牡丹江市麻花沟水土保持生态工程优化设计研究
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摘要
本文针对对城镇市区有直接影响的城郊型小流域的水土保持生态环境建设开展了深
入的研究。并以黑龙江省东部山区(牡丹江市)为例，通过开展点面结合调查研究，总结出
了城郊型小流域水土保持与农村小流域相比具有的特殊性，摸清了城郊型小流域水土流失
的形式、特点及对城市的危害，提出了城郊型小流域水土保持生态环境建设工程的主要内
容，以及优化结构模式设计的理论方法。选择有代表性的城郊型小流域(黑龙江省牡丹江市
郊区麻花沟小流域)，采用优越的多目标规划方法对其进行水土保持生态工程优化模式设
计。根据麻花沟小流域的自然经济特点，考虑到城市水土保持生态工程的特殊性及对治理
开发的要求，确定3个目标函数：第一，水土保持经济纯收入最大。第二，水土流失量最
小(不超过允许流失量)。第三，水土保持投资最小。
多目标规划是一种比较优化的规划方法，它克服了传统线性规划目标单一的缺点，也
克服了目标规划方法要求每个目标函数都有期望值的局限性，从数学的角度上解决了同时
满足规划中多个目标的要求。规划方案的多目标决策方法采用数值决策法，同时辅以经验
决策法(专家评估权重法)相对照。数值决策法是依据运筹学不定性决策“后悔值”(Regret Value)准则，采用数学公式、列表或按《优选法》一书中的相应方法，经过计算逼近各目
标函数统一计量单位后的最小累计值，可以避开经验决策法人们主观因素的影响。然后采
用试验与生产相结合的方法，进行实体模型的建造，通过信息反馈完成城郊型小流域水土
保持生态工程与效益研究。
模型建造中，所提出的水土保持生态工程措施选择与配置的十大原则和理论，立足于
城市需要，反映了城郊型小流域水土保持生态工程建设与农村小流域的区别，从而使得本
项目所创建的模式更具有代表性、适用性和推广应用价值。各项措施的保水、保土率系根
据省水保所试验观测资料确定。
本项研究的试验区—麻花沟小流域，经过近十年的试验建设，取得了显著的生态效益、
经济效益、和社会效益。年土壤侵蚀强度由原来的6196t／km~2减至847t／km~2，各项保水保
土指标均达到或超过了优化结构模式要求的指标。小流域每年进入市区的径流由原来的
3.47万m~3减至0.65万m~3，进入市区的泥沙由原来的0.29万t减至0.04万t；水保措施全
部生效年(2002年)经济总收入(纯)，人均收入，对比优化模式实施前(1993年)分别
提高了：194％和176％。
A further study was made in this paper on the ecological project concerning water and soil conservation in watershed of outskirts, which has an immediate influence upon urban areas. Meanwhile, it listed the main research contents, approaches together with other relative problems. Taking the mountainous areas (Mu Danjiang city) in eastern Hei Longjiang province for example, the article summarized the special characteristics of water and soil conservation in small water valley of outskirts compared with that of rural areas, making it clear how water and soil run away and adverse effects to cities, proposing a theoretical method of the optimized-structure model. A representative watershed (Ma Hua valley of Mu Danjiang outskirts, Hei Longjiang province) was taken in this study, using superior programming method to design a optimized model for the water and soil conservation. According to the natural characteristics of Ma Hua Valley, considered with the specialty and requirements of soil and water conservation ec
ological project of city, three object functions were established. First one, pure income of soil and water conservation was maxim. Secondly, quantity of running away was minimum. Thirdly, investment of soil and water conservation was minimum.
More objective program is a superior planning method. It overcomes the single shortcomings of traditional linear program objective, the limited shortcomings that the objective program method requires every objective function has expectation value, it settles the claims of meeting more objective of program at the same time. More objective policy decisions of program adopt numerical policy decision and experience decision (expert appraising method) to compare. Numerical policy decision is on the basis of the indefinite policy decision 'regret value' standard of operational and adopts mathematics formula, tabulate or the relevant method of <> through calculating the lowest grand totai value after nearing every objective function unified measure unit. So it can avoid the influence of experience to people subjective factor. Then linking experiment with production to build substance model to finish the ecological project concerning water and soil conservation in watershed of outskirts and b
eneficial study from information feedback.
In the model construction, all the optional measures promoted and the 10 principles applied must take the city' s need as their basis and show the discrepancy between conservation in small water valley of outskirts and that of rural areas, hence make the mould more representative, more applicable and more valuable for extended use.
