城市医疗废弃物回收处理模式及其网络研究
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摘要
我国医疗废弃物的回收处理工作,无论在政策法规,还是回收处理模式及回收网络的建立与运行上,还处在发展建设阶段。与发达国家完善的医疗废弃物回收处理体系和技术相比,我国的医疗废弃物回收处理网络还尚不成熟。为了保障人体健康,避免环境污染,同时二次充分开发医疗废弃物中可以循环利用的资源,达到社会效益与经济效益的双赢,建立一个完善的、系统的、科学的、有效的城市医疗废弃物回收处理模式并优化回收处理网络这一工作就显得势在必行。
本文首先从国内外关于医疗废弃物回收处理方面的研究现状、医疗废弃物相关综述及其国内外医疗废弃物回收处理现状分析入手。从以下4个方面进行了较为详细的研究：一是城市医疗废弃物回收处理模式的构建；二是城市医疗废弃物回收处理的技术方案及管理信息系统架构；三是城市医疗废弃物回收网络选址优化研究；四是城市医疗废弃物回收网络路径优化研究。
在城市医疗废弃物回收处理模式构建的研究中,本文提出了一种综合考虑社会效益和经济效益的医疗废弃物回收处理模式。该模式以逆向物流理论为指导,着眼于减少医疗废弃物对人体健康和环境的危害、节约成本、优化资源配置,促进我国社会经济的可持续发展。本文选择了大连市进行实证分析与研究,在通过对相关主管部门(大连市环保局)、处置企业(大连瀚洋固废处置有限公司)、医疗机构等回收处理工作实际参与对象进行调研的基础上,分析了大连市医疗废弃物回收处理工作的现状,明确了系统的各要素具体内容(产生源、回收点、处置中心)和衔接情况(收运方式、处置方式),指出了存在回收系统不科学、管理有待提高等问题,为我国建立城市医疗废弃物回收处理模式提供了参考和借鉴。
在城市医疗废弃物回收处理的技术方案及管理信息系统架构的研究中,本文结合现代物流中被不断开发和应用的射频识别技术(RFID)、地理信息系统(GIS)、全球定位系统(GPS)等技术,构建了城市医疗废弃物回收处理管理信息系统的架构。这为实现全程信息化,杜绝医疗废弃物的非法回收和使用,进行可视化实时监控提供了技术支持,并对相关数据进行采集、存储和分析。并以大连市为例开发了大连市医疗废弃物回收管理系统,并于2010年6月在大连市环保局政府网站上使用,取得了较好的效果。
在城市医疗废弃物回收网络选址模型的研究中,本文在对城市医疗废弃物回收处理工作的流程、模式、技术解决等问题进行定性研究的基础上,分析了医疗废弃物收集点选址这一多设施选址问题的特殊性,并结合物流结点选址相关理论,首次将离散点选址问题中的集合覆盖模型应用到医疗废弃物的回收网络选址问题中,建立了数学模型。在以大连市为例的实证研究中,模型和算法的科学性和可行性都得到了验证,并且此算法的流程及实现过程在同类问题的解决中将有很好的兼容性。
在城市医疗废弃物回收网络路径优化研究中,本研究首先从多角度分析该问题,并结合医疗废弃物回收网络路径优化的特点,确定了该问题为单物流中心、非满载、纯取货、硬时间窗、单车型,以及考虑运营成本最小,即车辆路径最短的单目标问题。在此基础上,建立了有容量约束和时间窗约束的车辆路径优化模型。针对此模型特点,应用目前较为先进的启发式算法——蚁群算法求解。并以大连市区为例进行实证研究,编制了改进的算法程序对其求解,取得的结果明显优于目前的实际操作。
城市医疗废弃物回收处理方面的研究在我国是一个刚处于起步阶段的课题,但在当前社会广泛关注健康和环境保护的形势下,这方面研究有着极强的现实意义。各研究机构应当吸取国外先进的技术和经验,从医疗废弃物处置方式方法,回收处理管理信息系统的构建和运作,回收处理流程的各个环节入手,着力于提升医疗废弃物回收处理的科学性、系统性和动态性。国家及地方有关部门应当认真研究并致力于医疗废弃物回收处理工作的规划和部署中,为促进循环经济、保护城市居住环境、实现经济效益和社会效益的双赢做出努力。
The medical waste reclaiming disposal in China is at a developmental stage in terms of the establishment and implementation of policies and regulations, reclaiming disposal mode, and reclaiming network. Compared with the perfect medical waste reclaiming disposal system and techniques in developed countries, the medical waste reclaiming disposal network in China has still been premature. In order to safeguard human health, avoid environmental pollution, and further develop the recyclable resources in medical waste so as to reach a win-win situation between social benefits and economic benefits, it is urgent to establish a complete, systematic, scientific and effective urban medical waste reclaiming disposal mode and also optimize the reclaiming disposal network.
