of without inoculation of complex microbial inoculants. The paper studied the change of physical, chemical index and biological index in the process of aerobic compost with sewage sludge and discussed that whether the disposal of inoculation of complex microbial inoculants can reduce the time of compost and improve the efficiency.
The first part took temperature, moisture, PH and C/N as the main technological index. Through those indexes the paper judged the pace of the course of compost and whether the compost is completely maturated. The second part studied the rule of community succession of various microbes and judged the superior community in the process of compost from the angle of microbe index, according to the curve of the number of microbe change with time. Meanwhile the paper analyzed the killing efficiency of sewage sludge of aerobic compost with high-temperature to coliform and whether the final product poisoned the plant. The research has showed that:
1.Disposal of inoculation of complex microbial inoculants and the disposal of without inoculation of complex microbial inoculants are under high-temperature at the same time, but the high-temperature period of the former lasted longer than the later relatively.
2.Disposal of inoculation of complex microbial inoculants maturated three days earlier than the disposal of without inoculation of complex microbial inoculants did in the practical compost experiment, taking the C/N as the maturity index.
3.Microbe in the composting materials were various and in great number. Bacteria are in the greatest number which is about 108 CFU/g dry materials. The number of fungi is the second largest which about 104 are. The number of actinomyces is relatively small.
4.No matter before the ferment or in the ferment or after the ferment, bacteria is in the largest number, the number of fungi and actinomyces is relatively small.
5.During the course of ferment the bacteria is the superior community which plays a relatively important role in the calefaction for ferment.
6.The killing rate of aerobic compost of compelled ventilation to coliform can reach 100% in the successful condition.
7.At the end of the indoor simulative compost experiment, the compost product did not completely maturate and it was still poisoned to the growth of plant.
研究结果表明：
1．接种与不接种复合微生物菌剂的处理同时进入高温期，但是前者高温期持续时间相对较长。
2．以C／N为腐熟指标，实际条件下堆肥试验中接种复合微生物菌剂的处理提前3d达到腐熟。
3．物料中自带的微生物种类繁多，数量极大。细菌数量最大，约为10~8个／克干重，真菌数量次之，约为10~4个／克干重，放线菌相对较少。
4．无论是发酵前、发酵后或发酵过程中，细菌的数量总是最大；发酵后真菌和放线菌相对较少。
5．发酵过程中，细菌是优势种群，对发酵升温具有重大作用。
6．保证堆肥顺利进行的条件下，强制通风好氧堆肥对大肠杆菌的杀灭率可达100％。
7．室内模拟堆肥试验结束时，堆肥产品未达到腐熟，对植物生长仍具有一定毒性。
Compost experiment had been done twice for this subject. The first experiment began in Aug 10 2003 in the Yangjiabao waste water disposal company in Taiyuan of Shanxi Province. The second experiment began in Dem 28 2003 in China Agriculture University. The paper designed two kinds of disposal methods which were disposal of inoculation of complex microbial inoculant and disposal of without inoculation of complex microbial inoculants. The paper studied the change of physical, chemical index and biological index in the process of aerobic compost with sewage sludge and discussed that whether the disposal of inoculation of complex microbial inoculants can reduce the time of compost and improve the efficiency.
The first part took temperature, moisture, PH and C/N as the main technological index. Through those indexes the paper judged the pace of the course of compost and whether the compost is completely maturated. The second part studied the rule of community succession of various microbes and judged the superior community in the process of compost from the angle of microbe index, according to the curve of the number of microbe change with time. Meanwhile the paper analyzed the killing efficiency of sewage sludge of aerobic compost with high-temperature to coliform and whether the final product poisoned the plant. The research has showed that:
1.Disposal of inoculation of complex microbial inoculants and the disposal of without inoculation of complex microbial inoculants are under high-temperature at the same time, but the high-temperature period of the former lasted longer than the later relatively.
2.Disposal of inoculation of complex microbial inoculants maturated three days earlier than the disposal of without inoculation of complex microbial inoculants did in the practical compost experiment, taking the C/N as the maturity index.
3.Microbe in the composting materials were various and in great number. Bacteria are in the greatest number which is about 108 CFU/g dry materials. The number of fungi is the second largest which about 104 are. The number of actinomyces is relatively small.
4.No matter before the ferment or in the ferment or after the ferment, bacteria is in the largest number, the number of fungi and actinomyces is relatively small.
5.During the course of ferment the bacteria is the superior community which plays a relatively important role in the calefaction for ferment.