Significant ecological profits, economic profits and social profits were obtained through ten years of research. Soil erosion intensity was reduced to 847t/km2 from the original 6196t/km2. Each item attained or surpassed the requirements of the optimum model. Quantity of drainage into city each year was reduced from 34.7 thousand tons to 6.5 thousand tons. Quantity of running earth and sands into city of the outskirts each year was reduced to 0.4 thousand tons from original 2.9 thousand million tons. Pure income and income of per person in 2002 were increased 194% and 176%, respectively.
The rate of keeping water and keeping soil of every measure is defined by experiment
observing means of institute of soil and water conservation of Hei Longjiang province
入的研究。并以黑龙江省东部山区(牡丹江市)为例，通过开展点面结合调查研究，总结出
了城郊型小流域水土保持与农村小流域相比具有的特殊性，摸清了城郊型小流域水土流失
的形式、特点及对城市的危害，提出了城郊型小流域水土保持生态环境建设工程的主要内
容，以及优化结构模式设计的理论方法。选择有代表性的城郊型小流域(黑龙江省牡丹江市
郊区麻花沟小流域)，采用优越的多目标规划方法对其进行水土保持生态工程优化模式设
计。根据麻花沟小流域的自然经济特点，考虑到城市水土保持生态工程的特殊性及对治理
开发的要求，确定3个目标函数：第一，水土保持经济纯收入最大。第二，水土流失量最
小(不超过允许流失量)。第三，水土保持投资最小。
多目标规划是一种比较优化的规划方法，它克服了传统线性规划目标单一的缺点，也
克服了目标规划方法要求每个目标函数都有期望值的局限性，从数学的角度上解决了同时
满足规划中多个目标的要求。规划方案的多目标决策方法采用数值决策法，同时辅以经验
决策法(专家评估权重法)相对照。数值决策法是依据运筹学不定性决策“后悔值”(Regret Value)准则，采用数学公式、列表或按《优选法》一书中的相应方法，经过计算逼近各目
标函数统一计量单位后的最小累计值，可以避开经验决策法人们主观因素的影响。然后采
用试验与生产相结合的方法，进行实体模型的建造，通过信息反馈完成城郊型小流域水土
保持生态工程与效益研究。
模型建造中，所提出的水土保持生态工程措施选择与配置的十大原则和理论，立足于
城市需要，反映了城郊型小流域水土保持生态工程建设与农村小流域的区别，从而使得本
项目所创建的模式更具有代表性、适用性和推广应用价值。各项措施的保水、保土率系根
据省水保所试验观测资料确定。
本项研究的试验区—麻花沟小流域，经过近十年的试验建设，取得了显著的生态效益、
经济效益、和社会效益。年土壤侵蚀强度由原来的6196t／km~2减至847t／km~2，各项保水保
土指标均达到或超过了优化结构模式要求的指标。小流域每年进入市区的径流由原来的
3.47万m~3减至0.65万m~3，进入市区的泥沙由原来的0.29万t减至0.04万t；水保措施全
部生效年(2002年)经济总收入(纯)，人均收入，对比优化模式实施前(1993年)分别
提高了：194％和176％。
A further study was made in this paper on the ecological project concerning water and soil conservation in watershed of outskirts, which has an immediate influence upon urban areas. Meanwhile, it listed the main research contents, approaches together with other relative problems. Taking the mountainous areas (Mu Danjiang city) in eastern Hei Longjiang province for example, the article summarized the special characteristics of water and soil conservation in small water valley of outskirts compared with that of rural areas, making it clear how water and soil run away and adverse effects to cities, proposing a theoretical method of the optimized-structure model. A representative watershed (Ma Hua valley of Mu Danjiang outskirts, Hei Longjiang province) was taken in this study, using superior programming method to design a optimized model for the water and soil conservation. According to the natural characteristics of Ma Hua Valley, considered with the specialty and requirements of soil and water conservation ec
ological project of city, three object functions were established. First one, pure income of soil and water conservation was maxim. Secondly, quantity of running away was minimum. Thirdly, investment of soil and water conservation was minimum.
More objective program is a superior planning method. It overcomes the single shortcomings of traditional linear program objective, the limited shortcomings that the objective program method requires every objective function has expectation value, it settles the claims of meeting more objective of program at the same time. More objective policy decisions of program adopt numerical policy decision and experience decision (expert appraising method) to compare. Numerical policy decision is on the basis of the indefinite policy decision 'regret value' standard of operational and adopts mathematics formula, tabulate or the relevant method of <
eneficial study from information feedback.
In the model construction, all the optional measures promoted and the 10 principles applied must take the city' s need as their basis and show the discrepancy between conservation in small water valley of outskirts and that of rural areas, hence make the mould more representative, more applicable and more valuable for extended use.