The present dissertation, starting from reviewing literature on medical waste reclaiming disposal at home and abroad, carried out an elaborate study from the following four perspectives. First, the construction of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal mode; second, the technique scheme of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal and the construction of its managing and information system; third, the study on the optimization of site selection of urban medical waste reclaiming network; fourth, the study on the optimization of the routes of urban medical waste reclaiming network.
In the study on the construction of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal mode, the present dissertation proposed a mode that takes both social benefits and economic benefits into consideration. Based on the reverse logistics theory, the proposal of this mode is meant to reduce the harm of medical waste to human health and the environment, save cost, optimize resource deployment so as to promote sustainable development of the social economy of our country. The present study takes the city of Dalian as the subject of an empirical study. Based on the survey of relevant administrative departments (Dalian Environmental Protection Bureau), managing companies (Dalian Hanyang Solid Waste Disposal Co. Ltd.) and hospitals, this research analyzed the current situation of the medical waste reclaiming work in Dalian, clarified the contents (origin, recovery point, disposal centre) and linkup conditions (ways of consignation, disposal methods) of the components of the system and pointed out that the reclaiming system is not scientific and the need of improvement of management for the purpose of providing a reference for the establishment of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal mode.
In the study on the technical plans of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal and the construction of management and information system, the present study constructed a frame of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal information system by means of the combination of RFID, GIS, and GPS that have been repeatedly developed and applied, which provided technical support for total informationalization, the eradication of illegal reclaiming and use of medical waste, and the implementation of video real-time monitoring. Besides, the study collected, stored and analyzed relevant data. The study developed Dalian Medical Waste Reclaiming Management System and put it into use in the government website of Dalian Environmental Protection Bureau in June,2010 and achieved good effects.
With regard to the study on site selection model of urban medical waste reclaiming network, the present research analyzed the particularity of the site selection of medical waste collection, employed relevant theories of site selection of logistics node, applied the set covering model of the site selection of discrete point for the first time to the site selection of medical waste reclaiming network, and built mathematical models based on the qualitative study of the procedures, modes, technical solutions, etc. of urban medical waste reclaiming work. In the empirical study on Dalian, the scientificalness and feasibility of the models and algorithms have been verified, and the procedures and realization process of the algorithms will have good compatibility with the solutions of problems of the same type.
In the study on the optimization of urban medical waste reclaiming network routes, the study first analyzed the issue from various perspectives, and then taking the features of the optimization of medical waste reclaiming network routes into account, made it clear that the issue is a single target one which is single logistics centre, non-full loads, pure cargo reception, hard time window, single vehicle model and has the least operating cost, i.e. the shortest vehicle route. In addition, a model of the optimization of vehicle route that has certain restriction on capacity and time window was built. With regard to the features of this model, the currently advanced heuristic algorithm- ACO was applied. The present research is an empirical study with the example of Dalian city and worked out an improved algorithm routine, whose results were proved to be better than the currently actual mechanical process.
Research on urban medical waste reclaiming work is under development. Studies on this part, however, have quite considerable realistic significance in the current situation when the whole society pays close attention to health and environmental protection. All the research institutes should, from the perspectives of the medical waste disposal methods, the construction and implementation of reclaiming disposal management and information system, and all the aspects of the reclaiming disposal procedures, learn the advanced techniques and experience of foreign countries and do their utmost to improve the scientificalness, systematization and dynamics of the reclaiming work of medical waste. The state and local departments should do research seriously on the planning and deployment of medical waste reclaiming disposal, trying hard to promote recyclable economy, to protect the living environment, and to reach a win-win situation between social benefits and economic benefits.