6.The killing rate of aerobic compost of compelled ventilation to coliform can reach 100% in the successful condition.
7.At the end of the indoor simulative compost experiment, the compost product did not completely maturate and it was still poisoned to the growth of plant.
引文
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2．蔡全英，莫测辉，吴启堂，等．城市污泥堆肥处理过程中有机污染物的变化．农业环境保护，2001，20(3)：186～189
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6．董英．玉米芯营养价值及其综合利用．粮食与油脂，2003，5：27～28
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13．黄懿梅，曲冬，张福锁，等．两种外源微生物对鸡粪高温堆肥的影响．农业环境保护，2002，21(3)：208～210
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17．刘玉珠，陈朱蕾，江娟，等．粪便堆肥化优势菌株初步筛选．华中科技大学学报(城市科学版)，2002，19(3)：65～72．
18．李国学，张福锁．固体废物资源化与有机复混肥生产．北京：化学工业出版社，2000，81，87～88
19．李承强，魏源送，樊耀波，等．不同填充料污泥好氧堆肥的性质变化及腐熟度．环境科学，2001，22(3)：60～65
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21．任南琪，马放等．污染控制微生物学原理与应用．北京：化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出
版中心，2003
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2．蔡全英，莫测辉，吴启堂，等．城市污泥堆肥处理过程中有机污染物的变化．农业环境保护，2001，20(3)：186～189
3．蔡建成．堆肥工程与堆肥工厂．北京：机械工业出版社，1990
4．陈世和，张所明．城市垃圾堆肥原理与工艺．上海：复旦大学出版社，1990
5．丁文川，李宏，郝以琼，等．污泥好氧堆肥主要微生物类群及其生态规律．重庆大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，25(6)：113～116
6．董英．玉米芯营养价值及其综合利用．粮食与油脂，2003，5：27～28
7．冯明谦，刘德明．滚筒式高温堆肥中微生物种类数量的研究．中国环境科学，1999，19(6)：490～492
8．官家发．高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾过程中的部份微生物学问题．四川环境，2000，19(3)：21～22，30
9．国家环保局．城市固体废弃物的管理和处置技术．北京：石油化学工业出版社，2000
10．姜泳文．城市污水处理厂污泥的管道运输．冶金矿山设计与建设，2000，32(2)：32～36
11．顾希贤，许月蓉．垃圾堆肥微生物接种试验．应用与环境生物学报，1995，1(3)：274～278
12．何培松．城市污水厂污泥的快速高效处理工艺研究：[硕士学位论文]．上海：同济大学，2004
13．黄懿梅，曲冬，张福锁，等．两种外源微生物对鸡粪高温堆肥的影响．农业环境保护，2002，21(3)：208～210
14．黄得扬，陆文静，王洪涛．有机固体废物堆肥化处理的微生物学机理研究．环境污染治理技术与设备，2004，5(1)：12～18
15．刘克锋，刘悦秋，石爱平，等．儿种微生物应用于猪粪堆肥中的研究．北京农学院学报，2001，16(2)：36～41
16．刘婷，陈朱蕾，周敬宣．外源接种粪便好氧堆肥的微生物相变化研究．华中科技大学学报(城市科学版)，2(102，19(2)：57～59
17．刘玉珠，陈朱蕾，江娟，等．粪便堆肥化优势菌株初步筛选．华中科技大学学报(城市科学版)，2002，19(3)：65～72．
18．李国学，张福锁．固体废物资源化与有机复混肥生产．北京：化学工业出版社，2000，81，87～88
19．李承强，魏源送，樊耀波，等．不同填充料污泥好氧堆肥的性质变化及腐熟度．环境科学，2001，22(3)：60～65
20．李承强．污泥堆肥的腐熟度研究：[硕士学位论文]．北京：中国科学院生态环境研究中心，2002
21．任南琪，马放等．污染控制微生物学原理与应用．北京：化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出
版中心，2003
22．荣鸿敏．粉煤灰的理化特性与浸出特性试验．电力环境保护，1994，10(4)：23～31
23．若秀幸，高桥和彦，山下春吉，等．堆肥腐熟度鉴定花粉管生长于于发芽试验关系．日本土壤肥料学杂志，1987，58(4)：460～464
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25．沈根祥，袁大伟，冯志勇，等．Hsp菌剂在牛粪堆肥中的试验应用．农业环境保护，1999，18(2)：62～64
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