Significant ecological profits, economic profits and social profits were obtained through ten years of research. Soil erosion intensity was reduced to 847t/km2 from the original 6196t/km2. Each item attained or surpassed the requirements of the optimum model. Quantity of drainage into city each year was reduced from 34.7 thousand tons to 6.5 thousand tons. Quantity of running earth and sands into city of the outskirts each year was reduced to 0.4 thousand tons from original 2.9 thousand million tons. Pure income and income of per person in 2002 were increased 194% and 176%, respectively.
The rate of keeping water and keeping soil of every measure is defined by experiment
observing means of institute of soil and water conservation of Hei Longjiang province
引文
1．曹萍等．浅谈西北地区城市自然生态环境问题[J]．水土保持研究，2002．9(3)：196—198．
2．郭廷辅．21世纪水土保持展望．[J]．中国水土保持，2000，(2)．
3．关百钧，魏宝麟主编。世界林业发展概论。北京：中国林业出版社，1994．79～93
4．郝明龙．我国城市化进程中的水土保持问题[J]．水土保持研究，1997，4(1)．
5．焦居仁，佟伟力．21世纪水土保持生态系统建设方略[J]．水土保持研究，2001，8(4)：7-9．
6．李慧卿等．城郊水土保持效益分析研究[J]．水土保持通报，1999，(1)．
7．刘震．努力探索城市水土保持的成功经验[J]．中国水土保持，2000，(3)．
8．刘伟常，吴长文．浅议城市水土保持的定位[J]．中国水土保持，2000，(12)．
9．刘孝盈，汪岗．构筑北京市新世纪水土保持生态工程模式的探讨[J]．水土保持研究，2001，8(4)．
10．刘汉桂．建设生态型城市，实现可持续发展[J]．水土保持研究，2001，8(4)：3-6．
11．刘伟常，吴长文．论21世纪城市水土保持发展[J]．水土保持研究，2000，7(3)．
12．聂国辉等．城市化地区水土保持发展层次分析[J]．水土保持研究，2000，7(3)．
13．饶正常．流域生态环境规划的系统生态学方法．武汉大学学报(自然科学版1，1991，1：85-92．
14．田光进等．90年代中国城镇用地动态变化的遥感监测[J]．资源科学，2003．25(3)：77—82．
15．王礼先．小流域综合治理[A]．中国大百科全书总编辑委员会水利编辑委员会．中国大百科全书．水利卷[M]．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1992．
16．王礼先主编．水土保持学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社．1995．
17．王礼先主编．流域管理学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1999．
18．王礼先，K．N．Books主编．长江中上游水土保持与环境保护．北京：中国林业出版社，1995．
19．王礼先等译．森林土壤改良学．北京：中国林业出版社，1989．
20．王礼先等译．土壤侵蚀．北京：水利电力出版社，1987．
21．王礼先等编．林业生态工程学．北京：中国林业出版社，1998．
22．王礼先等编．水土保持工程学．北京：中国林业出版社，1991．
23．吴长文．城市化进程中的水土保持问题[J]．中国水土保持．1999，(12)．
24．辛树帜等编．中国水土保持概论．北京：农业出版社，1982．
25．于志熙著．城市生态学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1991。
26．中国水土保持学会。水土保持科学的发展及21世纪展望。北京：中国科学技术出版社，1998．753～758
27. Aulitzky H.Vorlaefige Zweigeteilte Wildbach-Klassifikation. Interpraevent. 1988
28. Brooks K N.Hydrology and the Management of Watershed.Lowa: Iowa State University Press. 1991
29. Canadian Institute of Forestry. Professional Standards for All Forestry Professionals in Canada The Forestry Chronicle. 1993,69(1)
30. Canadian Institute of Forestry. Policy Statement on Sustainable Development. 1990,66 (2)
31. Donald R.Satterlund,Paul W.Adams.Wildland Watershed Management.New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 1992
32. Isobel W.Heathcote.Integrated Watershed Management.New York:John wiley & Sons,Inc. 1998
33. Institute of soil and water conservation. National soil erosion resources Lab. 1997. ABSTRACT of International Symposium on Soil Erosionand Dryl and Farming. Sept.14-19.
34. Riedl O. Forest Amelioration.Eisevier. 1984
35. Robert J. Naiman. Watershed Management.New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1992
36. Satterland D R. Wildland Watershed Management.New York: The Ronald Press Company. 1972
37. Sheng T C.Watershed Management Field Manual(Watershed Survey and Planning).FAO Conservation Guide 13/6.Rome: 1990
38. Tim J. Ward. Watershed Management (Planning for the 21 st Century). New York: The American Society of Civil Engineers. 1995
39. Wang Lixian. Mountain Watershed Management in China. 《Towards Sustainable Land Use》.1017～1021 .Reiskirchen. Catena VERLAG GMBH. 1998
40. Xu Jing Hua Li Cheng Jie, Theoretic Ponder About Soil And Water Conservation And Sustainable Development Of Erosive Hilly Region, Proceedings 12th International Soil Conservation Organization Conference Volume Ⅰ, Beijing China, May 26-31, 2002.