本文首先从国内外关于医疗废弃物回收处理方面的研究现状、医疗废弃物相关综述及其国内外医疗废弃物回收处理现状分析入手。从以下4个方面进行了较为详细的研究：一是城市医疗废弃物回收处理模式的构建；二是城市医疗废弃物回收处理的技术方案及管理信息系统架构；三是城市医疗废弃物回收网络选址优化研究；四是城市医疗废弃物回收网络路径优化研究。
在城市医疗废弃物回收处理模式构建的研究中,本文提出了一种综合考虑社会效益和经济效益的医疗废弃物回收处理模式。该模式以逆向物流理论为指导,着眼于减少医疗废弃物对人体健康和环境的危害、节约成本、优化资源配置,促进我国社会经济的可持续发展。本文选择了大连市进行实证分析与研究,在通过对相关主管部门(大连市环保局)、处置企业(大连瀚洋固废处置有限公司)、医疗机构等回收处理工作实际参与对象进行调研的基础上,分析了大连市医疗废弃物回收处理工作的现状,明确了系统的各要素具体内容(产生源、回收点、处置中心)和衔接情况(收运方式、处置方式),指出了存在回收系统不科学、管理有待提高等问题,为我国建立城市医疗废弃物回收处理模式提供了参考和借鉴。
在城市医疗废弃物回收处理的技术方案及管理信息系统架构的研究中,本文结合现代物流中被不断开发和应用的射频识别技术(RFID)、地理信息系统(GIS)、全球定位系统(GPS)等技术,构建了城市医疗废弃物回收处理管理信息系统的架构。这为实现全程信息化,杜绝医疗废弃物的非法回收和使用,进行可视化实时监控提供了技术支持,并对相关数据进行采集、存储和分析。并以大连市为例开发了大连市医疗废弃物回收管理系统,并于2010年6月在大连市环保局政府网站上使用,取得了较好的效果。
在城市医疗废弃物回收网络选址模型的研究中,本文在对城市医疗废弃物回收处理工作的流程、模式、技术解决等问题进行定性研究的基础上,分析了医疗废弃物收集点选址这一多设施选址问题的特殊性,并结合物流结点选址相关理论,首次将离散点选址问题中的集合覆盖模型应用到医疗废弃物的回收网络选址问题中,建立了数学模型。在以大连市为例的实证研究中,模型和算法的科学性和可行性都得到了验证,并且此算法的流程及实现过程在同类问题的解决中将有很好的兼容性。
在城市医疗废弃物回收网络路径优化研究中,本研究首先从多角度分析该问题,并结合医疗废弃物回收网络路径优化的特点,确定了该问题为单物流中心、非满载、纯取货、硬时间窗、单车型,以及考虑运营成本最小,即车辆路径最短的单目标问题。在此基础上,建立了有容量约束和时间窗约束的车辆路径优化模型。针对此模型特点,应用目前较为先进的启发式算法——蚁群算法求解。并以大连市区为例进行实证研究,编制了改进的算法程序对其求解,取得的结果明显优于目前的实际操作。
城市医疗废弃物回收处理方面的研究在我国是一个刚处于起步阶段的课题,但在当前社会广泛关注健康和环境保护的形势下,这方面研究有着极强的现实意义。各研究机构应当吸取国外先进的技术和经验,从医疗废弃物处置方式方法,回收处理管理信息系统的构建和运作,回收处理流程的各个环节入手,着力于提升医疗废弃物回收处理的科学性、系统性和动态性。国家及地方有关部门应当认真研究并致力于医疗废弃物回收处理工作的规划和部署中,为促进循环经济、保护城市居住环境、实现经济效益和社会效益的双赢做出努力。
The medical waste reclaiming disposal in China is at a developmental stage in terms of the establishment and implementation of policies and regulations, reclaiming disposal mode, and reclaiming network. Compared with the perfect medical waste reclaiming disposal system and techniques in developed countries, the medical waste reclaiming disposal network in China has still been premature. In order to safeguard human health, avoid environmental pollution, and further develop the recyclable resources in medical waste so as to reach a win-win situation between social benefits and economic benefits, it is urgent to establish a complete, systematic, scientific and effective urban medical waste reclaiming disposal mode and also optimize the reclaiming disposal network.