41. Wang Lixiang.Combating Desertification in China. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Publishing House. 1996
2．郭廷辅．21世纪水土保持展望．[J]．中国水土保持，2000，(2)．
3．关百钧，魏宝麟主编。世界林业发展概论。北京：中国林业出版社，1994．79～93
4．郝明龙．我国城市化进程中的水土保持问题[J]．水土保持研究，1997，4(1)．
5．焦居仁，佟伟力．21世纪水土保持生态系统建设方略[J]．水土保持研究，2001，8(4)：7-9．
6．李慧卿等．城郊水土保持效益分析研究[J]．水土保持通报，1999，(1)．
7．刘震．努力探索城市水土保持的成功经验[J]．中国水土保持，2000，(3)．
8．刘伟常，吴长文．浅议城市水土保持的定位[J]．中国水土保持，2000，(12)．
9．刘孝盈，汪岗．构筑北京市新世纪水土保持生态工程模式的探讨[J]．水土保持研究，2001，8(4)．
10．刘汉桂．建设生态型城市，实现可持续发展[J]．水土保持研究，2001，8(4)：3-6．
11．刘伟常，吴长文．论21世纪城市水土保持发展[J]．水土保持研究，2000，7(3)．
12．聂国辉等．城市化地区水土保持发展层次分析[J]．水土保持研究，2000，7(3)．
13．饶正常．流域生态环境规划的系统生态学方法．武汉大学学报(自然科学版1，1991，1：85-92．
14．田光进等．90年代中国城镇用地动态变化的遥感监测[J]．资源科学，2003．25(3)：77—82．
15．王礼先．小流域综合治理[A]．中国大百科全书总编辑委员会水利编辑委员会．中国大百科全书．水利卷[M]．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1992．
16．王礼先主编．水土保持学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社．1995．
17．王礼先主编．流域管理学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1999．
18．王礼先，K．N．Books主编．长江中上游水土保持与环境保护．北京：中国林业出版社，1995．
19．王礼先等译．森林土壤改良学．北京：中国林业出版社，1989．
20．王礼先等译．土壤侵蚀．北京：水利电力出版社，1987．
21．王礼先等编．林业生态工程学．北京：中国林业出版社，1998．
22．王礼先等编．水土保持工程学．北京：中国林业出版社，1991．
23．吴长文．城市化进程中的水土保持问题[J]．中国水土保持．1999，(12)．
24．辛树帜等编．中国水土保持概论．北京：农业出版社，1982．
25．于志熙著．城市生态学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1991。
26．中国水土保持学会。水土保持科学的发展及21世纪展望。北京：中国科学技术出版社，1998．753～758
27. Aulitzky H.Vorlaefige Zweigeteilte Wildbach-Klassifikation. Interpraevent. 1988
28. Brooks K N.Hydrology and the Management of Watershed.Lowa: Iowa State University Press. 1991
29. Canadian Institute of Forestry. Professional Standards for All Forestry Professionals in Canada The Forestry Chronicle. 1993,69(1)
30. Canadian Institute of Forestry. Policy Statement on Sustainable Development. 1990,66 (2)
31. Donald R.Satterlund,Paul W.Adams.Wildland Watershed Management.New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 1992
32. Isobel W.Heathcote.Integrated Watershed Management.New York:John wiley & Sons,Inc. 1998
33. Institute of soil and water conservation. National soil erosion resources Lab. 1997. ABSTRACT of International Symposium on Soil Erosionand Dryl and Farming. Sept.14-19.
34. Riedl O. Forest Amelioration.Eisevier. 1984
35. Robert J. Naiman. Watershed Management.New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1992
36. Satterland D R. Wildland Watershed Management.New York: The Ronald Press Company. 1972
37. Sheng T C.Watershed Management Field Manual(Watershed Survey and Planning).FAO Conservation Guide 13/6.Rome: 1990
38. Tim J. Ward. Watershed Management (Planning for the 21 st Century). New York: The American Society of Civil Engineers. 1995
39. Wang Lixian. Mountain Watershed Management in China. 《Towards Sustainable Land Use》.1017～1021 .Reiskirchen. Catena VERLAG GMBH. 1998
40. Xu Jing Hua Li Cheng Jie, Theoretic Ponder About Soil And Water Conservation And Sustainable Development Of Erosive Hilly Region, Proceedings 12th International Soil Conservation Organization Conference Volume Ⅰ, Beijing China, May 26-31, 2002.
41. Wang Lixiang.Combating Desertification in China. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Publishing House. 1996