The present dissertation, starting from reviewing literature on medical waste reclaiming disposal at home and abroad, carried out an elaborate study from the following four perspectives. First, the construction of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal mode; second, the technique scheme of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal and the construction of its managing and information system; third, the study on the optimization of site selection of urban medical waste reclaiming network; fourth, the study on the optimization of the routes of urban medical waste reclaiming network.
In the study on the construction of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal mode, the present dissertation proposed a mode that takes both social benefits and economic benefits into consideration. Based on the reverse logistics theory, the proposal of this mode is meant to reduce the harm of medical waste to human health and the environment, save cost, optimize resource deployment so as to promote sustainable development of the social economy of our country. The present study takes the city of Dalian as the subject of an empirical study. Based on the survey of relevant administrative departments (Dalian Environmental Protection Bureau), managing companies (Dalian Hanyang Solid Waste Disposal Co. Ltd.) and hospitals, this research analyzed the current situation of the medical waste reclaiming work in Dalian, clarified the contents (origin, recovery point, disposal centre) and linkup conditions (ways of consignation, disposal methods) of the components of the system and pointed out that the reclaiming system is not scientific and the need of improvement of management for the purpose of providing a reference for the establishment of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal mode.
In the study on the technical plans of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal and the construction of management and information system, the present study constructed a frame of urban medical waste reclaiming disposal information system by means of the combination of RFID, GIS, and GPS that have been repeatedly developed and applied, which provided technical support for total informationalization, the eradication of illegal reclaiming and use of medical waste, and the implementation of video real-time monitoring. Besides, the study collected, stored and analyzed relevant data. The study developed Dalian Medical Waste Reclaiming Management System and put it into use in the government website of Dalian Environmental Protection Bureau in June,2010 and achieved good effects.
With regard to the study on site selection model of urban medical waste reclaiming network, the present research analyzed the particularity of the site selection of medical waste collection, employed relevant theories of site selection of logistics node, applied the set covering model of the site selection of discrete point for the first time to the site selection of medical waste reclaiming network, and built mathematical models based on the qualitative study of the procedures, modes, technical solutions, etc. of urban medical waste reclaiming work. In the empirical study on Dalian, the scientificalness and feasibility of the models and algorithms have been verified, and the procedures and realization process of the algorithms will have good compatibility with the solutions of problems of the same type.
In the study on the optimization of urban medical waste reclaiming network routes, the study first analyzed the issue from various perspectives, and then taking the features of the optimization of medical waste reclaiming network routes into account, made it clear that the issue is a single target one which is single logistics centre, non-full loads, pure cargo reception, hard time window, single vehicle model and has the least operating cost, i.e. the shortest vehicle route. In addition, a model of the optimization of vehicle route that has certain restriction on capacity and time window was built. With regard to the features of this model, the currently advanced heuristic algorithm- ACO was applied. The present research is an empirical study with the example of Dalian city and worked out an improved algorithm routine, whose results were proved to be better than the currently actual mechanical process.
Research on urban medical waste reclaiming work is under development. Studies on this part, however, have quite considerable realistic significance in the current situation when the whole society pays close attention to health and environmental protection. All the research institutes should, from the perspectives of the medical waste disposal methods, the construction and implementation of reclaiming disposal management and information system, and all the aspects of the reclaiming disposal procedures, learn the advanced techniques and experience of foreign countries and do their utmost to improve the scientificalness, systematization and dynamics of the reclaiming work of medical waste. The state and local departments should do research seriously on the planning and deployment of medical waste reclaiming disposal, trying hard to promote recyclable economy, to protect the living environment, and to reach a win-win situation between social benefits and economic benefits.
引文
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